Big-data, a digital ocean in the Information Society

Inmersos en la revolución digital, generamos constantemente datos y la mayoría son almacenados. Es lo que se ha denominado los “datos grandes” o Big-data. Junto con el capital y la fuerza de trabajo, los datos se han convertido en un valor añadido para la economía que refleja un futuro con un paradigma revolucionario en el que la sociedad será dirigida por los datos. El futuro está en la investigación, tratamiento y aplicación de los datos que aportarán prosperidad a nuestra sociedad. En el presente artículo se recogen las normas y leyes que existen hoy en día en el Big-data y la regulación existente. Para analizar Big-data la solución pasa por el aprendizaje automático (Machine-Learning) que se ocupa de la construcción y el estudio de los algoritmos que pueden aprender a partir de datos. Existen muchas técnicas, como estadística descriptiva, clasificación o agrupamiento. En este artículo se recoge las tecnologías que se utilizan para almacenar y analizar los “Big-data”.Immersed in the digital revolution, we generate data consistently and most are stored. This is what has been called the Big-data. Along with capital and labor force data have become an added value to the economy that reflects a future with a revolutionary paradigm in which society will be directed by the data. The future is in research, treatment and application data that will bring prosperity to our society. In this article the rules and laws that exist today in the Big-data and existing regulations are collected. To analyze the Big-data passes through the machine learning that deals with the construction and study of algorithms that can learn from data solution. There are many techniques such as descriptive statistics, sorting or grouping. This article describes the technologies that are used to store and analyze the “Big data” is collected

El impacto del Big-data en la Sociedad de la Información. Significado y utilidad”

Inmersos en la revolución digital, generamos constantemente datos y la mayoría son almacenados. Es lo que se ha denominado los “datos grandes” o Big-data. Junto con el capital y la fuerza de trabajo, los datos se han convertido en un valor añadido para la economía que refleja un futuro con un paradigma revolucionario en el que la sociedad será dirigida por los datos. El futuro está en la investigación, tratamiento y aplicación de los datos que aportarán prosperidad a nuestra sociedad. En el presente artículo se recogen las normas y leyes que existen hoy en día en el Big-data y la regulación existente. Para analizar Big-data la solución pasa por el aprendizaje automático (Machine-Learning) que se ocupa de la construcción y el estudio de los algoritmos que pueden aprender a partir de datos. Existen muchas técnicas, como estadística descriptiva, clasificación o agrupamiento. En este artículo se recoge las tecnologías que se utilizan para almacenar y analizar los “Big-data”

Regresión lineal para sars-cov-2 en aguas residuales y la dinámica infecciosa de covid-19 en el baix llobregat, España

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater is helpful to identify the presence of COVID-19 in the community. This method provides additional information, cheap and indicative of the COVID-19 contagion.  The current research provides information about the Baix Llobregat case in Catalonia, Spain. Methods: This research used an open dataset from “Generalitat of Catalonia” for the Baix Llobregat. The time series of COVID-19 dynamics and COVID-19 genes in wastewater were analysed for 2020-2022.  Simpler and multiple linear regression was performed for Genes N1 and N2 in wastewater and dynamics COVID-19 variables. Hypothesis analyses use a p-value<0.05 for statistics tests. Results: Linear regression between N1 and N2 COVID-19 genes shows a high correlation for 2020 and 2021. The best corresponding variable for the N1 gene was the cumulative incidence and the best associative variable for the N2 gene was %PCR-RAT positive. In multiple linear regression, the model acceptable results when considering RNA SARS-CoV-2 and the highest epidemiologic indicators with significant values (p<0.05). Discussion: COVID-19 in water waste could be useful to determine COVID-19 dynamics in the community. In this study, Cumulative Incidence and PCR-RAT% positive showed high performance in linear regression. The graphical results admit similar trends with COVID-19 genes in water waste and epidemiologic rates for time series.La detección del ARN del SARS-CoV-2 en las aguas residuales es útil para identificar la presencia del COVID-19 en la comunidad. Este método proporciona información adicional, barata e indicativa del contagio de COVID-19.  La presente investigación estudia el caso del Baix Llobregat en Cataluña, España. Métodos: Esta investigación utilizó un conjunto de datos abiertos de la "Generalitat de Cataluña" para el Baix Llobregat. Se analizaron las series temporales de la dinámica de COVID-19 y de los genes de COVID-19 en las aguas residuales para 2020-2022.  Se realizó una regresión lineal simple y múltiple para las variables Genes N1 y N2 en aguas residuales y los indicadores epidemiológicos de COVID-19. Se utilizó un valor p<0,05 para los análisis estadísticos. Resultados: La regresión lineal entre los genes N1 y N2 de COVID-19 muestra una alta correlación para 2020 y 2021. La variable con mejor correlación para el gen N1 fue la incidencia acumulada y la mejor variable asociativa para el gen N2 fue el %PCR-RAT positivo. En la regresión lineal múltiple, el modelo resulta aceptable al considerar el ARN SARS-CoV-2 y los indicadores epidemiológicos más altos con valores significativos (p<0,05). Discusión: La presencia de COVID-19 en aguas residuales podría ser útil para determinar la dinámica de COVID-19 en la comunidad. En este estudio, la incidencia acumulada y el PCR-RAT% positivo mostraron un alto rendimiento en la regresión lineal. Los resultados gráficos revelan tendencias similares con los genes de COVID-19 en los residuos del agua y las tasas epidemiológicas para las series temporale

Predicción con modelo ARIMA en series temporales de Salmonella spp en Chile entre 2014-2022

Introduction. Foodborne Diseases (ETA) constitute a public health problem of worldwide relevance, being a reason for epidemiological surveillance. ETA are the result of the consumption of foods that contain toxins or pathogenic microorganisms. The objective of this study is to analyze the time series of Salmonella spp. for 2014-2022 in Chile and to perform a predictive model of Autoregressive Moving Average  (ARIMA).Methods. The decomposition of the series was performed to study trends and seasonality. The Dickey-Fuller test was used for seasonality and the Kruskall-Wallis test for group comparison. The ARIMA model was applied to make a prediction of cases in a year ahead. Results. The study series for Salmonella spp. had a seasonal performance without significant differences between groups (periods). The ARIMA model performed well in predicting cases in a continuous series. Conclusions. The analysis of time series in epidemiology is a valuable tool to anticipate future outbreaks or epidemics in the national territory. The ARIMA model has a satisfactory performance in the seasonal series analyzed for Salmonella spp in deposition samples.Introducción. Las Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos ( ETA), constituyen un problema de salud pública de relevancia mundial, siendo motivo de vigilancia epidemiológica y son el resultado del consumo de alimentos que contienen toxinas o microorganismos patógenos vivos. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las series temporales de Salmonella spp. para el periodo 2014-2022 en Chile y desarrollar un modelo predictivo de Media Móvil Autorregresiva  (ARIMA). Métodos. Se realizó una descomposición de la serie para estudiar tendencia y estacionalidad. Se utilizó la prueba de Dickey-Fuller para estacionalidad y Kruskall-Wallis para comparación de grupos. Se aplicó el modelo ARIMA para realizar una predicción de casos en un año adelante. Resultados. La serie de estudio para Salmonella spp. tuvo un comportamiento estacional sin diferencias significativas entre grupos (periodos). El modelo ARIMA tuvo un buen desempeño para predecir casos en una serie continua. Conclusiones. El análisis de series temporales en epidemiología es una herramienta valiosa para prever futuros brotes o epidemias en el territorio nacional. El modelo ARIMA tiene un buen desempeño en la serie estacional analizada para Salmonella spp en muestras de deposición

Metabolic Profile of chronic liver disease by NMR spectroscopy of human biopsies

Abstract Among the different processes occurring during the evolution of liver disease, fibrosis has a predominant role. Liver fibrosis mechanisms are fairly constant irrespective of the underlying etiology. Cirrhosis is the end-stage of this reaction. Metabolic profiles, which are affected by many physiological and pathological processes, may provide further insight into the metabolic consequences of this severe liver disease. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the applicability of 1H high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR spectroscopy in the biochemical profile determination of human liver needle biopsy samples for the characterization of metabolic alterations related to the severity of liver disease. We recorded and analyzed HR-MAS spectra of 68 liver tissue samples obtained by needle biopsy from patients with chronic liver disease. Multivariate analysis was applied to these data to obtain discrimination patterns and to reveal relevant metabolites. The metabolic characterization of liver tissue from needle biopsies by HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy provided differential patterns for cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic chronic liver disease tissue. Metabolites closely related to the liver metabolism such as some fatty acids, glucose and amino acids show differences between the two groups. Phospholipid precursors, which have been previously correlated with hepatic lesions also show differences. Furthermore, the correlation between histologically assessed liver disease stages and the levels of the most discriminative metabolites show that liver dysfunction is present at the initial stages of chronic hepatic lesions. Overall, this work suggests that the additional information obtained by NMR metabolomics applied to needle biopsies of human liver may be useful for assessing metabolic alterations and liver dysfunction in chronic liver disease

The CDKN2A G500 Allele Is More Frequent in GBM Patients with No Defined Telomere Maintenance Mechanism Tumors and Is Associated with Poorer Survival

Prognostic markers for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are important for patient management. Recent advances have identified prognostic markers for GBMs that use telomerase or the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism for telomere maintenance. Approximately 40% of GBMs have no defined telomere maintenance mechanism (NDTMM), with a mixed survival for affected individuals. This study examined genetic variants in the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) gene that encodes the p16INK4a and p14ARF tumor suppressors, and the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene as potential markers of survival for 40 individuals with NDTMM GBMs (telomerase negative and ALT negative by standard assays), 50 individuals with telomerase, and 17 individuals with ALT positive tumors. The analysis of CDKN2A showed NDTMM GBMs had an increased minor allele frequency for the C500G (rs11515) polymorphism compared to those with telomerase and ALT positive GBMs (p = 0.002). Patients with the G500 allele had reduced survival that was independent of age, extent of surgery, and treatment. In the NDTMM group G500 allele carriers had increased loss of CDKN2A gene dosage compared to C500 homozygotes. An analysis of IDH1 mutations showed the R132H mutation was associated with ALT positive tumors, and was largely absent in NDTMM and telomerase positive tumors. In the ALT positive tumors cohort, IDH1 mutations were associated with a younger age for the affected individual. In conclusion, the G500 CDKN2A allele was associated with NDTMM GBMs from older individuals with poorer survival. Mutations in IDH1 were not associated with NDTMM GBMs, and instead were a marker for ALT positive tumors in younger individuals

Changes in fish assemblages in catchments in north-eastern Spain: biodiversity, conservation status and introduced species

1. North-eastern Spain is a hot spot for the introduction of alien fish species, and its native fish fauna is one of the most endangered worldwide. We used an extensive data set from 2002 to 2003 and historical information from the area to characterize fish diversity and establish conservation priorities in river catchments. 2. Diversity indices were used to characterize fish diversity at the basin scale. An index of conservation status was applied for each species, which considers the occurrence, abundance and endemicity of each taxon. We used indirect ordination methods to test the relationship among basin features and to identify those variables most correlated with each other. To identify physical, biotic and environmental characteristics that seem to make a basin particularly susceptible to invasion, we performed a step-wise multiple regression to examine the relationship between the number of native, translocated and introduced fish species (including the original native species richness of each basin), and landscape variables. 3. Over a period of approximately 50 years, the mean range size of native fish species has decreased by 60%. The greatest decline occurred in Gasterosteus gymnurus, Anguilla anguilla and Salaria fluviatilis, for which species over 75% of the original distribution area has been lost. The species with the highest conservation index were Gasterosteus gymnurus and Salaria fluviatilis. 4. Basin area and the catchment type explained 70% of variation in native species richness, whereas the number of dams and basin area accounted for more than 80% of variation in the number of introduced species. 5. The original native species richness and the number of introduced species at basin scale were not related, and thus there was no evidence of “biotic resistance” to invasion. The restoration of natural hydrologic processes and the development of specific management tools to protect native species, such as the prioritization of areas for fish conservation and the eradication of local populations of exotic species, are required to restore native fish fauna in these catchments

Deconstrucción y reflexión (auto)biográfica desde una experiencia docente en la asignatura de Rol e identidad del Trabajo Social

El text que presentem està relacionat amb l’experiència educativa i d’aprendre que anem desenvolupant en una assignatura obligatòria de quart curs del Grau de Treball Social anomenada Rol i identitat del Treball Social. Des del punt de vista pedagògic convidem a l’estudiant a reflexionar sobre el seu propi procés d’aprenentatge a partir de la deconstrucció de la seva autobiografia. Com a professors procurem acostar-nos a l’ensenyança amb metodologies educatives fomentin un aprenentatge heteràrquic entre estudiants i docents basat en el respecte dels sabers acadèmics i de la vida quotidiana. Pensem, que en l’actual context social i educatiu, els docents tenim el repte d’obrir les possibilitats pedagògiques a través d’altres formats de transmissió del coneixement en l’ensenyament del Treball Social, i així fomentar i estimular en els estudiants la participació (com a subjectes proactius), el pensament complex, l’acció transformadora i la transdisciplinarietat dels sabers.Aquesta proposta també s’emmarca en un projecte d’innovació docent que pretén reorientar la transmissió del coneixement a partir d’estratègies narratives. La incorporació d’aquesta experiència en el projecte comporta un aprenentatge col·lectiu i co-construït amb altres assignatures i professors que permeten ampliar les perspectives epistemològiques i les expectatives d’aprenentatge sobre les que partim.En aquest sentit, aquest article té l’objectiu de fonamentar, explicar i reflexionar al voltant del context de l’experiència, i alhora valorar la metodologia aplicada i les accions que s’han portat a terme a partir dels resultats obtinguts.In the following paper we present the teaching-learning experience developed in the fourth year of the degree in Social Work in the compulsory course Role and Identity in Social Work. From the pedagogical point of view, we invite our students to reflect on their own learning process through the deconstruction of their autobiography. We focus on methodologies that promote and encourage a heterarchical learning process between students and teachers based on the respect for academic knowledge and everyday life. We believe that in the current social and educational context, teachers have the challenge to open pedagogical possibilities to other formats of transmission of knowledge in the teaching of Social Work, thus encouraging and stimulating student participation (as proactive subjects), complex thinking, transformative action and the transdisciplinarity of knowledge.This proposal is also part of a teaching innovation project that aims to reorient the transmission of knowledge based on narrative strategies. The incorporation of this reflective approach into the project translates into a collective and co-built learning experience which involves other subjects and teachers, thus allowing us to expand the epistemological perspectives and learning expectations.In this sense, this article aims to explain and reflect on this teaching-learning experience, and, at the same time, assess the methodology that has been used and the actions that have been carried out based on the results.El texto que presentamos está relacionado con la experiencia educativa y de aprendizaje que venimos desarrollando en la asignatura obligatoria de cuarto curso del Grado de Trabajo Social llamada Rol e identidad del Trabajo Social. Desde el punto de vista pedagógico invitamos al estudiante a reflexionar sobre su propio proceso de aprendizaje a partir de la deconstrucción de su autobiografía. Como profesores procuramos acercarnos a la enseñanza con metodologías educativas que fomenten un aprendizaje heterárquico entre estudiantes y docentes basándonos en el respeto de los saberes académicos y de la vida cotidiana. Pensamos, que en el actual contexto social y educativo, los docentes tenemos el reto de abrir las posibilidades pedagógicas a través de otros formatos de transmisión del conocimiento en la enseñanza del Trabajo Social, para así fomentar y estimular en los estudiantes la participación (como sujetos proactivas), el pensamiento complejo, la acción transformadora y la transdisciplinariedad de los saberes.Esta propuesta también forma parte de un proyecto de innovación docente que pretende reorientar la transmisión del conocimiento a partir de estrategias narrativas. La incorporación de esta experiencia en el proyecto conlleva un aprendizaje colectivo y co-construido con otras asignaturas y profesores que permiten ampliar las perspectivas epistemológicas y las expectativas de aprendizaje de las que partimos.En este sentido, este artículo tiene el objetivo de fomentar, explicar y reflexionar en torno al contexto de la experiencia, y al mismo tiempo valorar la metodología aplicada y las acciones que se han llevado a cabo a partir de los resultados obtenidos

Interobserver and intertest agreement in telemedicine glaucoma screening with optic disk photos and optical coherence tomography

Purpose: To evaluate interobserver and intertest agreement between optical coherence tomography (OCT) and retinography in the detection of glaucoma through a telemedicine program. Methods: A stratified sample of 4113 individuals was randomly selected, and those who accepted underwent examination including visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), non-mydriatic retinography, and imaging using a portable OCT device. Participants' data and images were uploaded and assessed by 16 ophthalmologists on a deferred basis. Two independent evaluations were performed for all participants. Agreement between methods was assessed using the kappa coefficient and the prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK). We analyzed potential factors possibly influencing the level of agreement. Results: The final sample comprised 1006 participants. Of all suspected glaucoma cases (n = 201), 20.4% were identified in retinographs only, 11.9% in OCT images only, 46.3% in both, and 21.4% were diagnosed based on other data. Overall interobserver agreement outcomes were moderate to good with a kappa coefficient of 0.37 and a PABAK index of 0.58. Higher values were obtained by experienced evaluators (kappa = 0.61; PABAK = 0.82). Kappa and PABAK values between OCT and photographs were 0.52 and 0.82 for the first evaluation. Conclusion: In a telemedicine screening setting, interobserver agreement on diagnosis was moderate but improved with greater evaluator expertise

Development and characterization of an experimental model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rabbit

<div><p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become one of the main concerns for public health because of its link to cardiovascular disease. Murine models have been used to study the effect of MetS on the cardiovascular system, but they have limitations for studying cardiac electrophysiology. In contrast, the rabbit cardiac electrophysiology is similar to human, but a detailed characterization of the different components of MetS in this animal is still needed. Our objective was to develop and characterize a diet-induced experimental model of MetS that allows the study of cardiovascular remodeling and arrhythmogenesis. Male NZW rabbits were assigned to control (n = 15) or MetS group (n = 16), fed during 28 weeks with high-fat, high-sucrose diet. We measured weight, morphological characteristics, blood pressure, glycaemia, standard plasma biochemistry and the metabolomic profile at weeks 14 and 28. Liver histological changes were evaluated using hematoxylin-eosin staining. A mixed model ANOVA or unpaired t-test were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05). Weight, abdominal contour, body mass index, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased in the MetS group at weeks 14 and 28. Glucose, triglycerides, LDL, GOT-AST, GOT/GPT, bilirubin and bile acid increased, whereas HDL decreased in the MetS group at weeks 14 and 28. We found a 40% increase in hepatocyte area and lipid vacuoles infiltration in the liver from MetS rabbits. Metabolomic analysis revealed differences in metabolites related to fatty acids, energetic metabolism and microbiota, compounds linked with cardiovascular disease. Administration of high-fat and high-sucrose diet during 28 weeks induced obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertension, non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis and metabolic alterations, thus reproducing the main clinical manifestations of the metabolic syndrome in humans. This experimental model should provide a valuable tool for studies into the mechanisms of cardiovascular problems related to MetS, with special relevance in the study of cardiovascular remodeling, arrhythmias and SCD.</p></div