Valuation of Defaultable Bonds and Debt Restructuring

In this paper we develop a contingent valuation model for zero-coupon bonds with default. In order to emphasize the role of maturity time and place of the lender’s claim in the hierarchy of debt of a firm, we consider a firm that issues two bonds with different maturities and different seniorage. The model allows us to analyze the implications of both debt renegotiation and capital structure of a firm on the prices of bonds. We obtain that renegotiation brings about a significant change in the bond prices and that the effect is dispersed through different channels: increasing the value of the firm, reallocating payments, and avoiding costly liquidation. Moreover, the presence of two creditors leads to qualitatively different implications for pricing, while emphasizing the importance of bond covenants and renegotiation of the entire debt.Debt valuation, Defaultable bonds, Strategic contingent claim analysis, Modigliani-Miller theorem

Imperfect Competition and Market Liquidity with a Supply Informed Trader

We develop a model of insider trading where agents have private information either about liquidation value or about supply and behave strategically to maximize their profits. The supply informed trader plays a dual role in market making and in information revelation. This trader not only reveals a part of the information he owns, but he also induces the other traders to reveal more of their private information. The presence of different types of information decreases market liquidity and induces non-monotonicity of the market indicators with respect to the variance of liquidation value. Replacing the noise introduced by liquidity traders with a random supply also allows us to study the effect the shocks on different components of supply have on prices and quantities

Strategic behaviour in financial markets

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaUn mercado implica, de manera general, un conjunto de interacciones relativamente complejas entre agentes a lo largo del tiempo. En consecuencia, recientes investigaciones en el campo de las finanzas intentan integrar el comportamiento estratégico de los agentes en los modelos existentes. Dos importantes líneas de investigación en las que la incidencia del comportamiento estratégico ha sido ampliamente explotado son la valoración de la deuda de la empresa y la microestructura del mercado. En el segundo capítulo se desarrolla un eventual modelo de valoración para bonos de cupón cero en mora. Con el objetivo de destacar el papel del vencimiento y de la colocación de la demanda del prestatario en la jerarquía de la deuda de una empresa, tomaremos el caso de una empresa que emita dos bonos con vencimiento y prioridad distintos. Este modelo nos permite analizar las implicaciones, tanto de la renegociación de la deuda como de la estructura del capital de la empresa en el precio de los bonos. Veremos que la renegociación conlleva un cambio significativo en el precio de los bonos y que su efecto se dispersa a través de varios canales: incrementando el valor de la empresa, reasignando pagos y evitando liquidaciones costosas. Asimismo, la presencia de dos acreedores tiene implicaciones cualitativamente diferentes en precio, y a la vez pone énfasis en la importancia de los contratos de bonos y la renegociación de la totalidad de la deuda. En el tercer capítulo se desarrolla el modelo de tráfico de información privilegiada en el que los agentes tienen información privada sobre el valor de liquidación o sobre la oferta y actúan de modo estratégico para maximizar sus beneficios. El operador de ofertas informado tiene un doble papel en la creación de mercados y en la revelación de información. Este operador, no sólo revela parte de la información que posee, sino que también induce a otros operadores a revelar una mayor parte de su información privada. La presencia de varios tipos de información reduce la liquidez del mercado e induce a la no-monotonicidad de los indicadores de mercado respecto a la variación del valor de liquidación. El cuarto capítulo aborda temas de microestructura, esta vez en relación con la tributación con problemas de incertidumbre. Se desarrolla un modelo en el que consideramos las implicaciones del informe fiscal en los beneficios por tráfico de información privilegiada. Se modela la interacción entre la empresa y la agencia de auditoría fiscal como relación principal-agente sin compromiso. Por otro lado, los mercados financiero se modelan de acuerdo con Kyle (1985), con la diferencia de que el creador de mercados establecerá un precio condicionado por dos factores el flujo total de pedidos y el informe fiscal recibido por la agencia de auditoría fiscal. Modelar la interacción entre la agencia tributaria y la empresa nos permite endogenizar el factor público. Nuestro modelo apunta a que los efectos que producen las interacciones entre la empresa y la agencia de auditoría fiscal en el comportamiento del creador de mercados y el poseedor de información privilegiada son significativos. Así pues, existen varios canales a través de los cuales el informe fiscal influye en los beneficios de quien posee información privilegiada. El informe fiscal afecta al valor de liquidación de la empresa que opera en mercados financieros de dos modos: mediante los impuestos directos pagados honradamente y mediante los esfuerzos de auditoría (lo que en nuestro modelo depende del informe fiscal). A su vez, el valor de liquidación afecta a la demanda y, consecuentemente, al flujo de pedidos. Finalmente, puesto que el creador de mercados utiliza los informes fiscales como factor esto afecta directamente a los precios establecidos por el creador de mercados y, consecuentemente, a toda la actuación del mercado.A market typically involves a relatively complex set of interactions between agents over time. Consequently, recent research in finance tries to integrate strategic behaviour of the agents in the existing models. Two important directions of research where the incidence of strategic behavior has been widely exploited are valuation of corporate debt and market microstructure. In the second chapter we develop a contingent valuation model for zero-coupon bonds with default. In order to emphasize the role of maturity time and place of the lender's claim in the hierarchy of debt of a firm, we consider a firm that issues two bonds with different maturities and different seniorage. The model allows us to analyze the implications of both debt renegotiation and capital structure of a firm on the prices of bonds. We obtain that renegotiation brings about a significant change in the bond prices and that the effect is dispersed through different channels: increasing the value of the firm, reallocating payments, and avoiding costly liquidation. Moreover, the presence of two creditors leads to qualitatively different implications for pricing, while emphasizing the importance of bond covenants and renegotiation of the entire debt. In the third chapter we develop a model of insider trading where agents have private information either about liquidation value or about supply and behave strategically to maximize their profits. The supply informed trader plays a dual role in market making and in information revelation. This trader not only reveals a part of the information he owns, but he also induces the other traders to reveal more of their private information. The presence of different types of information decreases market liquidity and induces non-monotonicity of the market indicators with respect to the variance of liquidation value. The fourth chapter is concerned also with microstructure issues, this time in connection with a taxation under uncertainty problem. We develop a model in which we consider the implications of tax report on the profits from insider trading. We model the interaction between the firm and the tax auditing agency as a principal-agent relationship with no commitment. On the other hand, the financial markets are modelled as in Kyle (1985), with the difference that the market maker will set the price conditional on two signals: the total order flow and the tax report received by the tax auditing agency. Modelling the interaction between the tax agency and the firm allows us actually to endogenize the public signal. Our model points out that the effects the interactions between the firm and the tax auditing agency have both on market maker's and insider's behaviour are significant. Thus, there exist several channels through which the tax report affects the profits of the insider. The tax report affects the liquidation value of the firm traded in financial markets in two ways: through the direct taxes honestly paid and through the auditing effort (which in our model is contingent on the tax report). On its turn, the liquidation value affects the demand and therefore the order flow. Finally, since the market maker uses the tax report as a signal, it directly affects the pricing rule set by the market maker, and therefore, all the market performance

Valuation of defaultable bonds and debt restructuring

In this paper we develop a contingent valuation model for zero-coupon bonds with default. In order to emphasize the role of maturity time and place of the lender's claim in the hierarchy of debt of a firm, we consider a firm that issues two bonds with different maturities and different seniorage. The model allows us to analyze the implications of both debt renegotiation and capital structure of a firm on the prices of bonds. We obtain that renegotiation brings about a significant change in the bond prices and that the effect is dispersed through different channels: increasing the value of the firm, reallocating payments, and avoiding costly liquidation. Moreover, the presence of two creditors leads to qualitatively different implications for pricing, while emphasizing the importance of bond covenants and renegotiation of the entire debt

Imperfect competition and market liquidity with a supply informed trader

We develop a model of insider trading where agents have private information either about liquidation value or about supply and behave strategically to maximize their profits. The supply informed trader plays a dual role in market making and in information revelation. This trader not only reveals a part of the information he owns, but he also induces the other traders to reveal more of their private information. The presence of different types of information decreases market liquidity and induces non-monotonicity of the market indicators with respect to the variance of liquidation value. Replacing the noise introduced by liquidity traders with a random supply also allows us to study the effect the shocks on different components of supply have on prices and quantities

Non-Standard Errors

In statistics, samples are drawn from a population in a data-generating process (DGP). Standard errors measure the uncertainty in estimates of population parameters. In science, evidence is generated to test hypotheses in an evidence-generating process (EGP). We claim that EGP variation across researchers adds uncertainty: Non-standard errors (NSEs). We study NSEs by letting 164 teams test the same hypotheses on the same data. NSEs turn out to be sizable, but smaller for better reproducible or higher rated research. Adding peer-review stages reduces NSEs. We further find that this type of uncertainty is underestimated by participants

Strategic Behaviour in Financial Markets

Un mercado implica, de manera general, un conjunto de interacciones relativamente complejas entre agentes a lo largo del tiempo. En consecuencia, recientes investigaciones en el campo de las finanzas intentan integrar el comportamiento estratégico de los agentes en los modelos existentes. Dos importantes líneas de investigación en las que la incidencia del comportamiento estratégico ha sido ampliamente explotado son la valoración de la deuda de la empresa y la microestructura del mercado. En el segundo capítulo se desarrolla un eventual modelo de valoración para bonos de cupón cero en mora. Con el objetivo de destacar el papel del vencimiento y de la colocación de la demanda del prestatario en la jerarquía de la deuda de una empresa, tomaremos el caso de una empresa que emita dos bonos con vencimiento y prioridad distintos. Este modelo nos permite analizar las implicaciones, tanto de la renegociación de la deuda como de la estructura del capital de la empresa en el precio de los bonos. Veremos que la renegociación conlleva un cambio significativo en el precio de los bonos y que su efecto se dispersa a través de varios canales: incrementando el valor de la empresa, reasignando pagos y evitando liquidaciones costosas. Asimismo, la presencia de dos acreedores tiene implicaciones cualitativamente diferentes en precio, y a la vez pone énfasis en la importancia de los contratos de bonos y la renegociación de la totalidad de la deuda. En el tercer capítulo se desarrolla el modelo de tráfico de información privilegiada en el que los agentes tienen información privada sobre el valor de liquidación o sobre la oferta y actúan de modo estratégico para maximizar sus beneficios. El operador de ofertas informado tiene un doble papel en la creación de mercados y en la revelación de información. Este operador, no sólo revela parte de la información que posee, sino que también induce a otros operadores a revelar una mayor parte de su información privada. La presencia de varios tipos de información reduce la liquidez del mercado e induce a la no-monotonicidad de los indicadores de mercado respecto a la variación del valor de liquidación. El cuarto capítulo aborda temas de microestructura, esta vez en relación con la tributación con problemas de incertidumbre. Se desarrolla un modelo en el que consideramos las implicaciones del informe fiscal en los beneficios por tráfico de información privilegiada. Se modela la interacción entre la empresa y la agencia de auditoría fiscal como relación principal-agente sin compromiso. Por otro lado, los mercados financiero se modelan de acuerdo con Kyle (1985), con la diferencia de que el creador de mercados establecerá un precio condicionado por dos factores el flujo total de pedidos y el informe fiscal recibido por la agencia de auditoría fiscal. Modelar la interacción entre la agencia tributaria y la empresa nos permite endogenizar el factor público. Nuestro modelo apunta a que los efectos que producen las interacciones entre la empresa y la agencia de auditoría fiscal en el comportamiento del creador de mercados y el poseedor de información privilegiada son significativos. Así pues, existen varios canales a través de los cuales el informe fiscal influye en los beneficios de quien posee información privilegiada. El informe fiscal afecta al valor de liquidación de la empresa que opera en mercados financieros de dos modos: mediante los impuestos directos pagados honradamente y mediante los esfuerzos de auditoría (lo que en nuestro modelo depende del informe fiscal). A su vez, el valor de liquidación afecta a la demanda y, consecuentemente, al flujo de pedidos. Finalmente, puesto que el creador de mercados utiliza los informes fiscales como factor esto afecta directamente a los precios establecidos por el creador de mercados y, consecuentemente, a toda la actuación del mercado.A market typically involves a relatively complex set of interactions between agents over time. Consequently, recent research in finance tries to integrate strategic behaviour of the agents in the existing models. Two important directions of research where the incidence of strategic behavior has been widely exploited are valuation of corporate debt and market microstructure. In the second chapter we develop a contingent valuation model for zero-coupon bonds with default. In order to emphasize the role of maturity time and place of the lender's claim in the hierarchy of debt of a firm, we consider a firm that issues two bonds with different maturities and different seniorage. The model allows us to analyze the implications of both debt renegotiation and capital structure of a firm on the prices of bonds. We obtain that renegotiation brings about a significant change in the bond prices and that the effect is dispersed through different channels: increasing the value of the firm, reallocating payments, and avoiding costly liquidation. Moreover, the presence of two creditors leads to qualitatively different implications for pricing, while emphasizing the importance of bond covenants and renegotiation of the entire debt.In the third chapter we develop a model of insider trading where agents have private information either about liquidation value or about supply and behave strategically to maximize their profits. The supply informed trader plays a dual role in market making and in information revelation. This trader not only reveals a part of the information he owns, but he also induces the other traders to reveal more of their private information. The presence of different types of information decreases market liquidity and induces non-monotonicity of the market indicators with respect to the variance of liquidation value.The fourth chapter is concerned also with microstructure issues, this time in connection with a taxation under uncertainty problem. We develop a model in which we consider the implications of tax report on the profits from insider trading. We model the interaction between the firm and the tax auditing agency as a principal-agent relationship with no commitment. On the other hand, the financial markets are modelled as in Kyle (1985), with the difference that the market maker will set the price conditional on two signals: the total order flow and the tax report received by the tax auditing agency. Modelling the interaction between the tax agency and the firm allows us actually to endogenize the public signal. Our model points out that the effects the interactions between the firm and the tax auditing agency have both on market maker's and insider's behaviour are significant. Thus, there exist several channels through which the tax report affects the profits of the insider. The tax report affects the liquidation value of the firm traded in financial markets in two ways: through the direct taxes honestly paid and through the auditing effort (which in our model is contingent on the tax report). On its turn, the liquidation value affects the demand and therefore the order flow. Finally, since the market maker uses the tax report as a signal, it directly affects the pricing rule set by the market maker, and therefore, all the market performance

Corporate Governance and Market Liquidity

In this paper we analyze how corporate governance affects the performance of financial markets. We model the interaction between a firm’s manager and its shareholders, and highlight the role played by the dividend report in information revelation and information transmission. This analysis permits us to identify three channels through which the dividend payment decision affects the liquidation value of the firm and market performance: the dividend voluntarily paid; the profits seized by shareholders in case of intervention; and the price set by the market maker. We find that corporate governance affects market liquidity: higher monitoring costs, lower ownership concentration, effective disclosure regulation and effective shareholder protection, all lead to higher market liquidity

Imperfect competition and market liquidity with a supply informed trader

We develop a model of insider trading where agents have private information either about liquidation value or about supply and behave strategically to maximize their profits. The supply informed trader plays a dual role in market making and in information revelation. This trader not only reveals a part of the information he owns, but he also induces the other traders to reveal more of their private information. The presence of different types of information decreases market liquidity and induces non-monotonicity of the market indicators with respect to the variance of liquidation value. Replacing the noise introduced by liquidity traders with a random supply also allows us to study the effect the shocks on different components of supply have on prices and quantities

Valuation of defaultable bonds and debt restructuring

In this paper we develop a contingent valuation model for zero-coupon bonds with default. In order to emphasize the role of maturity time and place of the lender’s claim in the hierarchy of debt of a firm, we consider a firm that issues two bonds with different maturities and different seniorage. The model allows us to analyze the implications of both debt renegotiation and capital structure of a firm on the prices of bonds. We obtain that renegotiation brings about a significant change in the bond prices and that the effect is dispersed through different channels: increasing the value of the firm, reallocating payments, and avoiding costly liquidation. Moreover, the presence of two creditors leads to qualitatively different implications for pricing, while emphasizing the importance of bond covenants and renegotiation of the entire debt