E-Government Applications And Methodologies: Turkey on the E-Government Way

The recent changes in the technology, especially the use of Internet and the World Wide Web resulted in a new way of doing business for the governments. Governments worldwide face with the challenge of transformation and the need to reinvent government systems, which are based to deliver more efficient and cost effective services for the citizens. The developments and the studies in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) resulted in E-Government projects and applications. This paper tries to analyze E-Government projects by analyzing their methodologies and strategies; and it is mainly based on the underlying key points in success stories. Also within this paper the reader will get information on E-Government projects in Turkey, successes and failures, IT vision of the administrations and the future plans.

THE BLEEDING WOUND OF TURKISH INDEPENDENCE LITERATURE: THE BALKANS

The rebellion prompted in the Ottoman Army by the proponents of the Committee ofUnion and Progress in 1912 accelerated invasions, oppositions and wars in the Balkans resulting with the loss of Albania, Greece, Crete, Bulgaria, Serbia, Austria,Hungary and Romania by the Ottomans. Furthe rmore the out break of World War I following the Balkan wars, inevitably led the Turks to fight for their freedom and independence.Movements of thought such as Civilizationalism, Westernism, Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism, Turkism and Marxism influenced and changed both the society and the government as well as the language and the literature during the historical period between the reforms undertaken in the Ottoman state in 1839 and the years of the Turkish War of Independence. In the 19th century during the break up process ofthe Ottoman state, Turkism earned its special place among other movements and led to the awakening of the Turkish society in attaining its national consciousness.The land losses experienced in the Balkans and the thoughts of freedom and independence that caused these losses spreading out among different societies bond to each other under the Ottoman tie, were of great importance in triggering this movement. The philosophers of that period from Genc Kalemler to Nev-Yunaniler,from Rubabcilar to Nayiler, from Hecenin Bes Sairi to Sairler Dernegi, from Dergahto the independent (wo)men of letters all have contributed largely to the forming of Turkish consciousness by frequently expressing the effects of social decomposition,disintegration and subversion on the individual. Turkism initiated by scholars suchas Omer Seyfeddin, Mehmet Emin Yurdakul, Aka Gunduz, Ahmet Rasim, Halide Edip Adivar, Mufide Ferit Tek in language and literature, by Yusuf Akcura in the state government and Ziya Gokalp in social sense, then has evolved to rise further and together with the narration of the social and individual suffering undergone inthe Balkans, has played a highly significant role in the forming of Turkish Independence literature. However while experiences of the Balkans -playing the biggest role in the rise and development of Turkism and the establishment of Turkish Independence literature - have mostly been analyzed and reviewed in terms of political and social aspects, we unfortunately see that the consequences caused by these experiences that are observable in language and literature in terms of aesthetics, have never been put under debate in academic circles "ontologically".Hence by the use of examples picked up from several works in hand and in the light of the theories and methods of aesthetics - presenting the ontological structure of signs as it is and thereby shaping critical processes - this study is aiming to depict how the painful times of the Balkans were reflected on Turkish Independence literature from the period starting with the Balkan wars until the establishment ofthe state of the Republic of Turkiye

Ahmet Emin Yalman'a cevap

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 14-Ahmet Emin Yalman-Mustafa Vacit Yalma

Construction techniques of Ottoman bath’s From 13th to 16th century in seismic areas

Paradossalmente le prestazioni degli edifici storici sottoposti alle attività sismiche sono di gran successo secondo gli edifici contemporanei. Le tecniche tradizionali ed i materiali eseguiti con successo nel caso di terremoto. Tale problema ha fatto riflettere il ricercatore sulle tecniche costruttive storiche, oltre ciò sulle questioni legate alle strutture storiche ed il loro comportamento sismico. Per esempio molte strutture antiche in Turchia sono ancora in piedi da secoli e passano molti terremoti senza alcun impatto diretto su di esse. Quindi questo problema deve essere ricercato e dare luce agli antichi dettagli costruttori. Da questo punto di vista ci sono tante domande relative alle strutture antiche, ma la più interessante: “Erano i vecchi muratori a conoscenza dettagliata di una costruzione antisismica antica? o hanno usato tecniche secondo altri criteri, quali le richiesta del committente e il bilancio della costruzione?”, queste domande sono importanti per comprendere gli sviluppi di costruzione contro la sismicità e le integrazioni dei dettagli costruttivi e le essenze di architettura tra le culture. I bagni Ottomani sono quelli delle strutture ancor oggi in piedi da secoli senza segni di frattura o incrinatura. La tipologia di questi edifici, le loro posizioni storiche ed ambiente culturale sono molto interessanti ed appropriati per la ricerca di questo tema di ricerca. L’epoca culturale tra il 13° ed il 16° secolo nell’impero Ottomano era l’integrazione dei dettagli costruttivi sia dall’occidente che dall’oriente. La nuova società del popolo turco ed il loro carattere innovativo hanno formato una nuova architettura che era alla base della classica architettura Ottomana, mentre lo sviluppo delle tecniche di costruzione e le applicazioni strutturali erano in progressi paralleli a stili architettonici, le essenze delle tecniche costruttive bizantine e selgiuchide potrebbero essere applicate sugli edifici di quell’epoca. In questo studio, per la comprensione della consapevolezza della costruzione antisismica del muratore nel 13° e 16° secolo, la ricerca ha principalmente focalizzato sulle storiche tecniche costruttive nelle varie culture in tempi diversi come: la signoria turca, il periodo Ottomano, ed il periodo bizantino. Analizzando queste tecniche forniscono una panoramica della costruzione e la loro integrazione, ed anche alcune delle risposte alle domande quali: “come è costruito e sviluppato”. In secondo luogo, per dare un presupposto del problema sono state analizzate le antiche murature dei bagni come IQM, i danni ed analisi collasso, tali indagini sono analisi qualitative e quantitative che hanno presentato la resistenza delle murature e scenari dei possibili collassi. I risultati di tali indagini sono gli indizi per capire l’utilizzo delle tecniche di prevenzione per l’attività sismica. Dai risultati delle indagini metodologiche e dal confronto di cenni storici, i muratori erano a conoscenza dell’attività sismica e hanno usato alcune antiche tecniche di precauzione per i terremoti. Tuttavia queste tecniche sono state utilizzate in modo casuale basandosi sulla dimensione degli edifici con altri vincoli come il budget e la tendenza del patrono in architettura, nonché quelle tecniche preventive che non erano comunemente usate in dimensione di una città, alcune tecniche e integrazioni costruttive architettoniche erano comunemente usate in insediamenti, tuttavia essi non sono state generalizzate. I risultati ed i metodi di ricerca della tesi danno una prospettiva dei pensieri di costruzione degli edifici antichi da cui possiamo imparare delle idee che riguardano la loro resistenza alle attività sismiche.Earthquakes have affected buildings structures since the beginning of construction history. The buildings that appeared to be strong in the usual life (like masonry or stone buildings) could be potentially devastate to a catastrophic level. Various interpretations have been forwarded about the potentials of the collapse of the buildings, based on observation of the response of the buildings during the earthquakes. Scientists work on the effects of seismic activity on the buildings, and on the prevention of major damages and loss of human lives. The outcomes of all these research’s come through with the direction of building techniques and materials. Surprisingly the performances of historical buildings under the seismic activity can be very successful compared to contemporary buildings. The traditional techniques and earth materials performed successfully in past earthquakes. This issue took the scientist’s attention to the historical building techniques. As well as the questions related to understanding these historical structures and their seismic behavior. For instance, many ancient structures in Turkey were still standing from centuries and passed many earthquakes without any consolidations. Therefore this issue have to be investigated for giving a new light to the ancient construction details. There are so many questions that arise from the investigation on ancient structures. But one of the most interesting one is if the old masons were aware about the ancient anti - seismic constructions details or they used those techniques according to other criterions such as the patron’s requests and the budget of the construction. This question is important in order to understand the development of the construction against the seismicity and the integrations of the construction details and architectural essences between different cultures, like appended in ancient Ottoman period. Ottoman baths are ones of the still standing structures from centuries without or with minimum consolidation. The typology of those buildings, their historical locations and cultural environment are very interesting and appropriate for investigation of this research topic. The cultural era, between 13th and 16th century in Ottoman domination, is the time where integration of construction details from the west and the east was achieved. The new society of the Turkish people and their innovative character formed a new architecture which was the source of classical Ottoman architecture. While the development of the construction techniques and structural applications progressed in parallel to architectural styles. The essences of Byzantine, Seljuk’s building techniques could be followed on the buildings of that era. In this study for understanding the anti – seismic construction awareness of the mason’s in 13th and 16th centuries; research mainly focused on historical construction techniques in varied cultures in different of times such as Turkish seigniory, early Ottoman and Byzantine periods. Analyzing those techniques gave an overview of the history of construction and their integration with local cultures. And also some answers to the questions such as “how it was firstly built and developed”. The secondly focused issue for finding an answer to the problem were analyzing the ancient masonries of the baths with techniques adopted for traditional buildings in seismic areas, such as masonry quality index evaluation, damage and collapse analysis. Those investigations were qualitative but also quantitative analyses which give an estimate of the strength of the masonries and possible collapsed scenarios. The outcomes from those investigations were the clues for understanding the usage of preventive techniques for seismic protection. From the outcomes of the methodological investigations and comparison of historical outlines, it appears that the masons were aware of seismic activity and they adopted some ancient precaution techniques against the earthquake effects. However these techniques were used randomly in building scale facing other constraints such as budget and patron tendency in architecture. As well those preventive techniques were not commonly used in city scale. Some architectural, construction tendencies and integrations were commonly used in settlements however they not became generalized. The results and the research methods of the thesis are giving a perspective of thoughts of construction of ancient buildings that we can learn some ideals about their resistance to the seismic activities. The interpretation of these ideals were the decision process for the building design construction in the ancient times. These ideals were collected together and divided in two groups. The construction details, which divided into the sectional layout of the wall, and perpendicular attachment details with masonries were collected in the first group. As well the cross sectional layout, horizontal and the vertical beams, which were constructed with a timber or brick materials were get into this group. In addition, supports of the structure such as outside perpendicular walls were another tendency for the ancient construction and precautions of the buildings for the seismicity. In the second group, the precautions were analyzed and the ideals collected in the level on plan layout and the sectional dimensions of the structure. The square shape of the plan, continuity of the masonry walls with many perpendicular walls were affected the behavior of the building in the level of horizontal loads. However, the sectional layout of the building was another important aspect that the ancient builders give less attention on that. The different heights of the structure made the building weaker according to the higher parts. These parts always had a tendency to collapse on to the lower parts. Tambour and perpendicular supports were the only used structural elements to keep the dome and the whole structure in stable and not to collapse. All these ideals were used in the ancient building in a very smart way by the ancient masons. These were the reason for remaining of these structures for centuries against the earthquakes and many destructive factors. In this study, the reason for the survival of structures from the past to future were examined. For the future research, preservation of these structures should be the goal of the research because of their cultural value and their witnesses for the past.DIPARTIMENTO DI ARCHITETTURA E STUDI URBANI26DI BIASE, CAROLIN

An insulin receptor mutant (Asp707 → Ala), involved in leprechaunism, is processed and transported to the cell surface but unable to bind insulin

We have identified a homozygous mutation near the carboxyl terminus of the insulin receptor (IR) α subunit from a leprechaun patient, changing Asp707 into Ala. Fibroblasts from this patient had no high affinity insulin binding sites. To examine the effect of the mutation on IR properties, the mutant IR was stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Western blot analysis and metabolic labeling showed a normal processing of the mutant receptor to α and β subunits. No increase in high affinity insulin binding sites was observed on Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the mutant receptor, and also, affinity cross-linking of 125I- labeled insulin by disuccinimidyl suberate to these cells failed to label the mutant α subunit. Biotinylation of cell surface proteins by biotin succinimidyl ester resulted in efficient biotinylation of the mutant IR α and β subunits, showing its presence on the cell surface. On solubilization of the mutant insulin receptor in Triton X. 100-containing buffers, 125I- insulin was efficiently cross-linked to the receptor a subunit by disuccinimidyl suberate. These studies demonstrate that Ala707 IR is normally processed and transported to the cell surface and that the mutation distorts the insulin binding site. Detergent restores this site. This is an example of a naturally occurring mutation in the insulin receptor that affects insulin binding without affecting receptor transport and processing. This mutation points to a major contribution of the a subunit carboxyl terminus to insulin binding

Spot urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid is not an ideal diagnostic test for acute appendicitis

Background and purpose of the studyThere is growing evidence to suggest the use of urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) test to help with the diagnosis of appendicitis. The aim of our study was to establish whether urinary 5-HIAA could be used as an effective diagnostic test for acute appendicitis.Design and methodsA prospective double-blinded study was carried out from December 2014 to October 2015. Patients admitted to the emergency surgical ward of a teaching hospital with suspected appendicitis were included in the study. The diagnostic accuracy of the test was measured by receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsNinety-seven patients were divided into 2 groups: acute appendicitis (n = 38) and other diagnosis (n = 59). The median value of urinary 5-HIAA was 24.19 μmol/L (range, 5.39-138.27) for acute appendicitis vs 18.87 μmol/L (range, 2.27-120.59) for other diagnosis group (P = .038). The sensitivity and specificity of urinary 5-HIAA at a cutoff value of 19 μmol/L were 71% and 50%, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under curve was 0.64 (confidence interval [CI], 0.513-0.737) for urinary 5-HIAA, which was lower than white blood cell count (0.69; CI, 0.574-0.797), neutrophil count (0.68; CI, 0.565-0.792), and C-reactive protein (0.76; CI, 0.657-0.857). There was no significant difference in the median values of 5-HIAA between different grades of severity of appendicitis (P = .704).ConclusionUrinary 5-HIAA is not an ideal test for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis

Studies on population changes and parazitoids of olive fly (Bactrocera oleae Gmel.) (Diptera:Tephritidae) in olive groving areas Aydin province and investigations on the control methods compatible with organic olive production

Bu çalışmada Aydın ili zeytin alanlarında Zeytin sineği (Bactrocera oleae Gmel.) (Diptera: Tephritidae)' nin ortaya çıkış zamanı ve populasyon dalgalanmaları ile parazitoitlerinin belirlenmesi ve ayrıca Zeytin sineğine karşı organik zeytin yetiştiriciliğinde kullanılabilecek mücadele yöntemlerinin etkileri belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.Yapılan populasyon takibi çalışmaları sonucunda Aydın ili genelinde tüm örnekleme alanlarında Zeytin sineği populasyonu çok düşük düzeylerde seyretmiştir. Ancak, 2009 yılı çalışmalarında Umurlu'da Zeytin sineği populasyonu diğer yıl ve yerlere göre biraz daha yüksek çıkmış ve 30.10.2009 tarihindeki sayımlarda tuzaklardan birinde 307 birey/tuzak olarak saptanmıştır. Zeytin sineğinin parazitoiti olarak sadece 2 birey (Chalcidoidea) elde edilmiştir. Bu sonuç, Aydın ili zeytin alanlarında çok düşük bir parazitlenmenin olduğunu göstermektedir. Farklı cezbedicilerden diamonyum fosfat (DAP), amonyum bikarbonat, amonyum sülfat, amonyum asetat, nu-lure ve feromon denenmiştir. Bunlardan, diamonyum fosfatın (DAP) %2' lik konsantrasyonu en etkili bulunmuştur. Bu tuzakların, kitlesel tuzaklamada % vuruk oranını her zaman Ekonomik Zarar Seviyesinin altında tuttuğu görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra zararlıya karşı mücadelede kaolin, spinosad ve bakır hidroksitin etkileri araştırılmış ve yapılan denemeler sonuncunda sentetik pestisitlere alternatif olarak kaolin ve spinosad oldukça etkili bulunmuştur.The emergence period and population changes of Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae Gmel.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and its parasitoids were studied in this study. Besides, control methods compatible with organic olive production were investigated as well. As a result of studies on population monitoring, it can be concluded that Olive fly populations fluctuated in a very low levels. However in Umurlu in 2009, olive fly population emerged a little higher than the other years and sampling places, and 307 flies/trap were catched at 30.10.2009 in Umurlu. Two parasitoid individuals (Chalcidoidea) were found during the studies. It shows that the incidence of the parasitoids is very low in olive groving areas of Aydın province. Effectiviness of different attractants, such as diammonium phosphate (DAP), ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium sulphate, and ammonium acetate, Nu-Lure and pheromone was studied. DAP in 2 % was the most attracttive. Olive fly populations were controlled under economical injury level in all study sites by the traps with DAP in 2 %. In addition, it was also studied the effectiveness of kaolin, spinosad, and copper hydroxide, and the results were showed that kaolin and spinosad were quite effective

Understanding the effects of roasting on antioxidant components of coffee brews by coupling on-line ABTS assay to high performance size exclusion chromatography

INTRODUCTION: Coffee is a widely consumed beverage containing antioxidant active compounds. During roasting the phytochemical composition of the coffee bean changes dramatically and highly polymeric substances are produced. Besides chlorogenic acids that are already present in green coffee beans, melanoidins show antioxidant capacity as well. OBJECTIVE: To employ post‐column derivatisation by coupling high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) to an antioxidant assay to investigate the effect of roasting on the properties of antioxidant active compounds in coffee brews. METHODOLOGY: We have investigated the antioxidant capacity of Coffea arabica (Arabica) and C. canephora (Robusta) beans that were roasted over the full spectrum of roast conditions (four roasting speeds to three roast degrees) by comparing the results from HPSEC coupled on‐line to the ABTS assay with those from two batch assays, Folin Ciocalteu (FC) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. RESULTS: The antioxidant capacity showed a general decrease towards slower and darker roasted coffee for all three assays, indicative of heat degradation of active compounds. Hence, low molecular weight (LMW) compounds such as chlorogenic acids (CGAs) decreased progressively already from relatively mild roasting conditions. In contrast, high molecular weight (HMW) compounds (e.g. melanoidins) increased from light to dark roast degrees with lowering magnitude towards slower roasting profiles. CONCLUSION: By coupling HPSEC on‐line to the ABTS assay we were able to separately quantify the contribution of HMW and LMW compounds to the total antioxidant capacity, increasing our understanding of the roast process. © 2016 The Authors. Phytochemical Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Online Participation and Dissent in Turkey: From the Gezi Protests to the 15 July Coup Attempt

How do people use smartphones and online social networks to participate in social movements? The role of online social networks in political participation has previously been made light of with concepts like ‘clicktivism’ and ‘slacktivism’ which emphasise the authenticity of all offline activity over online practices. This thesis challenges the concepts and terminologies that reflect the dichotomous understandings of the online vs. offline worlds by questioning the scientific validity of the exaltation of street over online participation. The project proposes a more integrated understanding of participation in politics through an overlapping of online and offline actions and consequences with the help of two case studies concerning the recent political history of Turkey, namely, the 2013 Gezi protests and the 2016 attempted coup. Video posts created by participants in each case have been analysed to understand videocapturing and posting strategies and how different content has been created in anti-and pro-government political situations. The findings from these studies are interpreted with reference to the legal trajectory of Internet technologies and online social networks in Turkey and reveal how this changing online landscape acts both as a perpetrator and a product of certain political participation strategies. By proposing the concept of ‘meta-activism’ as key to understanding the inevitable role of online actions in political participation in the contemporary world, this thesis aims to demystify the purist notion of activism as a street-based practice. This thesis also contributes to discussions about online vs. offline participation under unusual political circumstances by presenting a specifically non-Eurocentric perspective on the practices and consequences of online participation in politics as well as bringing together findings from two very distinct cases of political upheaval in Turkey’s recent history