L’autonomisation du « Parlement européen »

Les organisations intergouvernementales européennes restent trop souvent analysées de manière isolées les unes des autres. Cet article entend au contraire illustrer le processus d’institutionnalisation du champ du pouvoir européen en prenant pour objet les interdépendances évolutives entre ces différentes organisations. En analysant le recrutement parlementaire des quatre assemblées supranationales du Conseil de l’Europe, des Communautés européennes, de l’Union de l’Europe occidentale et de l’Organisation du traité de l’Atlantique Nord des années 1950 aux années 1970, cet article montre que le cumul des sièges au sein de ces assemblées tend à décroître au fil des années, contribuant à l’autonomisation de ce qui est alors rebaptisé « Parlement européen », ainsi qu’à la socialisation d’un nombre toujours croissant de parlementaires nationaux à la politique européenne supranationale. Il montre, en outre, la corrélation entre longévité, cumul des sièges et capital juridique, en isolant un petit groupe de parlementaires multipositionnés connus pour avoir joué des rôles très variés dans la construction européenne, comme Fernand Dehousse, Pierre-Henri Teitgen et bien d’autres… Cet article repose sur une base de données regroupant plusieurs centaines de parlementaires.Postwar European Organizations are most of the time analyzed as clearly separate entities. The article argues that the process of institutionalization of the European field of power is best captured by studying the evolving interdependencies between these organizations. Analyzing the parliamentary recruitment to the four supranational assemblies of the Council of Europe, European Communities, Western European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization from the 1950s to the 1970s, the article shows that multiple memberships drastically decreased over the years, contributing both to the autonomization of what is then rechristened “European Parliament” and to the socialization of an ever greater number of national MPs with European supranational politics. It also establishes a correlation between long-term and multiple membership and legal-political capital, isolating a small group of multipositioned members of supranational assemblies who played a great number of roles in the postwar construction of Europe, like Fernand Dehousse, Pierre-Henri Teitgen and the likes... The article is based on a database containing several hundreds of MPs

L’institutionnalisation du Parlement européen

Lors de la dernière élection présidentielle, en France, trois candidats sur dix étaient membres du Parlement européen – Eva Joly, Marine Le Pen et Jean-Luc Mélenchon ayant tous été élus ou réélus lors des élections européennes de 2009 . Mieux. Les six principaux candidats à la présidence de la République étaient ou avaient été membres du Parlement européen – François Bayrou, François Hollande et Nicolas Sarkozy ayant siégé, il est vrai peu de temps, durant la cinquième législature . L’attrac..

Enquêter sur l’internationalisation des noblesses d’État. Retour réflexif sur des stratégies de double jeu

Cultures & Conflits : Si Yves Dezalay, avec ou sans Bryant Garth, était à notre place dans cette situation d’entretien, face par exemple à un représentant des élites juridiques, par quelle question commencerait-il ? Yves Dezalay : Très simple ! Parce que c’est toujours la même question, et c’est une approche qui a été, non pas rationalisée, mais élaborée en fonction de ce qui marche et de ce qui ne marche pas. C’est de demander : « Comment en êtes-vous arrivé là où vous êtes ? » Comme les mem..

Modification of a Hydrophobic Layer by a Point Mutation in Syntaxin 1A Regulates the Rate of Synaptic Vesicle Fusion

Both constitutive secretion and Ca(2+)-regulated exocytosis require the assembly of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complexes. At present, little is known about how the SNARE complexes mediating these two distinct pathways differ in structure. Using the Drosophila neuromuscular synapse as a model, we show that a mutation modifying a hydrophobic layer in syntaxin 1A regulates the rate of vesicle fusion. Syntaxin 1A molecules share a highly conserved threonine in the C-terminal +7 layer near the transmembrane domain. Mutation of this threonine to isoleucine results in a structural change that more closely resembles those found in syntaxins ascribed to the constitutive secretory pathway. Flies carrying the I254 mutant protein have increased levels of SNARE complexes and dramatically enhanced rate of both constitutive and evoked vesicle fusion. In contrast, overexpression of the T254 wild-type protein in neurons reduces vesicle fusion only in the I254 mutant background. These results are consistent with molecular dynamics simulations of the SNARE core complex, suggesting that T254 serves as an internal brake to dampen SNARE zippering and impede vesicle fusion, whereas I254 favors fusion by enhancing intermolecular interaction within the SNARE core complex

Angiogenesis inhibitor therapies for advanced renal cell carcinoma: Toxicity and treatment patterns in clinical practice from a global medical chart review

The aim of this study was to assess the treatment patterns and safety of sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab in real-world clinical settings in US, Europe and Asia. Medical records were abstracted at 18 community oncology clinics in the US and at 21 tertiary oncology centers in US, Europe and Asia for 883 patients ≥18 years who had histologically/cytologically confirmed diagnosis of advanced RCC and received sunitinib (n=631), sorafenib (n=207) or bevacizumab (n=45) as first‑line treatment. No prior treatment was permitted. Data were collected on all adverse events (AEs) and treatment modifications, including discontinuation, interruption and dose reduction. Treatment duration was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Demographics were similar across treatment groups and regions. Median treatment duration ranged from 6.1 to 10.7 months, 5.1 to 8.5 months and 7.5 to 9.8 months for sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab patients, respectively. Grade 3/4 AEs were experienced by 26.0, 28.0 and 15.6% of sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab patients, respectively. Treatment discontinuations occurred in 62.4 (Asia) to 63.1% (US) sunitinib, 68.8 (Asia) to 90.0% (Europe) sorafenib, and 66.7 (Asia) to 81.8% (US) bevacizumab patients. Globally, treatment modifications due to AEs occurred in 55.1, 54.2 and 50.0% sunitinib, sorafenib and bevacizumab patients, respectively. This study in a large, global cohort of advanced RCC patients found that angiogenesis inhibitors are associated with high rates of AEs and treatment modifications. Findings suggest an unmet need for more tolerable agents for RCC treatment

The nucleoporin RanBP2 tethers the cAMP effector Epac1 and inhibits its catalytic activity

Direct interaction between the catalytic domain of Epac1 and the nuclear pore component RanBP2 blocks Epac1 catalytic activity and downstream cAMP signaling

Inner/Outer Nuclear Membrane Fusion in Nuclear Pore Assembly: Biochemical Demonstration and Molecular Analysis

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) is characterized by a long-lived membrane-lined channel connecting the inner and outer nuclear membranes. This stabilized membrane channel, within which the nuclear pore is built, has little evolutionary precedent. In this report we demonstrate and map the inner/outer nuclear membrane fusion in NPC assembly