Eficacia del contacto e información como técnicas de cambio de actitudes hacia personas con discapacidad en niños de Educación Primaria

Universitas Psychologica, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 493-504Las actitudes negativas hacia las personas con discapacidad imperantes en la sociedad plantean la necesidad de intervenciones que modifiquen tales actitudes. Con este objetivo se ha desarrollado un programa de cambio de actitudes hacia personas con discapacidad en alumnos de educación primaria, 100 niños y niñas, entre 7 y 10 años, asignados 39 al grupo experimental y 61 al grupo control. Se utilizaron como técnicas de cambio la información y el contacto. También se efectuó un seguimiento de dos años y medio, durante el que se realizaron actividades recordatorio. El instrumento de evaluación utilizado fue la Escala de Actitudes hacia Personas con Discapacidad (Verdugo, Arias & Jenaro, 1994). Los resultados alcanzados abogan por la eficacia de estas técnicas, al encontrase entre las medidas pretratamiento y postratamiento diferencias estadísticamente significativas para estas últimas a favor del grupo experimental. Tales cambios se mantienen en el seguimiento

Eficacia de un programa de educación sexual en jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual

En este artículo se presenta un programa de intervención psicológica destinado a proporcionar información sobre cues¬tiones relacionadas con la sexualidad a un grupo de jóvenes con discapacidad intelectual (DI). Dicho programa de educación sexual nace como respuesta a las necesidades planteadas por los profesionales y padres de un grupo de jóvenes con DI pertenecientes a una asociación del Principado de Asturias. En primer lugar, se describen el planteamiento general y los obje¬tivos de dicho programa. En segundo lugar, se detalla el pro¬cedimiento de evaluación seguido tanto para la evaluación inicial como para la valoración de resultados y el seguimiento conse¬cuentes. En tercer lugar, se amplía el diseño y la frecuencia del programa y se concretan las técnicas utilizadas en la ¡mplementación del mismo. En cuarto lugar, se presentan los resultados alcanzados, cuyos datos muestran diferencias sig¬nificativas en las respuestas a los ítems en fundón de los distintos momentos de la evaluación, pretest, posttest y segui¬miento. Las diferencias entre el pretest y el posttest indican que la participación en el programa mejora significativamente el nivel de conocimientos sobre cuestiones relacionadas con la sexua¬lidad, mejora que se mantiene a los tres meses de finalizado el programa. Finalmente, el trabajo termina con la discusión de los resultados y una serie de conclusiones acerca de la eficacia y utilidad del programa con el fin de potenciar su implantación.In this issue a psychological intervention program is presented, aimed at providing information on disability sexuality related issues to a group of youngsters with intellectual disability (ID). Such a sexual education program is bom as a response to the needs raised by professionals and parents of a youngsters group with ID from an association in the Principality of Asturias. Firstly, general approach and objectives of such a program are explained. Secondly, the assessment process used either for the initial assessment or the outcome evaluation as well as the follow up is reported. Thirdly, the program design, frequency and techniques used in its implementation are described. Fourthly, the results obtained are presented. Data show significant differences in items responses according to the assessment different moments, pre-test, post-test and follow up. The differences between pre-test and pos-test point out the significant increasing of acknowledge on sexuality, increasing that is maintained along tree months after the program. Finally, the issue ends with a general discussion about the results and the several conclusions about the program efficacy and utility are commented with the purpose of promoting its implementation

Mixed methods approach to describe social interaction during a group intervention for adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Over the last 20 years, researchers have been mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches, but mixed methods research represents a new movement that arose in response to the currents of qualitative and quantitative research, considered separately. Little has been published on the use of polar coordinate analysis in psychotherapy. This type of analysis can provide detailed information and integrate the qualitative-quantitative analysis. Even less has been published on the analysis of ASD children's behavior. The main aim of this study was to implement this mixed methods methodology to analyze patterns of social behaviors in a group of adolescents with ASD during a group social competence intervention program. Moreover, we wanted to see whether an observational scale could be combined fruitfully with polar coordinate analysis and to investigate whether typical ASD behaviors show similar interrelations (prospective and retrospective sequentialities) as behaviors observed in psychotherapy. We used an adaptation from the Social Skills Training Program (UC Davis, California). We observed that each participant took a unique course, increasing or decreasing the number and quality of their social behaviors. In accordance with previous literature, results suggest some increment in the amount of appropriate social conduct. We did not detect a generalized progress pattern but agreed that there were changes between the beginning and end of the intervention. Therefore, we consider that observational methodology is useful in the field of psychotherapy and ASD, offering detailed information about changes and development that cannot be obtained with other traditional measures, such as questionnaires

Self-reported psychological development in cosmetic breast surgery patients

Cosmetic breast surgery is the only therapeutic alternative for psychological and physical complications associated with micromasty, breast ptosis, and macromasty. We analyzed the effects of 2 variables, time, and type of cosmetic breast surgery, on anxiety symptomatology and quality of life. Following a mixed 3x4 design, 3 groups of women with breast augmentation (n=63), mastopexy (n=42), and breast reduction (n=30) were selected and evaluated using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey at 4 different times, the preoperative stage, and at 1, 6, and 12 months postoperative. Pearson’s chi square, Welch’s U, Games-Howell tests, mixed analysis of variance, and Cohen’s d and w for effect size were calculated. Results relating to anxiety (state and trait) showed that the time factor was significant (P<0.001) with differences between the preoperative stage (higher anxiety levels) and the 3 postoperative stages: at 1 month (P<0.001), 6 months (P<0.001), and 12 months (P<0.001). In quality of life, type of surgery and time factors were found to have interactive effects on vitality (P=0.044) and role-emotional (P=0.023) dimensions. Compared to the other 2 groups, women who had undergone mastopexy felt worse (vitality) at 1 month since surgery than in the other stages, and better at 6 months since surgery (role-emotional). In the rest of the dimensions, and focusing on the most relevant effect sizes, the type of surgery made a difference in the physical functioning (P=0.005) and role-physical (P=0.020) dimensions, where women who had had breast reduction felt worse than those who had had augmentation. Time also resulted in differences in the physical functioning (P<0.001), role-physical (P<0.001), and bodily pain (P<0.001) dimensions, where women felt worse at 1 month since surgery than during the rest of the stages, as well as in the social functioning dimension (P<0.001) at 1 month, compared to 6 months postoperative. We conclude that in the long term, women who have cosmetic breast surgery recover their physical and psychological well-bein

Nuevas metodologías para abordar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en género

Introducción: El género se construye culturalmente a través de la socialización, aplicar una metodología teórico-vivencial y analítica hará reconocer al alumnado con mayor eficacia los procesos interiorizados Objetivos: Introducir una metodología teórico-vivencial en asignaturas del Departamento de Enfermería relacionadas con el Género, Profundizar en una metodología de análisis del discurso social que nos envuelve (cine, publicidad, canciones…), Evaluar el impacto de estas metodologías en la consecución de las competencias por parte del alumnado: conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes. Metodología: Cualitativa. Unidad de observación: -274 Alumnado matriculado en “Género y Salud”. Unidades de análisis: proceso enseñanzaaprendizaje, género, salud. Análisis de las memorias del alumnado de los seminarios teóricovivenciales. Resultados: El alumnado se “da cuenta”, toma conciencia, empieza a prestar atención y mirar de forma diferente, empieza a cambiar actitudes y comportamientos. Conclusiones: Trabajar con una metodología vivencial y de análisis de discurso en género, permite la toma de conciencia, la deconstrucción y la posibilidad de cambiar comportamientos y actitudes, lo que supone un primer paso para avanzar en igualdad, por tanto promover salud y cuidados saludables y formar futuros y futuras profesionales más sanos/as e igualitarios/as

Early adversity and 5-HTT-BDNF genes: new evidences of gene-environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population

Adverse childhood experiences have been described as one of the major environmental risk factors for depressive disorder. Likewise, the deleterious impact of early traumatic experiences on depression seems to be moderated by individual genetic variability. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) seem to modulate the effect of childhood adversity on adult depression, although inconsistencies across studies have been found. Moreover, the GxE interaction concerning the different types of childhood adversity remains poorly understood. The aim of this study is to analyse the putative interaction between the 5-HTT gene (5- HTTLPR polymorphism), BDNF gene (Val66Met polymorphism) and childhood adversity in accounting for adult depressive symptoms Method A sample of 534 healthy individuals filled in self-report questionnaires of depressive symptomatology [the Symptom Check List 90 Revised (SCL-90-R)] and different types of childhood adversities [the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)]. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (5-HTT gene) and the Val66Met polymorphism (BDNF gene) were genotyped in the whole sample. Results Total childhood adversity (β=0.27, p<0.001), childhood sexual abuse (CSA; β=0.17, p<0.001), childhood emotional abuse (β=0.27,p<0.001) and childhood emotional neglect (β=0.22, p<0.001) had an impact on adult depressive symptoms. CSA had a greater impact on depressive symptoms in Met allele carriers of the BDNF gene than in the Val/Val group (F=5.87, p<0.0001), and in S carriers of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (5-HTT gene) (F=5.80, p<0.0001). Conclusions Childhood adversity per se predicted higher levels of adult depressive symptoms. In addition, BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms seemed to moderate the effect of CSA on adult depressive symptom

Prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in goats on the island of Tenerife, Spain

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) in healthy goats on the Island of Tenerife, Spain, as well as to identify the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the strains found. A cross-sectional prevalence study was conducted. A total of 158 goats from 15 different farms were sampled between September 2017 and January 2018. The percentage of positive samples of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was 15.8% (25/158) and that of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) was 6.9% (11/158). All MRSA isolates from goats belonged to one clonal group showing Multi-Locus Sequence type 398. All strains studied (n = 36) were resistant to non-carbapenem beta-lactam antibiotics and susceptible to teicoplanin, linezolid, vancomycin, rifampicin, quinupristin-dalfospristin and mupirocine. In MRSA isolates, the highest percentage of resistance obtained, besides beta-lactam non-carbapenem antibiotics, was to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and, in the case of MRCoNS isolates, to phosphomycin and erythromycin. A total of 12 resistance patterns were obtained, presenting differences between patterns obtained for MRSA and MRCoNS, with 7 different patterns for MRSA and 5 for MRCoNS. We therefore consider it essential to expand the epidemiological study of these strains of animal origin, as well as to increase surveillance and control measures at all stages of the food chain