The activation frequency self-organizing map

In the self-organizing map (SOM), the best matching units (BMUs) affect neurons as a function of distance and the learning parameter. Here we study the effects in SOM when a new parameter in the learning rule, the activation frequency, is included. This parameter is based on the relative frequency by which each neuron is included in each BMU's neighborhood, so there is an individual memory (synapse strength) of the activation received from each neuron. The parameter leads to non-radial influence areas for BMUs, what is a more realistic feature observed in the brain cortex which modifies the map formation dynamics, including the fact that the weight vector for BMU may not be the closest one to the input stimulus after weight adaptation. Also, two error measures are lower for the maps trained with this model than those obtained with SOM, as shown in several experiments with six data sets

The activation frequency self-organizing map

In the self-organizing map (SOM), the best matching units (BMUs) affect neurons as a function of distance and the learning parameter. Here we study the effects in SOM when a new parameter in the learning rule, the activation frequency, is included. This parameter is based on the relative frequency by which each neuron is included in each BMU's neighborhood, so there is an individual memory (synapse strength) of the activation received from each neuron. The parameter leads to non-radial influence areas for BMUs, what is a more realistic feature observed in the brain cortex which modifies the map formation dynamics, including the fact that the weight vector for BMU may not be the closest one to the input stimulus after weight adaptation. Also, two error measures are lower for the maps trained with this model than those obtained with SOM, as shown in several experiments with six data sets

Aplicación del modelo de Lewin a una OCS: cambio organizacional y liderazgo

Las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil (OSC), pequeñas, se caracterizan por problemas estructurales en su interior. En particular, muestran tanto dependencia de las decisiones del líder-fundador como resistencia al cambio, al influir en los niveles de eficiencia y responsabilidad de los colaboradores. Esta situación es de consideración mayor dado el rol que las OSC desempeñan en términos de desarrollo social. El objetivo del documento es analizar, por medio de las dos primeras etapas del modelo de cambio propuesto por Lewin, el proceso de transformación de una asociación civil en México. Para ello, se revisa la importancia teórica del líder-fundador y del cambio organizacional. Se describe brevemente la teoría del cambio de Lewin para identificar las fuerzas obstaculizadoras e impulsoras, así como las etapas de descongelamiento, cambio y recongelamiento en esta asociación. Se encuentra que el uso del modelo de Lewin permite reducir la resistencia al cambio a través de un plan que brinde certidumbre a quienes establecen el proyecto de cambio al generar mayor participación de los colaboradores mediante su empoderamiento.Small Civil Society Organizations (OSC) are characterized by structural problems within. Particularlly, they show a dependence of decisions made by the Leader-Founder and resistence to change, which impact on levels of eficiency and accountability of their collaborators. This situation is of major consideration given the role they play in terms of social development. The aim of the paper is to analyze, through the first two steps of the model of change proposed by Lewin, the process of change of a Mexican civil association. For doing that, the theoretically relevance of the leader-founder and of organizational change is reviewed. Also, Lewin´s theory of change is described in order to identify driving and restraining forces, as well as the stages of unfreeze, change and refreeze of this association. It is found that the use of Lewin´s model allows reducing resistence to change with a plan that provides certainty to those implementing the project of change by generating greater participation of its collaborators through their empowerment

Principais enteropatógenos causadores de diarréia em crianças, na região de Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil

Com o objetivo de caracterizar os principais enteropatógenos causadores de diarréia na região de Ribeirão Preto, quanto aos sorogrupos e sorotipos, por um período de 4 anos foram estudadas fezes de 1836 crianças, menores de 10 anos de idade, de ambos os sexos, portadoras de gastrenterite aguda no IAL de Ribeirão Preto, SP. Foram pesquisados os seguintes enteropatógenos: Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Campylobacter sp., Yersinia sp., e Cryptosporidium sp., identificados através de metodologia tradicional. Foram positivas 419 (22,8%) amostras, com 1,7% de associação entre enteropatógenos. Houve predomínio na faixa etária de 0 a 11 meses. Destacou-se a E.coli enteropatogênica (EPEC) (8,7%), sendo mais frequente o sorogrupo O119 (40,2%), seguida do gênero Shigella (6,2%), dos quais 63,2% corresponderam à S. sonnei.To study the main enteropathogens causing diarrhea in the region of Ribeirão Preto regarding serogroups and serotypes, the feces of 1836 children under 10 years old, from both sexes, attack of acute gastroenteritis, were analysed during a period of 4 years in Adolfo Lutz Institute - Ribeirão Preto, SP. The pathogens identified by standard methods were the following: Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., Yersinia spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. Positive samples were 22.8% (419) with 1.7% association of pathogens. Larger isolates were mainly from children 0 to 11 months old. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) was most frequent (8.7%) with predominance of serogroup O119 (40.2%), followed by Shigella (6.2%), 63.6% of which S. sonnei

Gêneses urbanas do colonialismo: síntese de encontros culturais

Investigações sobre a gênese das vilas litorâneas de Cananeia, Iguape, São Vicente, Santos, São Sebastião e Ubatuba, no atual estado de São Paulo, evidenciam a significativa contribuição das sociedades indígenas nas ocupações do colonialismo. Presentes alguns séculos antes da chegada dos europeus, elas elegeram essa frente atlântica como habitat, estabelecendo em nichos ecológicos seus lugares de vivência. Tais escolhas balizaram as futuras instalações. Uma recorrência simboliza o encontro cultural entre indígenas e europeus: a articulação do módulo espacial da Matriz com a contiguidade da "rua direita"

Os museus históricos e pedagógicos do estado de São Paulo

This paper analyzes the creation of the Historical and Pedagogical Museums network in the State of São Paulo between 1956 and 1973, mainly taking into consideration the concept for creation, the program, and the role of the museum in society. This work covers a period until the end of the 1990's, when the curators of the museums, which belonged to the State until that time, was transferred to the municipalities by means of a "municipalization" process coordinated by the Department of Museums and Archives of the State Department of Cultural Affairs (DEMA-SEC). It also shows that the implementation of this museums network - among other initiatives in the fields of education and of culture - addressed earlier needs of asserting an identity, emphasizing through projects of this type the hegemonic character of the State. This allowed to align the initiative of creating the museums with others actions carried out by the State before, and also enabled that this topic was take out from its long isolation from the study of State history. It also considers the web of relationships existing among the various sectors with which museums were connected, such as education, culture, and the São Paulo Historical and Geographical Institute, the Government, and Society. The implementation of Historical and Pedagogical Museums by means of State action, through its Departments of Education (from 1956 to 1968) and Cultural Affairs (from 1968 to 1998) was one of the ways through which the Government orientated its activities during those years in the fields of history, education and culture. The central thesis is that the implementation of these museums has fully addressed the aspirations of society at the time, while, at the same time, underscoring the logic behind the ideation that has oriented the characteristic mode of operation of museums during the years in which their curatorship was exercised by the Government, and proposes to consider them as a paradigm for "historical museums of the State of São Paulo".Este estudo analisa a criação da rede de museus históricos e pedagógicos do estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 1956 e 1973, sobretudo quanto ao conceito de criação, de programa e de função de museu na sociedade. Tal análise estende-se ao final da década de 1990, quando a tutela dos museus, até então estadual, é transferida às cidades por meio do processo de municipalização, coordenado pelo Departamento de Museus e Arquivos, da Secretaria de Estado da Cultura (Dema-SEC). Em meio a outras iniciativas nos campos da educação e da cultura, aborda a correspondência existente entre a implantação da rede desses museus e antigas necessidades de afirmação identitária, ao evidenciar, por meio de projetos desta natureza, o caráter hegemônico do Estado e sua atuação em campos como o da história, o da educação e o da cultura. Isso permitiu alinhar a iniciativa de criação dos museus a outras anteriormente promovidas pelo estado de São Paulo e possibilitar que o tema escapasse de um prolongado isolamento no estudo da história paulista. Trata, também, da trama de relações existentes entre diversos setores ligados aos museus - educação, cultura, Instituto Histórico e Geográfico de São Paulo (IHGSP), poder público e sociedade. A hipótese central é de que a implantação desses museus correspondeu plenamente às aspirações da sociedade de uma época, ao mesmo tempo em que evidencia a lógica da ideação que determinou o modo característico de atuação dos museus nos anos em que estiveram sob a tutela do governo estadual, propondo, assim, entendê-los como paradigma de "museu histórico do estado de São Paulo"

A multi-agent model of the users internal displacement dynamics and their distribution in a large-capacity bus

High-capacity buses are common in public transportation systems. The dynamics observed by users inside the bus are not trivial and in some cases, as those observed in the Mexico City public transport system named Metrobus, those dynamics lead to user distributions in which several areas present a very low density and areas located close to the entrances and exits exhibit a very high density of users. This dissimilarity un density in inconvenient for a number of reasons, as the capacity of the bus in not archived because of improper distributions, and discomfort of users is high. Through an agent-based model, we study the agents dynamics and their interactions between them and the bus structure. We lead to the conclusion that even when users tend to move to a region in which they perceive low density of occupation, if some agents try to maintain their position close to the exit door, odd distributions are achieved. To find better policies, we tested some alternatives for users to enter and exit the bus. We found that it is possible to have a better density distribution and a better comfort if entrance and exit doors are not differentiated at all

Metodo para otimização de sistemas de produção operando com fabricação e recuperação de peças

Orientador: Oswaldo Luiz CoutinhoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia MecanicaResumo: Este trabalho apresenta um método para otimização de um sistema de produção operando com fabricação e recuperação de peças e conjuntos. Este e o caso das oficinas de apoio de manutenção nos sistemas de produção da indústria de base (por exemplo, usinas integradas e complexos industriais de prestação de serviços). O método associa às condições básicas da recuperação em manutenção, a metodologia da tecnologia de manufatura. Assim, foram expandidos os conceitos de semelhança e as técnicas de agrupamento, de modo a utilizá-las em um ambiente exógeno à manufatura mecânica e caracterizado por acentuada aleatoriedade. É descrito o ensaio, efetuado por simulação, na oficina central de manutenção da usina da Companhia Siderúrgica Paulista - COSIPA. Os resultados obtidos e os índices levantados são apresentados ao final, demonstrando a aplicabilidade e as vantagens do método propostoAbstract: This dissertation presents a method for optimizing a production system which operates with manufacturing and restoring of parts and assemblies. This is the typical case of maintenance workshops, which serve production systems of the heavy industry (for instance, integrated works and industrial complexes of production of services. The method is based on the manufacturing technology concepts and applies its methodology to the condítions of parts restoring, which is typical feature in the field of maintenance. As a result, the concepts of similarity and grouping techniques have been expanded to an industrial environment sited outside of the mechanical manufacture and influenced by non-deterministic factors. The method has been tested through simulatlon at the central maintenance workshop of Companhia Siderúrgica Paulista COSIPA. Steelworks and this experiment is described. Results and indexes obtained from the research are presented, showing the applicability and merits of the proposed methodRésumé: Cette dissertation présente une méthode de optimisation de systemes de production qui opérent avec fabrication et récuperation de pieces et ensembles, cà c'est le cas typique des ateliers d'entrétien des systemes de production de l'industrie de base (par exemple, usines lntegrées et complexes industriels de production de services). La méthode se base sur la tecnologie de fabrication et la adapte aux conditions de récuperation de pieces: activité característique dans le domaine de la maintenance. En résultat, furent expandus les concepts de similarité et les tecniques de groupement a un envíronnemnt industriel externe a celui de la fabrication mécanique et sujet à l'influence de facteurs d'incertitude. La méthode a été essayé par simulation aupres de l'ateller central de l'entrétien de l'usine de la Companhia Siderúrgica Paulista - COSIPA. Les testes, ses résultats et indices, sont décrits, mettant evidence la aplicabilité et les avantages de la méthode proposéeMestradoMestre em Engenharia Mecânic