Nätstationer - Potential för grönytor i Helsingborgs stad?

In Helsingborg, as in many other major cities in Sweden, there is a shortage of space as green space disappears while new construction increases. The municipality of Helsingborg has a vision to be a creative, vibrant, common, global and balanced city for both people and companies by 2035. The new urbanization trend places a demand on the city's construction and planning. Furthermore, greenery has an important role both in the visual impression of a city as well as promoting ecosystem services. The question then is how to incorporate more greenery into a densified city? Öresundskraft wants to investigate whether substations can be used to increase green space in the city by adding green roofs and walls to the buildings. In Helsingborg there are about 700 substations, the purpose of which is to provide the community with energy, so the possibilities to increase the amount of green space are many. The aim of the Master Thesis is to provide an increased understanding of how substations can contribute to the vision of the municipality of Helsingborg by increasing the amount of green space in the city. In order to investigate the potential of the substations, three references corresponding to the most frequent substations of Öresundskraft are being studied. The study shows that the limitations of constructions in terms of load capacity, size, maintenance and cost place additional demands on how an implementation can be carried out. Through a literature study and exploratory study, possible green solutions have been developed. The study shows that the building models are suitable for applying green roofs and walls at the substations. The developed solutions are recommendations for how Öresundskraft can implement green solutions to existing substations in the municipality of Helsingborg. When choosing a solution, it is recommended that sedum should be applied to all roof structures and metal wire should be anchored on the free wall surfaces. The recommended vegetation for the wall solution is Aristolochia macrophylla and Fallopia baldschuanica. However, the wire solution cannot be applied to steel structures where further studies are required. A cost estimate shows that the implementation of proposals for all substations of Öresundskraft in Helsingborg involves an investment cost of SEK 27 million, excluding maintenance and certain assembly costs. Finally, the Master Thesis has created an understanding of how substations can contribute to the vision of the municipality of Helsingborg by increasing the amount of green space in the city. For Helsingborg, an implementation means that the city's expression is improved by a recreational value for inhabitants in the city. Although the constructions are small, the Master Thesis shows that the total area corresponds to approximately four football fields, an area that is impossible to apply in a densified city. In conclusion, substations can contribute to the City Plan from 2017 of the municipality of Helsingborg and the vision of the Green Structure Program. Therefore, substations is a contribution to the great challenge of building a denser and at the same time greener city.I Helsingborgs stad, likt i många andra större städer i Sverige, råder det platsbrist samtidigt som grönytor försvinner i takt med att nybyggnationer ökar. Helsingborgs stad har som vision att vara en skapande, pulserande, gemensam, global och balanserad stad för både människor och företag år 2035. Den nya urbaniseringstrenden ställer därmed krav på stadens uppbyggnad och planering. Vidare har grönskan en viktig roll både för en stads visuella intryck men också för att främja ekosystemtjänster. Frågan är då hur man ska införliva mer grönska i en förtätad stad? Öresundskraft är därmed intresserade av att undersöka om nätstationer kan användas med syfte att öka grönytorna i staden genom att anlägga gröna tak och väggar på dessa. I Helsingborgs stad finns cirka 700 nätstationer, vars syfte är att förse samhället med energi, så möjligheterna att öka mängden grönytor är många. Examensarbetet har därmed som syfte att ge en ökad förståelse för hur nätstationer kan bidra till Helsingborgs stads vision genom att öka mängden grönytor i staden. För att undersöka nätstationernas potential studeras tre referenskonstruktioner som motsvarar Öresundskrafts mest förekommande nätstationer. Studien visar att konstruktionernas begränsningar vad gäller bärförmåga, storlek, skötsel och underhåll samt kostnad ställer ytterligare krav på hur en implementering kan genomföras. Genom en litteraturstudie och explorativ undersökning har möjliga gröna lösningar tagits fram. Studien visar att lämpliga byggnadsmodeller för gröna tak och väggar på Öresundskrafts nätstationer finns att tillämpa. De framtagna lösningarna utgör därmed rekommendationer för hur Öresundskraft kan implementera gröna lösningar på befintliga nätstationer i Helsingborgs stad. Rekommendationen är att applicera sedum-mossa-matta på samtliga takkonstruktioner och förankra metallvajrar på de fria väggytorna. Vidare är rekommenderad vegetation till vägglösningen pipranka och bokharabinda. Vajerlösningen är dock inte tillämpningsbar på stålkonstruktioner där vidare studier krävs. En kostnadskalkyl visar att en implementering av framtagna förslag för Öresundskrafts samtliga nätstationer i Helsingborgs stad innebär en investeringskostnad på drygt 27 miljoner kronor exklusive skötsel, underhåll och viss monteringskostnad. Avslutningsvis har examensarbetet skapat en förståelse för hur Öresundskrafts nätstationer kan bidra till Helsingborgs stads vision genom att öka mängden grönytor i staden. För Helsingborgs stad innebär därmed en implementering att stadens uttryck förbättras genom ett rekreationellt värde för människor i staden. Även om konstruktionerna är små visar examensarbetet att den sammanlagda ytan motsvarar knappt fyra fotbollsplaner, en yta som är omöjlig att få in i en förtätad stad, likt Helsingborgs innerstad. På detta sätt kan Öresundskrafts nätstationer bidra till Helsingborgs stads Stadsplan 2017 samt Grönstrukturprogrammets vision. Nätstationernas potential utgör därmed ett litet bidrag till den stora utmaningen att bygga en tätare och samtidigt grönare stad.I Helsingborgs stad, likt i många andra större städer i Sverige, råder det platsbrist samtidigt som grönytor försvinner i takt med att nybyggnationer ökar. Urbaniseringsproblematiken, eller med andra ord den befolkningsökning som sker i relation till kommunens begränsade yta, ställer krav på Helsingborgs stad. Vidare har grönskan en viktig roll, både för en stads visuella intryck men också för att främja ekosystemtjänster. Frågan är då hur man ska införliva mer grönska i en förtätad stad

Novel Activated Metal Powders for Improved Hybrid Fuels and Green Solid Propellants

The necessity of novel and specialized ingredients for peculiar applications like green solid propellants and fast hybrid fuels is boosting the research of energetic materials to replace conventional metals. Several techniques, such as the Electric Explosion of Wires, have been introduced in past years to find credible replacements for standard micron-sized aluminum. However, several problems related to safety, cost, and actual or potential environmental impact hindered the application of these new materials. In this respect, mechanical and mechanochemical activation processes represent a viable solution to potentially obtain customized ad hoc highly reactive particles. This work deals with the design, production, and characterization of novel mechanically activated ingredients for green solid propellants based on ammonium nitrate and fast-burning hybrid fuels. The activated powders, produced by an innovative technique currently under patenting, are characterized "as is" and their effects on solid propellant and hybrid fuel combustion are evaluated. The novel powders enhance the regression rate of hybrid fuels and reduce the size of the condensed combustion products of green solid propellants based on ammonium nitrate

Obstructive Giant Inflammatory Polyposis as a First Manifestation of Crohn’s Disease: A Case Report

Colonic inflammatory polyps (pseudopolyps) are common feature of inflammatory bowel diseases. They usually do not grow excessively, rarely reaching more than 15 mm in size, at which point they are termed giant inflammatory polyps. Clinical presentation of these polyps can vary greatly, ranging from being completely asymptomatic, usually detected incidentally, to abdominal cramps, rectal bleeding or intestinal obstruction. More importantly, giant inflammatory polyps can be easily mistaken for colonic malignancy, although without having malignant potential themselves. These polyps rarely regress with successful medical treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases and often require surgical treatment. We present an unusual case of giant inflammatory polyps which was the first presentation of inflammatory bowel disease. It was initially mistaken for colonic malignancy with intestinal obstruction, which led to surgical treatment

Plasma Drug Values of DOACs in Patients Presenting with Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Prospective Observational Study

Background and Objectives: Anticoagulants are a well-known risk factor for gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB). In recent years, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have taken a leading role in the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic incidents. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of DOAC-treated patients with GIB whose plasma drug concentrations exceeded the cut-off values reported in the literature and to evaluate their clinical characteristics. Materials and Methods: Patients who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit in the period 2/2020–3/2022 due to GIB were prospectively included in the study and classified into three groups according to the prescribed type of DOAC (apixaban, rivaroxaban, and dabigatran). For all participants, it was determined if the measured plasma drug levels exceeded the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) or trough serum concentration (Ctrough) obtained from the available data. A comparison of clinical parameters between the patients with and without excess drug values was performed. Results: There were 90 patients (54.4% men) included in the study, of whom 27 were treated with dabigatran, 24 with apixaban, and 39 with rivaroxaban. According to Cmax, there were 34 (37.8%), and according to Ctrough, there were 28 (31.1%) patients with excess plasma drug values. A statistically significant difference regarding excess plasma drug values was demonstrated between DOACs according to both Cmax (p = 0.048) and Ctrough (p max and 59.3% for Ctrough). Multivariate logistic regression showed that age (OR 1.177, p = 0.049) is a significant positive and glomerular filtration rate (OR 0.909, p = 0.016) is a negative predictive factor for excess plasma drug values. A total of six (6.7%) patients had fatal outcomes. Conclusions: Plasma drug concentrations exceed cut-off values reported in the literature in more than one-third of patients with GIB taking DOAC, with the highest rate in the dabigatran group. Clinicians should be more judicious when prescribing dabigatran to the elderly and patients with renal failure. In these patients, dose adjustment, plasma drug monitoring, or substitution with other, more appropriate DOACs should be considered