82 research outputs found

    Highly efficient control of iron-containing nitrile hydratases by stoichiometric amounts of nitric oxide and light

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    AbstractThe reaction of two iron-containing nitrile hydratases (NHase) with NO has been studied: NHase from Rhodococcus sp. R312, which is probably similar to the photosensitive N771 NHase, and the new NHase from Comamonas testosteroni NI1 whose aminoacid sequence is quite different from those of BR312 and N771 NHases. Both enzymes are equally inactivated after addition of stoichiometric amounts of NO added as an anaerobic solution or produced in situ under physiological conditions by a rat brain NO-synthase. Both enzymes are reactivated by photoirradiation, and two cycles of NO inactivation/photoactivation can be performed without significant loss of activity. Both iron-containing NHases have a high affinity for NO, similar to that of methemoglobin

    New antibiotic molecules: bypassing the membrane barrier of gram negative bacteria increases the activity of peptide deformylase inhibitors

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    International audienceBACKGROUND : Multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria have become a major concern in hospitals worldwide and urgently require the development of new antibacterial molecules. Peptide deformylase is an intracellular target now well-recognized for the design of new antibiotics. The bacterial susceptibility to such a cytoplasmic target primarily depends on the capacity of the compound to reach and accumulate in the cytosol. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS : To determine the respective involvement of penetration (influx) and pumping out (efflux) mechanisms to peptide deformylase inhibitors (PDF-I) activity, the potency of various series was determined using various genetic contexts (efflux overproducers or efflux-deleted strains) and membrane permeabilizers. Depending on the structure of the tested molecules, two behaviors could be observed: (i) for actinonin the first PDF-I characterized, the AcrAB efflux system was the main parameter involved in the bacterial susceptibility, and (ii), for the latest PDF-Is such as the derivatives of 2-(5-bromo-1H-indol-3-yl)-N-hydroxyacetamide, the penetration through the membrane was a important limiting step CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE : Our results clearly show that the bacterial membrane plays a key role in modulating the antibacterial activity of PDF-Is. The bacterial susceptibility for these new antibacterial molecules can be improved by two unrelated ways in MDR strains: by collapsing the Acr efflux activity or by increasing the uptake rate through the bacterial membrane. The efficiency of the second method is associated with the nature of the compound

    Natalizumab treatment shows low cumulative probabilities of confirmed disability worsening to EDSS milestones in the long-term setting.

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    Abstract Background Though the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is commonly used to assess disability level in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), the criteria defining disability progression are used for patients with a wide range of baseline levels of disability in relatively short-term trials. As a result, not all EDSS changes carry the same weight in terms of future disability, and treatment benefits such as decreased risk of reaching particular disability milestones may not be reliably captured. The objectives of this analysis are to assess the probability of confirmed disability worsening to specific EDSS milestones (i.e., EDSS scores ≄3.0, ≄4.0, or ≄6.0) at 288 weeks in the Tysabri Observational Program (TOP) and to examine the impact of relapses occurring during natalizumab therapy in TOP patients who had received natalizumab for ≄24 months. Methods TOP is an ongoing, open-label, observational, prospective study of patients with RRMS in clinical practice. Enrolled patients were naive to natalizumab at treatment initiation or had received ≀3 doses at the time of enrollment. Intravenous natalizumab (300 mg) infusions were given every 4 weeks, and the EDSS was assessed at baseline and every 24 weeks during treatment. Results Of the 4161 patients enrolled in TOP with follow-up of at least 24 months, 3253 patients with available baseline EDSS scores had continued natalizumab treatment and 908 had discontinued (5.4% due to a reported lack of efficacy and 16.4% for other reasons) at the 24-month time point. Those who discontinued due to lack of efficacy had higher baseline EDSS scores (median 4.5 vs. 3.5), higher on-treatment relapse rates (0.82 vs. 0.23), and higher cumulative probabilities of EDSS worsening (16% vs. 9%) at 24 months than those completing therapy. Among 24-month completers, after approximately 5.5 years of natalizumab treatment, the cumulative probabilities of confirmed EDSS worsening by 1.0 and 2.0 points were 18.5% and 7.9%, respectively (24-week confirmation), and 13.5% and 5.3%, respectively (48-week confirmation). The risks of 24- and 48-week confirmed EDSS worsening were significantly higher in patients with on-treatment relapses than in those without relapses. An analysis of time to specific EDSS milestones showed that the probabilities of 48-week confirmed transition from EDSS scores of 0.0–2.0 to ≄3.0, 2.0–3.0 to ≄4.0, and 4.0–5.0 to ≄6.0 at week 288 in TOP were 11.1%, 11.8%, and 9.5%, respectively, with lower probabilities observed among patients without on-treatment relapses (8.1%, 8.4%, and 5.7%, respectively). Conclusions In TOP patients with a median (range) baseline EDSS score of 3.5 (0.0–9.5) who completed 24 months of natalizumab treatment, the rate of 48-week confirmed disability worsening events was below 15%; after approximately 5.5 years of natalizumab treatment, 86.5% and 94.7% of patients did not have EDSS score increases of ≄1.0 or ≄2.0 points, respectively. The presence of relapses was associated with higher rates of overall disability worsening. These results were confirmed by assessing transition to EDSS milestones. Lower rates of overall 48-week confirmed EDSS worsening and of transitioning from EDSS score 4.0–5.0 to ≄6.0 in the absence of relapses suggest that relapses remain a significant driver of disability worsening and that on-treatment relapses in natalizumab-treated patients are of prognostic importance

    COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

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    Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≀ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≄ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

    SynthÚse et réactivité vis-à-vis des métaux d'espÚces oxydées dérivées du soufre (thiosulfinates et thiosulfonates) (nouvelle alternative à l'oxydation post-traductionnelle de la nitrile hydratase)

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    Des thiosulfinates (S(O)-S) et thiosulfonates (S(O2)-S pseudopeptidiques cycliques ont Ă©tĂ© synthĂ©tisĂ©s et piĂ©gĂ©s aprĂšs rupture de la liaison S-S par hydrolyse alcaline par des sels mĂ©talliques tels que NiII, CoIII et ZnII. L ouverture des thiosulfinates est sĂ©lective et le piĂ©geage de l espĂšce ouverte conduit sĂ©lectivement Ă  des complexes thiolato/sulfinato. Le piĂ©geage du thiosulfonate par du CoIII par la mĂȘme procĂ©dure conduit Ă  un mĂ©lange de complexes. Nous avons proposĂ© que le site actif de la nitrile hydratase, constituĂ© d un cation mĂ©tallique (FeIII ou CoIII) coordonnĂ© par deux azotes d amides peptidiques et par trois cystĂ©ines dont deux sont oxydĂ©es post-traductionnellement, en sulfinate et sulfĂ©nate, soit formĂ© en passant par un intermĂ©diaire thiosulfinate ou thiosulfonate intramolĂ©culaire. L oxydation du complexe de cobalt diamidato/sulfinato/thiolato obtenu par le piĂ©geage du thiosulfinate mimant le plan moyen de la NHase a Ă©tĂ© oxydĂ© sĂ©lectivement en un complexe trinuclĂ©aire Ă  valence mixte CoIIICoIICoIII dont les CoIII ont une sphĂšre de coordination diamidate/sulfinate/sulfĂ©nate et un pont hydroxo en axial, validant ainsi chimiquement l hypothĂšse de passage par un thiosulfinate. Le piĂ©geage du cobalt (II) central a conduit Ă  deux complexes mononuclĂ©aires diamidato/sulfinato/sulfĂ©nato, l un diisonitrile stable, l autre aquo/isonitrile instable, mimant ainsi pour la premiĂšre fois l oxydation des soufres dans le plan moyen de la NHase. La faiblesse de l intensitĂ© de la bande S=O en IR dans la NHase, reproduite dans nos complexes, est vraisemblablement due Ă  l existence simultanĂ©e d un sulfinate et d un sulfĂ©nate.Cyclic pseudopeptidic thiosulfinates (S(O)-S) and thiosulfonates (S(O2)-S) have been synthetized and trapped after cleavage of the S-S bond by alkalin hydrolysis with metallic cations such as NiII, CoIII and ZnII. The opening of thiosulfinates is selective, and the trapping of the open specie affords selectively thiolato/sulfinato complexes. The thiosulfonate was trapped by the same procedure and afford a mixture of complexes. We have then proposed that the active site of nitrile hydratase, a metallic cation (FeIII ou CoIII) coordinated by two nitrogen of peptidic amides and three cysteines, two of them being post-translationaly oxidized respectively into sulfinate and sulfenate, could be formed passing through a thiosulfinate or a thiosulfonate intramolecular intermediate. The selective oxidation of the diamidato/thiolato/sulfinato cobalt complex obtained by trapping the thiosulfinate which mimic the mean plane of Nhase with CoIII afforded a mixed valence trinuclear complex CoIIICoIICoIII in which the CoIII have a diamidate/sulfinate/sulfenate coordination sphere and an axial hydroxide, which validates chemically the hypothesis of an intramolecular thiosulfinate intermediate for the post-translational oxidation of NHase. Within the conditions, trapping the central CoII afforded two sulfinato/sulfenato mononuclear complexes, one stable diisocyanide complex, and its aquo/isocyanide unstable analog. Those three complexes mimic for the first time the mean plane of NHase AND the oxydation of the sulfur. Their IR properties propose that the weakness of the S=O vibration in the IR spectrum of Nhase is du to the presence as the same time of a sulfinate and a sulfenate.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Méthionine aminopeptidase, une métalloprotéase mono- ou di-nucléaire (design, synthÚse et évaluation biologique d'inhibiteurs visant l'une ou l'autre des métalloformes)

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    Le traitement des maladies infectieuses par antibiothérapie est aujourd hui confronté au problÚme du développement de bactéries multi-résistantes. Une des stratégies consiste à développer des inhibiteurs de nouvelles cibles impliquées dans des processus biochimiques originaux et essentiels à la croissance de la bactérie, tels le processus N-terminal Methionine Excision (NME), universel chez toutes les bactéries et impliquant les peptide déformylases (PDFs) et méthionine minopeptidases (MetAPs). Pour contrer les phénomÚnes de résistance rémanents avec certains nouveaux antibactériens visant les PDFs, il est apparu intéressant de développer des inhibiteurs de la MetAP de procaryotes ouvrant des perspectives d inhibition multiple ou combinée. La MetAP est une métalloprotéase présentant un ou plusieurs cofacteurs métalliques au site actif. Cette nucléarité semble déterminante pour la conception de nouveaux inhibiteurs, efficaces non seulement dans les conditions de tests enzymatiques in vitro mais aussi dans des conditions physiologiques. Au cours de cette thÚse, quatre grandes familles de molécules, se différenciant par la nature de la fonction coordinante, ont été conçues, synthétisées et leur efficacité évaluée dans des tests d inhibition sur enzymes purifiées et/ou dans des tests antibactériens en présence ou non d adjuvants. Parmi les résultats, on distingue deux séries de molécules : i) des dérivés b-dicetoacide qui constituent des inhibiteurs originaux, caractérisés par une forte affinité pour l enzyme EcMetAP1 et une coordination probable à une forme mononucléaire de la MetAP pour les acides et à une forme dinucléaire pour les esters ; ii) des dérivés hétérocycliques à cinq chaßnons portant une fonction acide hydroxamique qui apparaissent comme des inhibiteurs de forte affinité d une enzyme monométallée, mais qui ne présentent encore qu une faible sélectivité pour l isoforme bactérienne. Par ailleurs, leur association avec d autres antibactériens permet d atteindre des CMIs aussi faibles que 2 g/mL sur la souche sauvage d E.coli.Nowadays the development of multidrug resistant bacteria is the major limit to treat infectious diseases with known antibiotics. One strategy is to develop inhibitors of new targets, involved in biochemical processes which are essential to the bacterial growth, such as the N-terminal Methionine Excision (NME) process. It is ubiquitous to the bacterial world and involves both peptide deformylases (PDFs) and methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs). To counter resistance occuring with some new antibacterial drugs targeting PDFs, the use of inhibitors of prokaryotic MetAPs appears to be an alternative since it opens the perspective of multiple or combined inhibition. MetAP is a metalloprotease containing one or more metallic ofactors at the active site. This nuclearity is a tricky issue with regards to the design of new inhibitors, not only efficient in vitro on purified enzymes but also in cellulo under physiological conditions. During this study, four main families of molecules, different by the nature of the binding group, were designed and synthesized, and their inhibitory potency as well as their antibacterial activities in the presence (or not) of adjuvant were evaluated. Looking at the results, we put forward two series of molecules: i) b-diketoacid derivatives as original inhibitors, which are characterized by a high affinity for EcMetAP1 enzyme and are likely to bind either to a mononuclear active site of the enzyme for the acids or to a dinuclear one for the esters; ii) five-membered heterocyclic ring compounds substituted by a hydroxamic acid function which appear as tight binding inhibitors regarding monometallated enzyme. However they are still poorly selective for bacterial isoform, but when associated to other antibacterial drugs, MICs as low as 2 g/mL can be reached on E coli wild type strain.PARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Nouvelle stratégie de véctorisation d'antibactériens via des métallodrogues (Principe, SynthÚse et Activité biologique)

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    L'enveloppe cellulaire des bactĂ©ries Ă  Gram nĂ©gatif constitue la premiĂšre ligne de dĂ©fense contre les antibiotiques. Sous l effet, d une part, de la faible permĂ©abilitĂ© de la membrane externe qui s'oppose Ă  la pĂ©nĂ©tration des agents antibactĂ©riens, d autre part des pompes d'efflux qui favorisent leur expulsion, elle empĂȘche nombre de composĂ©s potentiellement actifs in vitro d'atteindre leur cible, limitant l effet antibactĂ©rien. Un enjeu important pour restaurer l activitĂ© de ces molĂ©cules est de trouver une stratĂ©gie pour en augmenter la concentration intracellulaire. L'objectif de cette thĂšse est de dĂ©velopper des mĂ©tallodrogues comme nouvelle stratĂ©gie de vectorisation de drogues dans les cellules. Cette stratĂ©gie repose sur l association d'une drogue active in vitro, et d un ligand auxiliaire ayant des propriĂ©tĂ©s permĂ©abilisantes ou inhibitrices de pompe d efflux, dans un complexe qui jouera le rĂŽle de chaperone. Les agents antibactĂ©riens utilisĂ©s sont des inhibiteurs (dĂ©rivĂ©s d acides hydroxamiques) de peptide dĂ©formylase (PDF) et de mĂ©thionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) dĂ©veloppĂ©s au laboratoire. Tout d abord, une Ă©tude globale de la stratĂ©gie de vectorisation a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e (i) Ă©tude de stabilitĂ© de mĂ©tallodrogues modĂšles : en utilisant un acide hydroxamique fluorescent, nous avons montrĂ© que, seules, des mĂ©tallodrogues Ă  Co(III), Ă  la diffĂ©rence de celles Ă  Cu(II) et Fe(III), satisfaisaient aux conditions de stabilitĂ© compatibles avec les conditions de tests biologiques. (ii) Etude de la libĂ©ration de la drogue : nous avons Ă©tabli par une Ă©tude RMN 1H et UV-vis qu en milieu tampon pH = 7,4, la libĂ©ration de la drogue se faisait par Ă©change de ligand avec un thiol exogĂšne. RĂ©cemment, une nouvelle sĂ©rie d inhibiteurs de PDF a Ă©tĂ© synthĂ©tisĂ©e au laboratoire. Elle est basĂ©e sur un squelette hĂ©tĂ©rocyclique Ă  5 chaĂźnons fonctionnalisĂ© par une chaĂźne en C4, puis via un espaceur monocarbonĂ©, Ă  un acide hydroxamique. Les meilleurs rĂ©sultats ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus avec un oxadiazole (AT002 16 g/ml sur E. coli en prĂ©sence de permĂ©abilisant PMBN). Au cours de cette thĂšse, pour amĂ©liorer la lipophilie, des groupements aromatiques ont Ă©tĂ© fixĂ©s sur cet hĂ©tĂ©rocycle. Les MICs sur la souche d E. coli sauvage n ont pas Ă©tĂ© amĂ©liorĂ©es mais en prĂ©sence de PMBN, le dĂ©rivĂ© prĂ©sentant la meilleure activitĂ© est le composĂ© AT015 (2 g/ml sur E. coli en prĂ©sence de PMBN) qui a donc Ă©tĂ© choisi pour concevoir des mĂ©tallodrogues. La mĂ©tallodrogue rĂ©unit autour d un mĂ©tal deux parties: (i) un ligand auxiliaire fonctionnalisĂ© via un espaceur par un permĂ©abilisant peptidique analogue de peptide antimicrobien ou par un modulateur de l efflux (ii) un acide hydroxamique inhibiteur de PDF. Au cours de la SAR rĂ©alisĂ©e en faisant varier la drogue, le ligand auxiliaire et le mĂ©tal, nous avons montrĂ© que les meilleures mĂ©tallodrogues permettent d amĂ©liorer l activitĂ© de la drogue sur la souche d E. coli sauvage d un facteur 16. Un des ligands auxiliaires fonctionnalisĂ© par un tĂ©trapeptide prĂ©sente, seul, une activitĂ© sur une souche d E. aerogenes rĂ©sistante aux fluoroquinolones. Sur ce cas, l activitĂ© biologique a Ă©tĂ© reliĂ©e, par des expĂ©riences de mapping par fluorescence, Ă  son accumulation intracellulaire, en utilisant un analogue fluorescent de ce composĂ©.The gram negative bacterias cell envelopes are the first line of defense against antibiotics. First thanks to the low permeability of the external membrane that prevents the penetration of the antibiotics, but also thanks to the efflux pumps that help expelling the antibiotics from the cell. These mechanisms prevent many compounds, potentially active in vitro, from reaching their targets, thus limiting the antimicrobial effect. To increase the molecules intracellular concentration is one of the means to restore their activity. This thesis objective is to develop metallodrugs as a new drug vectorization strategy in cells. We here associate an active drug in vitro and an auxiliary ligand with permeabilization or efflux pumps inhibition abilities in a complex playing the role of a chaperone. We used peptide deformylase (PDF) and methionine aminopeptidase (MetAP) inhibitors (derived from hydroxamic acids) developed at the laboratory as antimicrobial agents. I ll begin with a global study of the vectorization strategy we ve adopted (i) Stability study of the metallodrugs models: using a fluorescent hydroxamic acid, we showed that only Co(III) metallodrugs are in agreement with the stability conditions compatible with the biological tests, in opposition with the Cu(II) and Fe(III) ones. (ii) Drug release study: we showed in 1H NMR and UV-vis studies that in a buffer solution pH 7.4, a ligand exchange with an exogenous thiol is responsible for the drug release. Recently, a new series of PDF inhibitors was synthesized at the laboratory. It is composed of a 5 membered heterocyclic skeleton functionalized by a chain in C4 followed by an hydroxamic acid via a monocarbonated spacer. The best results were obtained with an oxadiazole (AT002 16 g/ml with E. coli and PMBN as permeabilizing agent). During this thesis, to enhance lipophilicity, we attached aromatic groups on the heterocycle. CMIs on the E. coli strain have not been increased but the compounds displaying the best activity in presence of PMBN (AT015, 2 g/ml with E. coli and PMBN) was chosen to conceive metallodrugs. The metallodrug is composed of a metal center and two other parts: (i) an auxiliary ligand functionalized via a spacer by a permeabilizing peptide, an antimicrobial peptide analogue, or by an efflux modulator. (ii) An hydroxamic acid PDF inhibitor. We showed that the best metallodrugs enhance the drug activity on the wild E.coli strain by a 16 factor, with the SAR we realized, changing the drug, the auxiliary ligand and the metal. One of the auxiliary ligands functionalized by a tetrapeptide show an activity on a fluoroquinolone-resistant E. aerogenes strain while alone. Utilizing a fluorescent analogous of this compound, we linked the biological activity to its intracellular accumulation with fluorescence mapping experiments.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocPARIS-BIUM-Bib. Ă©lectronique (751069903) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Oxydation de ligands thiolates dans des complexes cobalt-soufre (application au cas des nitrile hydratases Ă  cobalt)

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    Les Nitrile Hydratases sont des enzymes Ă  fer ou Ă  cobalt qui suscitent un intĂ©rĂȘt Ă  diffĂ©rents points de vue. Elles sont au centre de la production industrielle d'acrylamide et constituent un enjeu Ă©conomique important. De plus, des structures cristallographiques trĂšs rĂ©centes ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© des sites mĂ©talliques totalement inĂ©dits. La sphĂšre de coordination des centres mononuclĂ©aires FeIII ou CoIII est identique pour les deux mĂ©taux. Elle comprend deux atomes d'azote peptidiques et trois atomes de soufre Ă  des degrĂ©s d'oxydation diffĂ©rents : thiolate, sulfinate et sulfĂ©nate. La coordination de cystĂ©ines oxydĂ©es n'a jamais Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crite pour des protĂ©ines et leur prĂ©sence dans le site actif soulĂšve de nombreuses interrogations. En utilisant une approche biomimĂ©tique, nous avons tentĂ© de rĂ©pondre Ă  quelques questions importantes pour la comprĂ©hension du fonctionnement de ces enzymes. Des complexes de CoIII plan carrĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© synthĂ©tisĂ©s Ă  partir de ligands diamide/dithiol. L'Ă©tude de leur rĂ©activitĂ© et de leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s spectroscopiques a montrĂ© la forte influence de la forme du chĂ©late Ă©quatorial. Les conditions d'oxydation des thiolates coordonnĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mises au point: l'oxygĂ©nation n'est possible qu'en prĂ©sence de cyanure ou d'isonitriles. Des complexes hexadentes de CoIII coordonnĂ©s par des fonctions amidate, sulfinate ou sulfĂ©nate ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus, reproduisant ainsi le plan moyen des Nitrile Hydratases. Cette Ă©tude nous a permis de proposer un mĂ©canisme d'oxydation des thiolates pour les enzymes Ă  cobalt. Nous avons ensuite testĂ© la rĂ©activitĂ© d'hydratation des nitriles de certains complexes. Seules les espĂšces contenant un sulfĂ©nate coordonnĂ© ou une position de coordination labile possĂšdent une activitĂ© catalytique. Nous avons alors pu Ă©galement proposer un mĂ©canisme d'hydratation des nitriles faisant intervenir conjointement la nuclĂ©ophilie d'un sulfĂ©nate coordonnĂ© et l'activation Ă©lectrophile du substrat par le mĂ©tal.Nitrile hydratases are at the center of the industrial production of acrylamide. These bacterial enzymes which catalyze the hydration of nitriles to amides contain either a non-heme iron(III) or a non-corrinoid cobalt(III). The crystal structures has been recently reported. The ligands to the cobalt or iron atom are two peptide amide nitrogens and three sulfurs from cysteines. The two cysteines, in the mean-plane, trans to the amide nitrogens are oxidized to cysteinesulfinic and cysteine-sulfenic acids. The apical ligands are one cysteine thiolate and a water molecule.. A few cobalt NHase mimics containing sulfinates and/or sulfenates have been synthesized. Most of them are six-coordinate cobalt(III) complexes, but none of them have a labile ligand which might be exchanged to H2O or HO. We have prepared four square planar [(N2S2)Co III] complexes containing, similarly to NHase, two carboxamido nitrogens trans to two thiolates and we describe the conversion of the S-bound thiolates to S-bound sulfinates or sulfenates in the presence of isonitrile. The resulting six-coordinate complexes have two isonitrile ligands tightly ligated to the cobalt center, which can not be exchanged by a water molecule. Only the resulting sulfenate-containing complexes can promote hydration of acetonitrile, which allows us to propose a nucleophilic activity of the coordinated sulfenate. On the other hand, sulfinate-complexes with a labile coordination site present also a hydrolytic activity, when the thiolato related compounds do not react. Thus, we propose a mixed hydrolytic mechanism for the enzymes: the presence of both the ligated sulfenate and the labile coordination site could be required for a good activity.ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Recherche de nouveaux antibactériens ciblant la peptide déformylase (synthÚse et tests d'activité in vitro et in cellulo)

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    L'accroissement de la résistance des bactéries aux antibiotiques a conduit à l'exploration de nouvelles cibles biologiques comme la Peptide Déformylase (PDF). Cette métalloprotéase impliquée dans la maturation des protéines est essentielle à la croissance bactérienne. L'acide 5-bromo-7/f-indolyl-3-acétohydroxamique est un inhibiteur issu du criblage RMN. Cette molécule "lead" possÚde une fonction hydroxamique se liant au métal, et un motif 5-bromoindole qui la rend sélective des PDFs bactériennes. Les études in cellulo sur les souches bactériennes ont montré que ce composé présentait un effet antibactérien sur la souche B. subtilis Gram(+) et qu'il était sans effet sur la souche d'E. coli Gram(-). Au cours de cette thÚse, a été réalisé la premiÚre étude structure/activité complÚte d'un inhibiteur en série hétérocyclique: i) en modifiant la nature et la position du substituant sur le corps indolique pour augmenter l'affinité vis-à-vis de la PDF1B, et en tester les limites vis-à-vis de la PDF2; ii) en introduisant des substituants sur l'azote indolique de façon à augmenter les effets antibactériens. Sur le plan syntétique, les fonctionnalisations en 1 et 3 du noyau indolique et l'introduction de la fonction acide hydroxamique ont été optimisées. Plusieurs composés dérivés de la molécule "lead" ont été synthétisés et leurs effets inhibiteurs et antibactériens ont été évalués sur différents types de PDF et de souches dont des pathogÚnes. L'affinité des composés pour la PDF augmente avec la lipophilie. Le dérivé JV-benzylé a une CIso de 8 nM sur la PDF2 et une CMI comprise entre 1 et 2 mg/L sur B. subtilis. Le manque d'activité in cellulo observée sur E. coli peut avoir trois origines : i) désactivation par hydrolyse de l'acide hydroxamique; ii) mauvaise perméabilité des composés à travers les parois bactériennes; iii) éjection des composés par un systÚme d'efflux.The increase of bacterial resistance to all the antibiotics has induced exploration of new biological targets such as Peptide Deformylase (PDF). This enzyme involved in the maturation of proteins is essential to bacterial growth. The PDF inhibitor, 5-bromo-lH-indolyl-3-acetohydroxamic acid, selected by an NMR screening, is more efficient against PDF2 than PDF1B, and revealed antibacterial activitiy against B. subtilis Gram(+) but none against E. coli Gram(-). This "lead" molecule contained, a hydroxamic acid as metal chelating group, and a 5-bromo-indole fitting the hydrophobic pocket which is responsible for the selectivity toward PDF2. This study is the first complete structure/activity relationship related to a heterocyclic family of inhibitors by: i) changing nature and location of substituents on the indole ring; ii) introducing functional groups on the nitrogen. Position 1 and 3 of the indole, and introduction of the hydroxamic function have been optimized. Several compounds derived from the "lead" compound were synthesized and their inhibitory potency as well as their antibacterial activity were evaluated toward different types of PDF and strains including pathogenes. The more lipophilie is the compound, the higher is the affinity for the enzyme. The 7V-benzylated derivative shows an IC5o of 8 nM toward PDF2 and a MIC between 1 and 2 mg/L against B. subtilis. The lack of activity against E. coli strain might be explained either by hydrolysis of the hydroxamic acid, or both by the low permeability and by the efflux of the inhibitor limiting the uptake by the cells.PARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

    First Synthesis of a Binuclear [Mn II

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