Positive neighborhood norms buffer ethnic diversity effects on neighborhood dissatisfaction, perceived neighborhood disadvantage, and moving intentions

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

An insiders’ outside perspective on the Flemish-Walloon conflict : the role of identification and disidentification for the German-speaking minority

In this study we analyzed the opinions of citizens of the German-speaking minority in Belgium on the linguistic conflict between the Walloons and the Flemish, as well as their attitudes towards these linguistic communities. We were especially interested in the effects of identification with the local community and disidentification with Belgium. We distributed a survey questionnaire in Eupen, the capital of the German-speaking community, and received replies from 129 inhabitants. Results showed that identification with the German-speaking community was associated with positive attitudes towards the German-speaking community and with demands for more autonomy of the community within the federal Belgian state. Disidentification with Belgium was not positively correlated with these constructive and positive outcomes, but with negative perceptions of all three Belgian communities, the perception of strong conflicts among these communities, and demands for the separation of the Belgian federal state into independent regions. The results are in line with previous research on these processes and point to unique, positive aspects of a strong local identity

Intergruppenkontakt mit Polizei, Justiz und Straftäter:innen: Zusammenhänge mit Einstellungen, Vertrauen und Kriminalitätsfurcht

In dem Bericht werden die Daten der ersten Erhebungswelle der Panelstudie zur Wahrnehmung von Kriminalität und Straftäter:innen (PaWaKS) analyisert. Dazu wurde eine deutschlandweite repräsentative Stichprobe von 5000 erwachsenen Personen befragt. Die Ergebnisse in Kürze: Diejenigen Befragten, die Kontakt zu Polizei und Justiz bzw. zu Straftäter:innen hatten, beschrieben diesen Kontakt als überwiegend positiv. Junge Menschen sowie Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund bewerteten den Kontakt mit Justiz/Polizei etwas weniger positiv als Menschen aus anderen Altersgruppen bzw. ohne Migrationshintergrund. Wie von der Kontakthypothese angenommen, ging positiver Kontakt zu Polizei und Justiz mit positiven Einstellungen gegenüber Polizei und Justiz einher, ebenso mit höherem Vertrauen in diese Institutionen. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich aber ein leicht negativer Zusammenhang zu Einstellungen gegenüber Straftäter:innen. Positiver Kontakt mit Straftäter:innen hing mit positiveren Einstellungen gegenüber Straftäter:innen zusammen, aber nicht mit Einstellungen zu und Vertrauen in Polizei und Justiz. Dieser Befund spricht gegen negative Nebeneffekte von Kontakt mit Straftäter:innen. Positive Kontakterfahrungen können zur Verbesserung der Beziehungen zu und Wahrnehmung von Polizei und Justiz sowie Straftäter:innen beitragen und so größeres Vertrauen in die Institutionen und eine verbesserte Reintegration von Straftäter:innen in die Gesellschaft ermöglichen.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Das Wichtigste in Kürze 4 1 Einleitung 5 1.1 Intergruppenkontakt 6 1.2 Intergruppenkontakt mit Polizei und Justiz 7 1.3 Intergruppenkontakt mit Straftäter:innen 8 2 Methode 9 2.1 Vorgehensweise 9 2.2 Erhebungsinstrumente 9 2.3 Beschreibung der Stichprobe 10 3 Interindividuelle Unterschiede 11 3.1 Kontakt mit Vertreter:innen des Justizsystems 11 3.2 Kontakt mit Straftäter:innen 16 4 Zusammenhangsanalysen 20 4.1 Einstellungen gegenüber Polizei, Justiz und Straftäter:innen 21 4.2 Kriminalitätsfurcht 22 4.3 Vertrauen in Polizei und Justiz 23 4.4 Attribution von Kriminalität und Punitivität 23 5 Fazit 25 Glossar 27 Literaturverzeichnis 29 Impressum 3

Disabled or Cyborg? How Bionics Affect Stereotypes Toward People With Physical Disabilities

According to the Stereotype Content Model that construes attributions of warmth and competence as the core dimensions of stereotypes, people with physical disabilities are generally perceived as warm-but-incompetent, i.e., are faced with paternalistic stereotypes. We argue that the increasing proliferation of bionic technologies (e.g., bionic arm and leg prostheses, exo-skeletons, retina implants, etc.) has the potential to change stereotypes toward people with physical disabilities: The portrayal of people who use such devices in the media and popular culture is typically characterized by portraying them as competent - sometimes even more competent than able-bodied individuals. We thus propose that people with physical disabilities who use bionic prostheses are perceived as more competent than people with physical disabilities in general. We also propose that they can be seen as more competent than able-bodied individuals. We further propose that this increase in perceived competence may be associated with a decrease in warmth such that people who use bionic prostheses are perceived as less warm than people with physical disabilities in general and as able-bodied people. Based on labeling theory, we also propose that using the label “cyborg” for people who use bionic prostheses exacerbates these effects and that they are driven by the technicality of the bionic devices. The first of two online studies (n = 314) revealed mixed support for the hypotheses: People with physical disabilities who use bionic prostheses are seen as more competent than people with physical disabilities in general, but not as more competent than able-bodied individuals. They are perceived as even warmer than able-bodied individuals. On the contrary, cyborgs were perceived as competent-but cold, i.e., as threatening. With the second study (n = 87), we tested whether the perceived technicality of bionic technology drives some of the observed effects. Technicality only had marginal effects on competence perceptions and no effects on perceptions of warmth. We discuss potential implications and highlight that despite being somewhat mixed, these findings show that technology can affect stereotypes and interpersonal perceptions

"Die trägt ja als Deutsche ein Kopftuch" - Der Einfluss autoritärer Einstellungen auf die Wahrnehmung der Verletzung kultureller Normen

Muslimische Symbole werden häufig als eine von außen herangetragene Bedrohung kultureller Werte in Deutschland wahrgenommen. Was geschieht aber, wenn Mitglieder der eigenen Gruppe diese Symbole verwenden? In der vorliegenden Studie sind wir der Frage nachgegangen, wie deutsche Frauen wahrgenommen werden, die das Kopftuch Al-Amira, tragen. Nach dem Black Sheep Effekt werden Normverstöße durch Mitglieder der Eigengruppe stärker geahndet als durch Mitglieder einer Fremdgruppe. Wir nehmen an, dass dies besonders dann gelten sollte, wenn Personen hohe Ausprägungen in autoritären Einstellungen zeigen und daher Normabweichungen als Bedrohung für die Gruppenkohäsion wahrnehmen. In einer online durchgeführten experimentellen Studie präsentierten wir deutschen Teilnehmenden (N = 193, 139 weiblich, 51 männlich, 3 divers; M Alter = 26, SD = 7,64) anhand eines zweifaktoriellen between-participants Designs Fotos von deutschen oder türkischen Frauen mit oder ohne Kopftuch (Al-Amira) und erfassten Autoritarismus als Moderatorvariable. Entsprechend unserer Hypothesen konnten wir zeigen, dass deutsche Proband*innen mit steigenden Ausprägungen in Autoritarismus weniger Vertrauen und weniger Kommunikationsbereitschaft gegenüber deutschen Frauen mit Kopftuch als gegenüber türkischen Frauen mit Kopftuch zeigten. Die Ergebnisse stützen das Verständnis von Normorientierung als zentrales Merkmal von Autoritarismus.Muslim symbols are often perceived as an external threat to cultural values in Germany. What happens if in-group members apply these symbols? In the present study, we investigated the perception of German women wearing the headscarf Al-Amira. According to the black sheep effect, norm violations by in-group members are punished more severely than norm violations by out-group members. We assume that this should apply in particular when people show high levels of authoritarian attitudes and therefore perceive deviations from the norm as a threat to group cohesion. In an experimental study conducted online, we presented German participants (N = 193, 139 female, 51 male, 3 diverse; M age = 26, SD = 7.64), in a two-factor between-participant design, photos of German or Turkish women with or without a headscarf (Al-Amira) and recorded authoritarianism as a moderator variable. Based on our hypotheses, we were able to show that German participants showed with increasing levels of authoritarianism less trust and less willingness to communicate with German women wearing headscarves than with Turkish women wearing headscarves. The results support the understanding of norm orientation as a central characteristic of authoritarianism

Embodied Digital Technologies: First Insights in the Social and Legal Perception of Robots and Users of Prostheses

New bionic technologies and robots are becoming increasingly common in workspaces and private spheres. It is thus crucial to understand concerns regarding their use in social and legal terms and the qualities they should possess to be accepted as 'co-workers'. Previous research in these areas used the Stereotype Content Model to investigate, for example, attributions of Warmth and Competence towards people who use bionic prostheses, cyborgs, and robots. In the present study, we propose to differentiate the Warmth dimension into the dimensions of Sociability and Morality to gain deeper insight into how people with or without bionic prostheses are perceived. In addition, we extend our research to the perception of robots. Since legal aspects need to be considered if robots are expected to be 'co-workers', for the first time, we also evaluated current perceptions of robots in terms of legal aspects. We conducted two studies: In Study 1, participants rated visual stimuli of individuals with or without disabilities and low- or high-tech prostheses, and robots of different levels of Anthropomorphism in terms of perceived Competence, Sociability, and Morality. In Study 2, participants rated robots of different levels of Anthropomorphism in terms of perceived Competence, Sociability, and Morality, and additionally, Legal Personality, and Decision-Making Authority. We also controlled for participants' personality. Results showed that attributions of Competence and Morality varied as a function of the technical sophistication of the prostheses. For robots, Competence attributions were negatively related to Anthropomorphism. Perception of Sociability, Morality, Legal Personality, and Decision-Making Authority varied as functions of Anthropomorphism. Overall, this study contributes to technological design, which aims to ensure high acceptance and minimal undesirable side effects, both with regard to the application of bionic instruments and robotics. Additionally, first insights into whether more anthropomorphized robots will need to be considered differently in terms of legal practice are given

The Diversity Challenge for High and Low Authoritarians: Multilevel and Longitudinal Effects through Intergroup Contact and Threat

The current studies integrate different frameworks on the positive and negative consequences of ethnic diversity for intergroup relations. Using a nationally stratified sample of Dutch majority members (N = 680) from 50 cities in the Netherlands, Study 1 demonstrated that objective diversity was indirectly related to prejudice and to generalized, ingroup, and outgroup trust, through more positive and more negative contact. These indirect effects tended to be stronger for high versus low authoritarians. Furthermore, perceived diversity was indirectly related to less trust and greater prejudice, via more negative contact and threat. Again, these associations were more pronounced among high authoritarians. Study 2, using a representative sample of German majority members (N = 412) nested within 237 districts, replicated the cross-sectional results regarding objective diversity and prejudice. In addition, longitudinal analyses indicated that objective diversity predicted more positive and more negative contact 2 years later, though only among moderate and high authoritarians

Ambivalent stereotypes link to peace, conflict, and inequality across 38 nations

A cross-national study, 49 samples in 38 nations (n = 4,344), investigates whether national peace and conflict reflect ambivalent warmth and competence stereotypes: High-conflict societies (Pakistan) may need clearcut, unambivalent group images distinguishing friends from foes. Highly peaceful countries (Denmark) also may need less ambivalence because most groups occupy the shared national identity, with only a few outcasts. Finally, nations with intermediate conflict (United States) may need ambivalence to justify more complex intergroup-system stability. Using the Global Peace Index to measure conflict, a curvilinear (quadratic) relationship between ambivalence and conflict highlights how both extremely peaceful and extremely conflictual countries display lower stereotype ambivalence, whereas countries intermediate on peace-conflict present higher ambivalence. These data also replicated a linear inequality-ambivalence relationship.Peer reviewe