Fortalecimiento de comprensión lectora a través de estrategias lúdico pedagógicas, con niños y niñas de 7 y 8 años del grado tercero de la institución educativa Francisco de Paula Santander

Anexos trabajo de gradoLa propuesta pedagógica tiene como propósito fortalecer la comprensión lectora, a través de estrategias lúdicas pedagógicas, ya que esta es de gran importancia porque estimula habilidades como: pensar, interpretar lecturas, imaginar, desarrollando así un nivel de educación integral, en los infantes, a partir de la lúdica ya que esta predispone a los estudiantes de forma positiva. Este proyecto de acción pedagógica se desarrolló en Santander de Quilichao con los infantes del grado tercero de la Institución Educativa Instituto Técnico Sede Francisco de Paula Santander, desde la observación participante se logró identificar que los estudiantes presentaban problemas de comprensión lectora, donde algunos no identificaban el tema central de la lectura, no seguían una secuencia, tenían dificultad para comprender la moraleja u enseñanza del cuento, en consecuencia a esto no desarrollaban bien la lectura, también se observó que las clases eran rutinarias y faltas de lúdicas, por esta razón el proyecto se basó en implementar experiencias o actividades lúdicas pedagógicas con el fin de impartirle a los estudiantes ambientes diferentes e innovadores con enseñanzas significativas en pro del fortalecimiento de la comprensión lectora. Los resultados de la propuesta surgen de la caracterización del problema y el proceso de intervención realizado en la institución educativa con los niños y niñas de grado segundo, que hizo énfasis en el fortalecimiento de la comprensión lectora a través de unas actividades llevando una secuencia didáctica acorde con estos. En conclusión, con el desarrollo de la propuesta pedagógica se aportó al fortalecimiento de la comprensión lectora, identificación de un tema central, comprensión de moralejas u enseñanzas de cuentos y seguimiento de secuencias.The purpose of the pedagogical proposal is to strengthen reading comprehension, through playful pedagogical strategies, since this is of great importance because it stimulates skills such as: thinking, interpreting readings, imagining, thus developing comprehensive education in children, from the playful since this predisposes students in a positive way. The pedagogical action project was developed in Santander de Quilichao with boys and girls from the third grade of the Francisco de Paula Santander Technical Institute Educational Institution, from the participant observation it was possible to identify that the students presented reading comprehension problems, where some did not identify the central theme of the reading, they did not follow a sequence, they had difficulty understanding the moral or teaching of the story, consequently they did not develop reading well, it was also observed that the classes were routine and lacking in play, for this reason the The project was based on the implementation of experiences or pedagogical playful activities in order to provide students with different and innovative environments with significant teachings in favor of strengthening reading comprehension. The results of the proposal arise from the characterization of the problem and the intervention process carried out in the educational institution with the boys and girls of second grade, which emphasized the strengthening of reading comprehension through activities carrying a consistent didactic sequence. with these. In conclusion, with the development of the pedagogical proposal, it contributed to the strengthening of reading comprehension, identification of a central theme, understanding of morals or teaching of stories and following sequences

Investigación de la carboxipeptidasa, esfingomielinasa y fosfatasa alcalina de Schistosoma mansoni como potenciales antígenos

La esquistosomiasis representa un importante problema de salud pública en las regiones tropicales, descuidado por las compañías farmacéuticas. Se seleccionaron tres genes del transcriptoma de S. mansoni para caracterizarse molecularmente y probarse como vacunas. El gen de la carboxipeptidasa mostró altos niveles de transcripción en la etapa de cercaria y una expresión de proteína variable en las etapas dentro del huésped. La proteína recombinante renaturalizada mostró baja actividad. El gen de la esfingomielinasa mostró un alto nivel de transcripción en los huevos, expresándose en todas las etapas excepto en esquistosomulos de 7 días y hembras. El gen de la fosfatasa alcalina mostró una alta transcripción en cercaria, pero la expresión de la proteína solo está elevada en la etapa de esquistosomule. La inmunización de ratones con cada una de las tres proteínas recombinantes expresadas en E. coli no condujo a una reducción en la carga parasitaria después del desafío. Estos resultados demuestran que varias características de un antígeno son necesarias para que sea un buen candidato para la vacuna.A esquistossomose representa um grande problema de saúde pública em regiões tropicais, negligenciado pelas empresas farmacêuticas. Três genes foram selecionados a partir do transcriptoma do S. mansoni para serem caracterizados molecularmente e testados como vacinas. O gene da Carboxipeptidase apresentou altos níveis de transcrição no estágio de cercária e uma variável expressão protéica nos estágios intra-hospedeiros. A proteína recombinante renaturada apresentou baixa atividade. O gene da Esfingomielinase apresentou alto nível transcricional em ovos, sendo expresso em todos os estágios exceto em esquistossômulos de 7 dias e fêmeas. O gene da Fosfatase Alcalina apresentou elevada transcrição em cercária, mas a expressão da proteína se eleva somente no estágio de esquistossômulo. A imunização de camundongos com cada uma das três proteínas recombinantes expressas em E. coli não levou à redução da carga parasitária após desafio. Estes resultados demonstram que diversas características de um antígeno são necessárias para que este seja um bom candidato vacinal.Schistosomiasis is a major public health problem in tropical areas and neglected by most of the pharmaceutical companies. Three genes were selected from S. mansoni transcriptome to be molecularly characterized and tested as vaccines. The Carboxypeptidase gene showed high transcription levels in cercariae stage and a variable protein expression in intra-host stages. The refolded recombinant protein showed limited activity. The Sphingomyelinase gene showed the highest level of transcriptional activity in the egg stage and the protein is expressed in all stages but 7-day old schistosomula and females. The Alkaline Phosphatase gene showed a high transcriptional activity in cercariae stage with most of the mRNA being translated into protein as soon as it penetrates its definitive host. Immunization of mice with each of the three proteins did not show reduction in worm burden recovery after challenge. These results demonstrate that several characteristics of an antigen are important for it to be considered a good vaccine candidate.Brasil. Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (Fapesp): Beca de doctoradoTesi

The location routing problem with facility sizing decisions

The location routing problem (LRP) integrates operational decisions on vehicle routing operations with strategic decisions on the location of the facilities or depots from which the distribution will take place. In other words, it combines the well-known vehicle routing problem (VRP) with the facility location problem (FLP). Hence, the LRP is an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem, which justifies the use of metaheuristic approaches whenever large-scale instances need to be solved. In this paper, we explore a realistic version of the LRP in which facilities of different capacities are considered, i.e., the manager has to consider not only the location but also the size of the facilities to open. In order to tackle this optimization problem, three mixed-integer linear formulations are proposed and compared. As expected, they have been proved to be cost- and time- inefficient. Hence, a biased-randomized iterated local search algorithm is proposed. Classical instances for the LRP with homogeneous facilities are naturally extended to test the performance of our approach.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Analysis of spatial and environmental justice in three Mexican cities

The accelerated growth of cities in developing countries poses a challenge for urban planning such as guaranteeing the safety of all inhabitants from natural and anthropogenic threats. The objective of this study is to determine the urban areas and social sectors of three medium sized Mexican cities that are exposed to high risk activities. The results indicate that for the metropolitan area of San Luis Potosi, 57.6% of high risk activities are within the urban sprawl, while 100% are in the cities of Zacatecas and Fresnillo. In all three case studies, most of the activities studied are in areas with low and medium rates of marginalization. In San Luis Potosi, 4.1% are in areas with high and very high population density but none of the case studies showed a conglomeration of these types of risks in a determined area of the cities. A database of companies with high risk activities, regulated at a federal level, public became public in Mexico in 2014. This information is of great value at a local level to define the strategies of land use planning that guarantee access to environmental justice as well as effective prevention strategies and responses to chemical emergencies

Plan de RSE como modelo de gestión para los procesos de Viñedos y Bodegas del Norte

El tiempo en las organizaciones, ha dado a conocer la necesidad de implementar y aplicar estrategias que permitan su reconocimiento y colocación en el mercado sin abusar de los recursos que el ambiente y el entorno le brindan; actualmente, existen normas que rigen y califican el comportamiento de una compañía y su interacción con el entorno; así mismo, los seres humanos crean una buena percepción de algo cuando ello, actúa en beneficio de todos; por ello, se hace necesario, que una organización aplique en sus actividades, la responsabilidad social, así como la inclusión de un código ético interno que permita que los procesos se efectúen de manera eficiente. Es por ello, que a continuación se presentará por medio de este documento, la investigación aplicada a la empresa Viñedos y Bodegas del Norte, como cumplimiento de trabajo de grado del Diplomado de profundización de la UNAD en la que se trabajó el análisis de cada variable fundamental que conforma la RSE según la “Norma ISO 26000”, esto, teniendo en cuenta las debilidades y fortalezas de la compañía, que dieron lugar al análisis y desarrollo de estrategias que al ser aplicadas, permitirán el fortalecimiento de la organización en el corto plazo.Time in organizations has revealed the need to implement and apply strategies that allow their recognition and placement in the market without abusing the resources that the environment and surroundings provide; currently, there are rules that govern and qualify the behavior of a company and its interaction with the environment; likewise, human beings create a good perception of something when it acts for the benefit of all; therefore, it is necessary for an organization to apply social responsibility in its activities, as well as the inclusion of an internal code of ethics that allows processes to be carried out efficiently. That is why, through this document, the research applied to the Viñedos y Bodegas del Norte company will be presented below, as a completion of the degree work of the Deepening Diploma of the UNAD in which the analysis of each variable was worked on. fundamental that makes up CSR according to the "ISO 26000 Standard", this, taking into account the weaknesses and strengths of the company, which gave rise to the analysis and development of strategies that, when applied, will allow the strengthening of the organization in the short term

Combining heuristics with simulation and fuzzy logic to solve a flexible-size location routing problem under uncertainty

The location routing problem integrates both a facility location and a vehicle routing problem. Each of these problems are NP-hard in nature, which justifies the use of heuristic-based algorithms when dealing with large-scale instances that need to be solved in reasonable computing times. This paper discusses a realistic variant of the problem that considers facilities of different sizes and two types of uncertainty conditions. In particular, we assume that some customers’ demands are stochastic, while others follow a fuzzy pattern. An iterated local search metaheuristic is integrated with simulation and fuzzy logic to solve the aforementioned problem, and a series of computational experiments are run to illustrate the potential of the proposed algorithm.This work has been partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science (PID2019-111100RB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033). In addition, it has received the support of the Doctoral School at the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Spain) and the Universidad de La Sabana (INGPhD-12-2020).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Rompiendo cotidianidades y tejiendo redes comunitarias para desarrollar empoderamiento dialógico-colectivo

The article aims to present the ways in which women break everyday life and begin to weave networks with other women, in order to strengthen their presence in the publicpolitical space. Through a proposal of the process of empowerment in degrees (affective, family, dialogic, labor, economic, political and legal) it is considered to show some strategies that are marking characteristics that allow them to position themselves in the spaces in which they are mobilized. In this logic, the different conceptions about the category empowerment as the basis for later empirical work are analyzed first. The study context is the Association of United Single Mothers of Sinaloa which has 15 coordinations, one of them located in Elota, in La Cruz, Sinaloa, where workshops were held and by means of the observation technique two women were intentionally selected to who had an episodic interview.El artículo tiene como objetivo presentar las formas en que las mujeres rompen cotidianidades y comienzan a tejer redes con otras mujeres, a fin de fortalecer su presencia en el espacio público-político. A través de una propuesta del proceso de empoderamiento en grados (afectivo, familiar, dialógico, laboral, económico, político y legal) se considera mostrar algunas estrategias que van marcando características que les permiten posicionarse en los espacios en que se movilizan. En esta lógica, se analiza primeramente las diversas concepciones sobre la categoría empoderamiento como fundamento del trabajo empírico posterior. El contexto de estudio es la Asociación de Madres Solteras Unidas de Sinaloa que cuenta con 15 coordinaciones, una de ellas ubicada en Elota, en la Cruz, Sinaloa, en donde se impartieron talleres y mediante la técnica de observación se seleccionaron intencionalmente a dos mujeres a quienes se les realizo una entrevista episódica.The article aims to present the ways in which women break everyday life and begin to weave networks with other women, in order to strengthen their presence in the publicpolitical space. Through a proposal of the process of empowerment in degrees (affective, family, dialogic, labor, economic, political and legal) it is considered to show some strategies that are marking characteristics that allow them to position themselves in the spaces in which they are mobilized. In this logic, the different conceptions about the category empowerment as the basis for later empirical work are analyzed first. The study context is the Association of United Single Mothers of Sinaloa which has 15 coordinations, one of them located in Elota, in La Cruz, Sinaloa, where workshops were held and by means of the observation technique two women were intentionally selected to who had an episodic interview

Viability of probiotic bacteria Bacillus Polymyxa, Bacillus Megaterium and Lactobacillus Delbruekii subsp. bulgaricus microencapsulated under the spray-drying technique

Most microorganisms that are considered as probiotics have received much attention in recent scientific research, supporting their important role in improving bowel function in both human and animal health. Probiotics have the ability to modulate the immune system of the host, compete for colonization with pathogenic microorganisms and improve digestion of food among many other benefits. One disadvantage in the use of probiotics in food processing is the low viability of probiotics that may be affected by environmental conditions including air, humidity and temperature. An alternative to avoid these effects is by developing protective conditions that ensure the viability and activity of these microorganisms during use and food application, ensuring they are released into the intestine where their action is required. Accordingly, this study aims to assess the influence of spray drying technique with maltodextrin and inulin on viability of a consortium of three types of probiotic bacteria widely used in the food industry.La mayoría de microorganismos considerados como probióticos, tienen un papel importante en el mejoramiento de la función intestinal, tanto para la salud humana como animal. Gran parte de estos microorganismos probióticos, son muy sensibles a condiciones ambientales como la humedad, la temperatura, la concentración de oxígeno, las sales biliares, y el pH estomacal y, al ser procesados o almacenados como alimentos funcionales se puede ver afectada su viabilidad. Debido a esto, es necesario desarrollar condiciones protectoras que garanticen la viabilidad y actividad de estos microorganismos cuando son adicionados y procesados en matrices alimentarias, y asegurar que sean liberados en el intestino donde se precisa su acción. De acuerdo a lo anterior, el presente proyecto propone evaluar la influencia de la técnica de secado por aspersión con maltodextrina más inulina sobre la viabilidad de un consorcio de tres tipos de bacterias probióticas ampliamente utilizadas en la industria alimentaria

Spatial and temporal variation of fish assemblage associated with aquatic macrophyte patches in the littoral zone of the Ayapel Swamp Complex, Colombia

ABSTRACT: Aim: The purpose of the present study was to examine spatial and temporal variation in fish assemblage structure associated with aquatic macrophytes in the littoral zone of the ASC. Methods: Specimens were caught between January 2008 and February 2009, over four limnimetric moments, using both cast net and seine net. Data on the temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and dissolved oxygen was recorded for the characterization of the water mass in the sites. Results: A total of 34,151 specimens from 44 species were collected. The most abundant species were Eigenmannia virescens, Astyanax caucanus, Astyanax fasciatus, Roeboides dayi and Cyphocharax magdalenae, which together accounted for more than 75% of the sample. Temporal and spatial comparisons showed variation in the environmental conditions and highlighted the existence of heterogeneous abiotic conditions (p0.05) regarding the fish assemblage structure. The multivariate analysis showed no significant relationship between existing environmental conditions and the fish assemblage (p=0.04). The analysis also showed the absence of a relationship between the fish assemblage and environmental variables with respect to the flood pulse and sampling sites (p>0.05). Conclusion: The uniformity of the fish communities that inhabit aquatic macrophyte patches in the littoral region of the ASC may be related to the availability of suitable habitat in structural terms, that probably supports a more abundant and varied wildlife