Pressure loss and performance assessment of horizontal spiral coil inserted pipes during forced convective evaporation of R-600a

The impacts of spiral coil inserts on the pressure loss of environment-friendly refrigerant R-600a are experimentally evaluated during forced convective evaporation within horizontal copper pipes. Then, by considering the current pressure drop and previous heat transfer results and calculating the performance factor, the overall effectiveness of the inserts is determined. Experiments are carried out for smooth and rough tubes. Five spiral coils with various coil pitches and wire diameters are utilized. Also, vapor qualities between 0.08-0.7 and mass fluxes between 109.2-505 kgm-2s-1 are considered for tests. Generally, it is observed that inserts augment the pressure loss in the range of 90-958% over the smooth pipe. However, as the wire diameter decreases and the coil pitch increases, less pressure losses are imposed to the system. Depending on the operational conditions and inserts type, the performance factor was obtained between 0.13-1.40. The coiled wire “CW5” with the wire diameter of 1 mm and coil pitch of 30 mm performed superior compared to the other inserts by maximum performance factor of 1.4. Finally, by using the current data a new correlation is proposed in order to predict the evaporative pressure loss of R-600a within spiral coil inserted pipes

The diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large plant clades: Apocynaceae as a case study

Background and Aims Large clades of angiosperms are often characterized by diverse interactions with pollinators, but how these pollination systems are structured phylogenetically and biogeographically is still uncertain for most families. Apocynaceae is a clade of >5300 species with a worldwide distribution. A database representing >10 % of species in the family was used to explore the diversity of pollinators and evolutionary shifts in pollination systems across major clades and regions. Methods The database was compiled from published and unpublished reports. Plants were categorized into broad pollination systems and then subdivided to include bimodal systems. These were mapped against the five major divisions of the family, and against the smaller clades. Finally, pollination systems were mapped onto a phylogenetic reconstruction that included those species for which sequence data are available, and transition rates between pollination systems were calculated. Key Results Most Apocynaceae are insect pollinated with few records of bird pollination. Almost three-quarters of species are pollinated by a single higher taxon (e.g. flies or moths); 7 % have bimodal pollination systems, whilst the remaining approx. 20 % are insect generalists. The less phenotypically specialized flowers of the Rauvolfioids are pollinated by a more restricted set of pollinators than are more complex flowers within the Apocynoids + Periplocoideae + Secamonoideae + Asclepiadoideae (APSA) clade. Certain combinations of bimodal pollination systems are more common than others. Some pollination systems are missing from particular regions, whilst others are over-represented. Conclusions Within Apocynaceae, interactions with pollinators are highly structured both phylogenetically and biogeographically. Variation in transition rates between pollination systems suggest constraints on their evolution, whereas regional differences point to environmental effects such as filtering of certain pollinators from habitats. This is the most extensive analysis of its type so far attempted and gives important insights into the diversity and evolution of pollination systems in large clades

A new species of Hoya (Marsdenieae), three new combinations and two new names in Vincetoxicum (Asclepiadeae) from Thailand

Hoya phuluangensis Kidyoo, a new species from northeastern Thailand is here described and compared to the similar species, H. rostellata and H. siamica. All three species have glabrous stems and branches, glabrous coriaceous leaves, adaxially puberulent ovate corolla lobes with an acute apex, and flat to slightly erect coronal scales with an obtuse or rounded apex. However, H. phuluangensis differs from the other two species in the following characters: flowers with a shallow cup-shaped corolla tube and a corona diameter measuring less than half of the corolla tube diameter. Full description of H. phuluangensis is provided, together with line drawings and photographs. In addition, three new combinations and two new names in the genus Vincetoxicum, namely V. indicum (Burm.f.) Mabb. var. glabrum (Decne.) A. Kidyoo, V. kerrii (Craib) A. Kidyoo, V. sootepense (Craib) A. Kidyoo, V. lindleyi A. Kidyoo and V. potamophilum A. Kidyoo, are proposed

The concentration of lead in particles and Its health risk assessment at Amphoe Muang Pathumthani Province

ปริญญานิพนธ์ (วท.บ.) -- มหาวิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีราชมงคลพระนคร, 255714 samples of TSP and PMwere collected within the area of Amphoe Muang Pathumthani from 7 stations at Tambon Bang Prok, Bang Duea, Bang Khu Wat, Bang Kradee, Lak Hok, Bang Changand and Kra Sang during February to March 2013, in order to evaluate the concentration of dust and lead concentration level by using ICP-OES. The result of this study shows the TSP ranging 0.03 - 0.32 mg/mmg/mμg/maverage of 0.04 ± 0.06 μg/mμg/m0.05 ± 0.07 μg/m10 3 and the average of 0.12 ± 0.10 3 . The concentration of PM10 is in the range of 0.06 – 0.21 mg/m3 average of 0.13 ± 0.06 mg/m3. Of the determination of lead in TSP concentration of lead found in the range of 0.01 – 0.18 3 3 while lead in PM10 found in the range of 0.01 – 0.21 3 average of 3. Assessment of the public health risk is found contamination of lead in the atmosphere of Amphoe Muang, Pathumthani levels ranged from less dangerous except area Bang Prok is worth the risk is moderate danger.Rajamangala University of Teehnology Phra Nakho

Use of Hierarchical Decision Modeling for Site Selection of a Major League Baseball Stadium in Portland

This paper proposes a hierarchical decision model to select a site from various potential sites for a major league baseball stadium in Portland, Oregon. A short background on MLB in Portland, with all the related factors, is provided. Next this paper describes Hierarchical Decision Modeling using pair wise comparisons and the process of using this as a decision making tool. A detailed description of the HDM developed is then provided. This model includes determination of the number of levels of the HDM and their relationship with each other. It describes all the elements of each level and the process of identifying and specifying them. The pair wise comparison method used to gather the experts\u27 judgments is then described. Next it describes the analysis of the gathered data from which final priority weights are obtained for the various sites under consideration. The site selection decision would be based on these weights. Finally this paper discusses future work that would be required on this model to provide effective application to the site selection decision process

Intéractions palmiers (Arecaceae) / pollinisateurs : cas de deux espèces de palmiers Calamus castaneus, Phoenix canariensis et chimie des parfums floraux

MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

Home Networking

Executive Summary For the last fifty years, television has revolutionized entertainment and news industry, today Internet is revolutionizing how individuals and companies conduct commerce and communications. According to recent statistics, more than 50% of the homes in the U.S. have Personal Computers. With a market this pervasive, the potential for home networking products, typically called home personal networking products, is projected by research companies like International Data Corporation to expand significantly throughout the next three years. Considering the growth of technology, it is difficult to predict which technology will stay for long time. Any technology might stay in the field for two years to a maximum, soon the next technology or the same technology with lot of improvement will take over the earlier one. But with respect to home networking there are numerous technologies are available, which one to choose is a big question. Since most of the home users are not technically competent enough to handle any maintenance and repairs in the long run. So, it is very important to choose a technology with low maintenance at the same time provide better technology to the users with respect to flexibility, cost, security, expansion, etc. Out Cost benefit analysis, NPV and decision tree model will help a user to decide which technology will be suitable for them. It is completely users decision to choose any technology, since the priorities of each and every ones are different