Importance of different gr owth factors in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer

PhD ThesisThe aims of this study were firstly, to investigate the role of growth hormones: insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and heregulin-1 (HRG) on the anchorage-independent survival and migration of oestrogen non-responsive breast cancer cells. Secondly, the effects of inhibition of the type I IGF receptor (IGF-IR), EGF receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) were studied. Thirdly, the expression of IGF-IR, EGFR, HER-2, TFF1 and TFF3 was assessed in oestrogen receptor-negative breast tumours and involved lymph node metastases, and associations with biomarkers of cell survival and proliferation analysed. IGFs and EGFs contribute to the growth, survival and metastasis of malignant cells and inhibitors of IGF-IR and EGFR are in clinical trials. IGF and EGF signal transduction pathways are proposed to be important in oestrogen non-responsive, HER-2 positive and triple-negative breast cancers. The effects of IGF and EGF on anchorage-independent cell survival and cell migration have not been investigated thoroughly. An in vitro model of anoikis was developed for triple-negative MDA-MB-231, Hs578T and HER-2 positive SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. For the first time, an anti-anoikis effect of IGF-1 was demonstrated in triple-negative breast cancer cells. The survival effect of IGF-1 was shown to be via activation of the IGF-IR. EGF and HRG were protective against anoikis in oestrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells. The protective effect of EGF was mediated through EGFR. IGF-1, EGF and HRG demonstrated powerful migratory effects on oestrogen non-responsive breast cancer cells and the inhibition of IGF-IR and EGFR in these cells reduced the cell migration. The combination of IGF-1 and EGF induced more cell migration than either ligand alone. IGF-IR, EGFR and HER-2 were expressed in oestrogen receptor-negative breast primary tumours, and expression of IGF-IR and EGFR was associated with biomarkers of cell survival and proliferation. Expression of TFF3 was detected at higher levels than TFF1 in both in situ and invasive breast tumours and was associated significantly with expression of HER-2 in invasive breast tumours. ii Overall, these results demonstrated the importance of different growth factors alone and in combination in oestrogen non-responsive breast cancer. Further investigation of the potential of targeting the metastatic progression of oestrogen non-responsive breast cancer via the IGF and EGF signal transduction pathways is merited

Themes and Semantic Features of Anthroponyms in Azerbaijani Epic Folklore

The article classifies anthroponyms in Azerbaijani folk tales and epics by thematic groups and studies the ritual-mythological, religious (Sufi) semantics and the magical function of these names. Personal names' role in epics is based on human-natural, individual-communal, sacred-profane, and friend-foe relations. Epithets indicating the negative or positive nature of the characters are also taken into account in the context of the people's worldview, beliefs, traditional lifestyle and culture. The changes in the anthroponomics of Azerbaijani epics in connection with the growing popularity of love epics and the factors causing these changes are studied. The role of ashugs, the creators and performers of Azerbaijani love epics, in determining the type of epic hero and his manifestation at the level of personal names is explored

Design av en webbutiks-prototyp med hjälp av användarbarhetsprinciper

Under de senaste åren har e-handel blivit vanlig bland folk i Sverige. Enligt en undersökning gjord av Statistiska centralbyrån nyttjade tre fjärdedelar av Sveriges befolkning i åldrarna mellan 16 till 74 år under perioden april 2011 till mars 2012, e-handel. Det har visat sig att användarvänligheten på en e-handelswebbplats kan vara bland annat en viktig faktor för ett framgångsrikt e-handelsföretag. Den största risken med att en kund får svårigheter att navigera i webbplatsen är att han/hon omedelbart lämnar den samt väljer att inte återbesöka den. Uppsatsen syftar till att designa en prototyp för en nystartad webbutik som kallas för Goben Skal. Designen av prototypen utgår från användbarhetsprinciper och designregler för att nå målet med arbetet. Denna uppsats beskriver en prototyp som illustrerar alla funktionskrav som ställdes av beställaren i en kravspecifikation. Den skapade prototypen utvärderas med hjälp av användartestmetoder såsom observationer och intervjuer samt hur en god användarvänlig design kan uppnås vid utvecklingen för en webbutik. Efter genomförande av användartestningen kom det fram till att personerna som ingick i testet upplevde webbplatsens prototyp som trevlig att använda samt gav förslag som förbättrar och förenklar användarens interaktion med webbplatsen. Utifrån de angivna förslagen skapades en ny utformning av prototypen.In recent years, e-commerce has become common among people in Sweden. According to a survey by Statistics Sweden (SCB) e-commerce was used by three-quarters of the population aged between 16-74 years from April 2011 until March 2012. It has been shown that the usability of an e-commerce website can be including an important factor for a successful ecommerce company. The major risk with the customer that has trouble navigating the site is that he/she immediately leaves and chooses not to re-visit it. The objective of this thesis is to design a prototype of a newly started web store called Goben Skal. The design of the prototype is based on usability principles and design rules for achieving the goal of the work. This thesis describes that illustrates all functinal requirements set by the client in a specification. The created prototype is evaluated by user testing methods, such as observations and interviews, as well as how a good user friendly design can be achieved in the development of a web store. After the implementation of user testing, it came up that the persons included in the test experienced of the website's prototype as pleasant to use, and gave suggestions to improve and simplify the user's interaction with the site. Based on the given proposals a new design of the prototype was created.

Design av en webbutiks-prototyp med hjälp av användarbarhetsprinciper

Under de senaste åren har e-handel blivit vanlig bland folk i Sverige. Enligt en undersökning gjord av Statistiska centralbyrån nyttjade tre fjärdedelar av Sveriges befolkning i åldrarna mellan 16 till 74 år under perioden april 2011 till mars 2012, e-handel. Det har visat sig att användarvänligheten på en e-handelswebbplats kan vara bland annat en viktig faktor för ett framgångsrikt e-handelsföretag. Den största risken med att en kund får svårigheter att navigera i webbplatsen är att han/hon omedelbart lämnar den samt väljer att inte återbesöka den. Uppsatsen syftar till att designa en prototyp för en nystartad webbutik som kallas för Goben Skal. Designen av prototypen utgår från användbarhetsprinciper och designregler för att nå målet med arbetet. Denna uppsats beskriver en prototyp som illustrerar alla funktionskrav som ställdes av beställaren i en kravspecifikation. Den skapade prototypen utvärderas med hjälp av användartestmetoder såsom observationer och intervjuer samt hur en god användarvänlig design kan uppnås vid utvecklingen för en webbutik. Efter genomförande av användartestningen kom det fram till att personerna som ingick i testet upplevde webbplatsens prototyp som trevlig att använda samt gav förslag som förbättrar och förenklar användarens interaktion med webbplatsen. Utifrån de angivna förslagen skapades en ny utformning av prototypen.In recent years, e-commerce has become common among people in Sweden. According to a survey by Statistics Sweden (SCB) e-commerce was used by three-quarters of the population aged between 16-74 years from April 2011 until March 2012. It has been shown that the usability of an e-commerce website can be including an important factor for a successful ecommerce company. The major risk with the customer that has trouble navigating the site is that he/she immediately leaves and chooses not to re-visit it. The objective of this thesis is to design a prototype of a newly started web store called Goben Skal. The design of the prototype is based on usability principles and design rules for achieving the goal of the work. This thesis describes that illustrates all functinal requirements set by the client in a specification. The created prototype is evaluated by user testing methods, such as observations and interviews, as well as how a good user friendly design can be achieved in the development of a web store. After the implementation of user testing, it came up that the persons included in the test experienced of the website's prototype as pleasant to use, and gave suggestions to improve and simplify the user's interaction with the site. Based on the given proposals a new design of the prototype was created.

Comparative Study the Impact of Changes in the Leased Object on the Status of the Lease Contract in Imami Jurisprudence, Afghan Law, and French Law

In the lease contract of objects, if the leased object undergoes a substantial change or a significant change in its characteristics before it is delivered to the tenant, the lease contract is void. This is because the existing object is different from what was the subject of the transaction and what was agreed upon. However, if the object undergoes a substantial or qualitative change during the lease term, there are similarities and differences between Imami jurisprudence, Afghan law, and French law. For example, if the change occurs at the beginning of the lease contract and the delivery of the leased object, according to Imami jurisprudence, it is considered as a change before delivery and the contract is void. However, in Afghan and French law, there is no distinction between the beginning and the duration of the lease contract. However, if the change occurs during the lease term, Imami jurisprudence provides different rulings depending on the type and cause of the change, such as the validity, voidness, suspension, and termination of the contract. Afghan law also, depending on the case, considers the rulings of the continuation and persistence, dissolution, and conditional suspension of the contract, and French law provides for the termination of the contract in case of a substantial change caused by force majeure, but in other cases, it rules for the continuation and persistence of the contract

Topografía y espacio: el caso de Chinikihá, Chiapas, México

Without any doubt the making of sketch maps and drawings is a fundamental part of any archaeological enterprise. Even more, such images become the main link with the past; nevertheless is not always possible, due to an array of different factors, making an accurate mapping of archaeological sites. In many cases, the latter is an important factor that might lead to a misunderstanding of the function of sites in the past. In Chinikihá we have been able to make a detailed survey and mapping of architectural features. Our understanding of archaeological processes in Chinikihá has changed during the years depending on the pace of our mapping efforts and new archaeological features were discovered. The availability of a detailed map allows us to come up with new ideas about the use of space, the selection of natural features for urban design, and finally, a better understanding of the role of the city within its broader regional context

CYP21 as a candidate gene for androstenone on boar taint

The Cytochrome P450 steroid, 21 Hydroxylase (CYP21), is a positional candidate gene for boar taint caused by an excessive level of androstenone mainly in fat and muscle. CYP21 contains 9 introns and 10 exons and is located in the swine lymphocyte antigen (SLA) region on chromosome 7. Sequencing of four sires from an Australian mapping pedigree has revealed 36 SNPs. 22 of these are in non-coding regions, and those in coding regions do not cause changes in the amino acid sequence of the protein. However, a SNP at position 2329 (intron 7) could influence the use of a theoretical alternative splice site. Quantitative analysis has shown that segregation of this SNP in the sire families has no impact on androstenone levels. RT-PCR and sequencing have provided no evidence of the use of this alternative splice site in testis RNA. CYP21 can be excluded as the locus responsible for the SSC7 androstenone QTL