Ancestral Gene Synteny Reconstruction Improves Extant Species Scaffolding

We exploit the methodological similarity between ancestral genome reconstruction and extant genome scaffolding. We present a method, called ARt-DeCo that constructs neighborhood relationships between genes or contigs, in both ancestral and extant genomes, in a phylogenetic context. It is able to handle dozens of complete genomes, including genes with complex histories, by using gene phylogenies reconciled with a species tree, that is, annotated with speciation, duplication and loss events. Reconstructed ancestral or extant synteny comes with a support computed from an exhaustive exploration of the solution space. We compare our method with a previously published one that follows the same goal on a small number of genomes with universal unicopy genes. Then we test it on the whole Ensembl database, by proposing partial ancestral genome structures, as well as a more complete scaffolding for many partially assembled genomes on 69 eukaryote species. We carefully analyze a couple of extant adjacencies proposed by our method, and show that they are indeed real links in the extant genomes, that were missing in the current assembly. On a reduced data set of 39 eutherian mammals, we estimate the precision and sensitivity of ARt-DeCo by simulating a fragmentation in some well assembled genomes, and measure how many adjacencies are recovered. We find a very high precision, while the sensitivity depends on the quality of the data and on the proximity of closely related genomes

Comment la reconstruction de génomes ancestraux peut aider à l'assemblage de génomes actuels

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Convergent consequences of parthenogenesis on stick insect genomes

International audienceThe shift from sexual reproduction to parthenogenesis has occurred repeatedly in animals, but how the loss of sex affects genome evolution remains poorly understood. We generated reference genomes for five independently evolved parthenogenetic species in the stick insect genus Timema and their closest sexual relatives. Using these references and population genomic data, we show that parthenogenesis results in an extreme reduction of heterozygosity and often leads to genetically uniform populations. We also find evidence for less effective positive selection in parthenogenetic species, suggesting that sex is ubiquitous in natural populations because it facilitates fast rates of adaptation. Parthenogenetic species did not show increased transposable element (TE) accumulation, likely because there is little TE activity in the genus. By using replicated sexual-parthenogenetic comparisons, our study reveals how the absence of sex affects genome evolution in natural populations, providing empirical support for the negative consequences of parthenogenesis as predicted by theory

Haplotype divergence supports long-term asexuality in the oribatid mite Oppiella nova

Sex strongly impacts genome evolution via recombination and segregation. In the absence of these processes, haplotypes within lineages of diploid organisms are predicted to accumulate mutations independently of each other and diverge over time. This so-called "Meselson effect" is regarded as a strong indicator of the long-term evolution under obligate asexuality. Here, we present genomic and transcriptomic data of three populations of the asexual oribatid mite species Oppiella nova and its sexual relative Oppiella subpectinata We document strikingly different patterns of haplotype divergence between the two species, strongly supporting Meselson effect-like evolution and long-term asexuality in O. nova: I) variation within individuals exceeds variation between populations in O. nova but vice versa in O. subpectinata; II) two O. nova sublineages feature a high proportion of lineage-specific heterozygous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), indicating that haplotypes continued to diverge after lineage separation; III) the deepest split in gene trees generally separates the two haplotypes in O. nova, but populations in O. subpectinata; and IV) the topologies of the two haplotype trees match each other. Our findings provide positive evidence for the absence of canonical sex over evolutionary time in O. nova and suggest that asexual oribatid mites can escape the dead-end fate usually associated with asexual lineages

Joint reconstruction of ancestral and extant genome structure in a phylogenetic framework

Les années 2000 ont vu l'apparition des technologies de séquençage haut-débit permettant de faire chuter le coût en temps et argent du séquençage du génome complet et ouvrant la perspective à des analyses de la phylogénie des espèces à l'échelle de génome entiers. Dans cette optique des méthodes pour l'inférence de l'histoire évolutive de l'ordre de marqueurs génomiques le long d'un phylogénie ont été développées. Cependant, les assemblages d'une majorité des grands génomes d'eucaryotes demeurent incomplètement résolues et ne permettent donc pas, en tant que tel, leur exploitation pour la reconstruction de l'histoire évolutive de l'ordre des gènes de ces espèces. C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons développé l'algorithme adseq qui permet de conjointement reconstruire l'histoire évolutive de l'ordre de gènes en considérant la fragmentation des génomes actuels et améliorant l'assemblage de ceux-ci par génomique comparativeThe early 2000s saw the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies that would bring down the time and cost of sequencing the entire genome and opening the perspective to whole genome-scale species phylogeny. In this perspective, methods for the inference of evolutionary history of the order of genomic markers along a phylogeny have been developed. However, assemblies of a majority of the large eukaryotic genomes remain incompletely resolved and therefore do not, as such, allow their exploitation for the reconstruction of evolutionary history of the order of the genes of these species. It is in this context that we have developed the algorithm ADseq which allows to jointly reconstruct the evolutionary history of the order of genes by considering the fragmentation of the extant genomes and improve the assembly of these by comparative genomic

Reconstruction conjointe de l’ordre des gènes de génomes actuels et ancestraux et de leur évolution structurale dans un cadre phylogénétique

The early 2000s saw the emergence of high-throughput sequencing technologies that would bring down the time and cost of sequencing the entire genome and opening the perspective to whole genome-scale species phylogeny. In this perspective, methods for the inference of evolutionary history of the order of genomic markers along a phylogeny have been developed. However, assemblies of a majority of the large eukaryotic genomes remain incompletely resolved and therefore do not, as such, allow their exploitation for the reconstruction of evolutionary history of the order of the genes of these species. It is in this context that we have developed the algorithm ADseq which allows to jointly reconstruct the evolutionary history of the order of genes by considering the fragmentation of the extant genomes and improve the assembly of these by comparative genomicsLes années 2000 ont vu l'apparition des technologies de séquençage haut-débit permettant de faire chuter le coût en temps et argent du séquençage du génome complet et ouvrant la perspective à des analyses de la phylogénie des espèces à l'échelle de génome entiers. Dans cette optique des méthodes pour l'inférence de l'histoire évolutive de l'ordre de marqueurs génomiques le long d'un phylogénie ont été développées. Cependant, les assemblages d'une majorité des grands génomes d'eucaryotes demeurent incomplètement résolues et ne permettent donc pas, en tant que tel, leur exploitation pour la reconstruction de l'histoire évolutive de l'ordre des gènes de ces espèces. C'est dans ce contexte que nous avons développé l'algorithme adseq qui permet de conjointement reconstruire l'histoire évolutive de l'ordre de gènes en considérant la fragmentation des génomes actuels et améliorant l'assemblage de ceux-ci par génomique comparativ

Comparative Methods for Reconstructing Ancient GenomeOrganization

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Comment la reconstruction de génomes ancestraux peut aider à l'assemblage de génomes actuels

National audienceLe document est un résumé étend

Comment la reconstruction de génomes ancestraux peut aider à l'assemblage de génomes actuels

National audienceLe document est un résumé étend