Determinants of Climate Change Risk Management Strategies Among the Aquaculture Fish Farmers in Nigeria Using Multinomial Logit Model

Nigeria’s domestic supply of fishery products falls short of the demand; however, there is a growing aquaculture industry that has come to the rescue in filling the gap between supply and demand. The aquaculture fish farmers are prone to the risk of climate change, since weather and extreme events have become more unpredictable. This study assessed the climate change risk management strategies among the aquaculture fish farmers’ in Southwest Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 480 aquaculture fish farmers’ in the study area. Descriptive statistics, likert scale and multinomial logit model were used to analyze the data. The study revealed that all the respondents were aware that climate is changing. The commonly used adaptation strategy by the fish farmers in the area was use of concrete /plastic pond (78%). The result of the multinomial logit model revealed that farm income influences the adoption of flood control/provision of water outlet by 19.22%, provision of alternative water supply (Well/Borehole) by 45.11% and the use of the concrete/plastic pond by 18.89%. Flood control/provision of water outlet, providing alternative water supply (Well/Borehole), use of concrete /plastic pond are all investment that were positively significant at 1%. Therefore, increase in farm income will lead to increase in these adaptation strategies to mitigate the effects of climate change on fish production in the study area. The study recommends that government at all levels should provide loan at a single digit interest rate to mitigate the effects of climate change on aquaculture fish farming. Keywords: Climate change; Fish farmers; Risk management strategies; Multinomial logit model, Southwest Nigeria DOI: 10.7176/JEES/11-2-06 Publication date: February 28th 2021

Economics of Seed Yam Production Using Minisett Technique in Oyo State, Nigeria

The study evaluated the economics of seed yam production using the minisett technique in Oyo State, South West Nigeria. The analysis was based on input and output data collected from sixty yam (Dioscorea spp.) farmers and the existing market price in the area. The socio-economic characteristics of the respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The structure of production costs was analyzed using percentages while gross margin analysis was used to determine the profitability of seed yam production using the minisett technique. Results of the analysis showed that seed yam production was dominated by men. The farmers had an average household size of 7.7 with a median of 7.0 and a mode of 7. Most of them were educated and had other occupations. The farmers assessed the technique as good, very good or excellent. The revenue per hectare of seed yam production was N337, 500. The total cost of production was N150,500 while the cost per seed yam was N16.72. On every naira invested in seed yam production using the minisett technique, farmers were expected to have N1.24 net returns. This shows that seed yam production using the minisett technique was a profitable venture in the study area. Labour costs alone accounted for 78.1% of the production cost. There is hence a need to deploy appropriate technologies to reduce these costs as a means of further reducing production costs and increasing the profitability of seed yams production using the minisett technique.L’étude portait sur l’évaluation de l’économie de la production de semences d’igname à l’aide de la technique des minisetts dans l’Etat d’Oyo, au sud-ouest du Nigéria. L’analyse était fondée sur les données d’entrée et de sortie recueillies auprès de soixante producteurs d’ignames (Dioscorea spp.) et sur les prix de marché actuels dans la région. Les caractéristiques socio-économiques des personnes interrogées ont été analysées à l’aide de statistiques descriptives. La structure des coûts de production a été analysée à l’aide de pourcentages, tandis que l’analyse de la marge brute a permis de déterminer la rentabilité de la production de semences d’ignames à l’aide de la technique des minisetts. Les résultats de cette analyse ont montré que la production de semences d’ignames était dominée par les hommes. Chez les producteurs, la taille moyenne du ménage était de 7,7 personnes, la taille médiane de 7,0 personnes et la taille modale de 7 personnes. La plupart des producteurs étaient instruits et avaient d’autres métiers. Les producteurs ont évalué la technique comme bonne, très bonne ou excellente. Le revenu par hectare de production de semences d’igname s’élevait à 337 500 N. Le coût total de production était de 150 500 N tandis que le coût par semence d’igname s’élevait à 16,72 N. Pour chaque naira investi dans la production de semences d’igname utilisant la technique des minisetts, les producteurs sont donc censés obtenir un revenu net de 1,24 N. Cela montre que la production de semences d’igname à l’aide de la technique des minisetts était une activité rentable dans la région couverte par l’étude. Les coûts de main-d’œuvre représentaient à eux seuls 78,1 % du coût total de production. Il est donc nécessaire de déployer les techniques appropriées pour réduire ces coûts, et ainsi réduire les coûts de production et accroître la rentabilité de la production de semences d’igname à l’aide de la technique des minisetts.El estudio evalúa la economía de la producción de semilla de ñame usando la tecnología «minisett» en el Estado de Oyo, al sudeste de Nigeria. El análisis se basa en los datos de entrada y salida recabados a partir de sesenta cultivadores de ñame (Dioscorea spp.) y del precio de mercado existente en la zona. Las características socioeconómicas de los participantes en el estudio se analizan mediante la estadística descriptiva. La estructura de costes de producción se analiza usando porcentajes, mientras que el análisis del margen bruto se usa para determinar la rentabilidad de la producción de semilla de ñame con la técnica «minisett».  Los resultados del análisis muestran que la producción de semilla de ñame está dominada por hombres. Los cultivadores pertenecen a una unidad familiar de un tamaño medio de 7,7, con una mediana de 7,0 y una moda de 7. La mayoría están educados y tienen otras ocupaciones. Los cultivadores calificaron la técnica como buena, muy buena o excelente. Los ingresos por hectárea de producción de semilla de ñame fueron de 337,500 N. El coste total de la producción fue de 150,500 N, mientras que el coste por semilla de ñame fue de 16,72 N. Por cada naira invertida en la producción de semilla de ñame mediante la técnica «minisett», los cultivadores prevén obtener un beneficio neto de 1,24 N. Esto demuestra que la producción de semilla de ñame mediante la técnica «minisett» es una empresa rentable en la zona de estudio. Los costes de mano de obra por sí solos suponen el 78,1% de los costes de producción. Por lo tanto, es necesario desplegar las tecnologías apropiadas para reducir dichos costes a fin de reducir aun más los costes de producción y aumentar la rentabilidad de la producción de semilla de ñame mediante la técnica «minisett»

Economics of Seed Yam Production Using Minisett Technique in Oyo State, Nigeria

The study evaluated the economics of seed yam production using the minisett technique in Oyo State, South West Nigeria. The analysis was based on input and output data collected from sixty yam (Dioscorea spp.) farmers and the existing market price in the area. The socio-economic characteristics of the respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The structure of production costs was analyzed using percentages while gross margin analysis was used to determine the profitability of seed yam production using the minisett technique. Results of the analysis showed that seed yam production was dominated by men. The farmers had an average household size of 7.7 with a median of 7.0 and a mode of 7. Most of them were educated and had other occupations. The farmers assessed the technique as good, very good or excellent. The revenue per hectare of seed yam production was N337, 500. The total cost of production was N150,500 while the cost per seed yam was N16.72. On every naira invested in seed yam production using the minisett technique, farmers were expected to have N1.24 net returns. This shows that seed yam production using the minisett technique was a profitable venture in the study area. Labour costs alone accounted for 78.1% of the production cost. There is hence a need to deploy appropriate technologies to reduce these costs as a means of further reducing production costs and increasing the profitability of seed yams production using the minisett technique.L’étude portait sur l’évaluation de l’économie de la production de semences d’igname à l’aide de la technique des minisetts dans l’Etat d’Oyo, au sud-ouest du Nigéria. L’analyse était fondée sur les données d’entrée et de sortie recueillies auprès de soixante producteurs d’ignames (Dioscorea spp.) et sur les prix de marché actuels dans la région. Les caractéristiques socio-économiques des personnes interrogées ont été analysées à l’aide de statistiques descriptives. La structure des coûts de production a été analysée à l’aide de pourcentages, tandis que l’analyse de la marge brute a permis de déterminer la rentabilité de la production de semences d’ignames à l’aide de la technique des minisetts. Les résultats de cette analyse ont montré que la production de semences d’ignames était dominée par les hommes. Chez les producteurs, la taille moyenne du ménage était de 7,7 personnes, la taille médiane de 7,0 personnes et la taille modale de 7 personnes. La plupart des producteurs étaient instruits et avaient d’autres métiers. Les producteurs ont évalué la technique comme bonne, très bonne ou excellente. Le revenu par hectare de production de semences d’igname s’élevait à 337 500 N. Le coût total de production était de 150 500 N tandis que le coût par semence d’igname s’élevait à 16,72 N. Pour chaque naira investi dans la production de semences d’igname utilisant la technique des minisetts, les producteurs sont donc censés obtenir un revenu net de 1,24 N. Cela montre que la production de semences d’igname à l’aide de la technique des minisetts était une activité rentable dans la région couverte par l’étude. Les coûts de main-d’œuvre représentaient à eux seuls 78,1 % du coût total de production. Il est donc nécessaire de déployer les techniques appropriées pour réduire ces coûts, et ainsi réduire les coûts de production et accroître la rentabilité de la production de semences d’igname à l’aide de la technique des minisetts.El estudio evalúa la economía de la producción de semilla de ñame usando la tecnología «minisett» en el Estado de Oyo, al sudeste de Nigeria. El análisis se basa en los datos de entrada y salida recabados a partir de sesenta cultivadores de ñame (Dioscorea spp.) y del precio de mercado existente en la zona. Las características socioeconómicas de los participantes en el estudio se analizan mediante la estadística descriptiva. La estructura de costes de producción se analiza usando porcentajes, mientras que el análisis del margen bruto se usa para determinar la rentabilidad de la producción de semilla de ñame con la técnica «minisett».  Los resultados del análisis muestran que la producción de semilla de ñame está dominada por hombres. Los cultivadores pertenecen a una unidad familiar de un tamaño medio de 7,7, con una mediana de 7,0 y una moda de 7. La mayoría están educados y tienen otras ocupaciones. Los cultivadores calificaron la técnica como buena, muy buena o excelente. Los ingresos por hectárea de producción de semilla de ñame fueron de 337,500 N. El coste total de la producción fue de 150,500 N, mientras que el coste por semilla de ñame fue de 16,72 N. Por cada naira invertida en la producción de semilla de ñame mediante la técnica «minisett», los cultivadores prevén obtener un beneficio neto de 1,24 N. Esto demuestra que la producción de semilla de ñame mediante la técnica «minisett» es una empresa rentable en la zona de estudio. Los costes de mano de obra por sí solos suponen el 78,1% de los costes de producción. Por lo tanto, es necesario desplegar las tecnologías apropiadas para reducir dichos costes a fin de reducir aun más los costes de producción y aumentar la rentabilidad de la producción de semilla de ñame mediante la técnica «minisett»

The Efficiency of Hard Wood Industry in Ondo State, Nigeria

Wood furniture industry is an important manufacturing sector in Nigeria for its significant contributions to the growth of national economy and industrialization as well as livelihood of the furniture makers. Therefore, evaluating efficiency of hard wood industry is important to provide useful information about the business to the furniture makers and to assist the policy makers to design appropriate policies in supporting furniture production in Nigeria. The specific objectives of this research were to describe socio-economic characteristics of furniture makers, estimate efficiency of furniture makers, determine the profitability of furniture production, identify factors influencing efficiency of furniture making and examine the problems associated with furniture makings in the study area. The study adopted a multistage sampling procedure. Data were collected from seventy furniture makers through a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier production function, inefficiency model and relative importance index were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that 75.7% of the respondents obtained some levels of formal education; 4.3% of the furniture makers were single; 71.4% had no access to credit facility; and 7.1% exported their products beyond the boundary of Nigeria. The estimated gross margin and net profit of #7,041,255.09 (US 16,959.52) and #4,261,542.89 (US 10,264.33) respectively revealed that furniture production is profitable. The efficiency results showed that 27% of furniture makers were most technically efficient; 5.7% of them were most allocative efficient; and 10% of them were most economically efficient. Stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that firm size, labour and fixed assets had a positively significant influence on furniture production. The only identified socio-economic characteristics of furniture makers that had significant influence on efficiency of furniture production were educational level, operating experience and reinforcement training in the study area. The two critical constraints facing furniture making in the ranking scale were fluctuation of wood price and inadequacy of funds.

The Efficiency of Hard Wood Industry in Ondo State, Nigeria

Wood furniture industry is an important manufacturing sector in Nigeria for its significant contributions to the growth of national economy and industrialization as well as livelihood of the furniture makers. Therefore, evaluating efficiency of hard wood industry is important to provide useful information about the business to the furniture makers and to assist the policy makers to design appropriate policies in supporting furniture production in Nigeria. The specific objectives of this research were to describe socio-economic characteristics of furniture makers, estimate efficiency of furniture makers, determine the profitability of furniture production, identify factors influencing efficiency of furniture making and examine the problems associated with furniture makings in the study area. The study adopted a multistage sampling procedure. Data were collected from seventy furniture makers through a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier production function, inefficiency model and relative importance index were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that 75.7% of the respondents obtained some levels of formal education; 4.3% of the furniture makers were single; 71.4% had no access to credit facility; and 7.1% exported their products beyond the boundary of Nigeria. The estimated gross margin and net profit of #7,041,255.09 (US 16,959.52) and #4,261,542.89 (US 10,264.33) respectively revealed that furniture production is profitable. The efficiency results showed that 27% of furniture makers were most technically efficient; 5.7% of them were most allocative efficient; and 10% of them were most economically efficient. Stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that firm size, labour and fixed assets had a positively significant influence on furniture production. The only identified socio-economic characteristics of furniture makers that had significant influence on efficiency of furniture production were educational level, operating experience and reinforcement training in the study area. The two critical constraints facing furniture making in the ranking scale were fluctuation of wood price and inadequacy of funds.

The Efficiency of Hard Wood Industry in Ondo State, Nigeria

Wood furniture industry is an important manufacturing sector in Nigeria for its significant contributions to the growth of national economy and industrialization as well as livelihood of the furniture makers. Therefore, evaluating efficiency of hard wood industry is important to provide useful information about the business to the furniture makers and to assist the policy makers to design appropriate policies in supporting furniture production in Nigeria. The specific objectives of this research were to describe socio-economic characteristics of furniture makers, estimate efficiency of furniture makers, determine the profitability of furniture production, identify factors influencing efficiency of furniture making and examine the problems associated with furniture makings in the study area. The study adopted a multistage sampling procedure. Data were collected from seventy furniture makers through a well-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis, Cobb Douglas stochastic frontier production function, inefficiency model and relative importance index were used to analyze the data. The findings revealed that 75.7% of the respondents obtained some levels of formal education; 4.3% of the furniture makers were single; 71.4% had no access to credit facility; and 7.1% exported their products beyond the boundary of Nigeria. The estimated gross margin and net profit of #7,041,255.09 (US 16,959.52) and #4,261,542.89 (US 10,264.33) respectively revealed that furniture production is profitable. The efficiency results showed that 27% of furniture makers were most technically efficient; 5.7% of them were most allocative efficient; and 10% of them were most economically efficient. Stochastic frontier production function analysis showed that firm size, labour and fixed assets had a positively significant influence on furniture production. The only identified socio-economic characteristics of furniture makers that had significant influence on efficiency of furniture production were educational level, operating experience and reinforcement training in the study area. The two critical constraints facing furniture making in the ranking scale were fluctuation of wood price and inadequacy of funds.

Economics of Seed Yam Production Using Minisett Technique in Oyo State, Nigeria

The study evaluated the economics of seed yam production using the minisett technique in Oyo State, South West Nigeria. The analysis was based on input and output data collected from sixty yam (Dioscorea spp.) farmers and the existing market price in the area. The socio-economic characteristics of the respondents were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The structure of production costs was analyzed using percentages while gross margin analysis was used to determine the profitability of seed yam production using the minisett technique. Results of the analysis showed that seed yam production was dominated by men. The farmers had an average household size of 7.7 with a median of 7.0 and a mode of 7. Most of them were educated and had other occupations. The farmers assessed the technique as good, very good or excellent. The revenue per hectare of seed yam production was N337, 500. The total cost of production was N150,500 while the cost per seed yam was N16.72. On every naira invested in seed yam production using the minisett technique, farmers were expected to have N1.24 net returns. This shows that seed yam production using the minisett technique was a profitable venture in the study area. Labour costs alone accounted for 78.1% of the production cost. There is hence a need to deploy appropriate technologies to reduce these costs as a means of further reducing production costs and increasing the profitability of seed yams production using the minisett technique