5 research outputs found
Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome
- Author
- . Haifeng
- . Magner
- . Yin
- Abbott Scott
- Abbott-Ozersky Amanda
- Abdellah Zahra
- Abouelleil Amr
- Abrajano Anne
- Adachi Tamami
- Adam Catherine
- Adams Charles Q.
- Adamson Aaron
- Adekoya Emmanuel
- Adio-Oduola Babajide
- Aerts Andrea
- Aggarwal Arun
- Ahmadi Alireza
- Ahmed Shahana
- Aimable Matthew
- Ainscough Rachael
- Ait-Zahra Mostafa
- Aizu Tomoyuki
- Alcivare Dana
- Alegria Michelle
- Ali Alla
- Ali Johar
- Allegria-hartmann Michelle
- Alleman Jennifer
- Allen Carlana C.
- Allen Heather
- Allen Nicole R.
- Allen Susan
- Allen Thaddeus
- Almeida Jeff
- Almond Claire
- Alsbrooks Stephen L.
- Altherr Michael R.
- Amaratunge Harshinie C.
- Ambler Andrew
- Ambrose Karen
- Ambrose Kerrie
- Amemiya Chris
- Amico-Keller Gina
- Amin Amita G.
- Anderson Mechele
- Anderson Scott
- Anderson Scott
- Andora Janice
- Andredesz Carol
- Andrew Robert
- Andrews Dan
- Andrews Daniel
- Andrews Neil
- Andrews Stephanie
- Andriese Tim
- Anthouard Véronique
- Antonarakis Stylianos E.
- Anyalebechi Vivian
- Aoki Norie
- Apostolou Sinoula
- Apweiler Eva
- Arachchi Harindra
- Arai Rie
- Arbery Hazel
- Arcaina Marlon
- Arcaina Terisita
- Archer Beth
- Arellano Andre
- Arellano-Jones Perry
- Armbruster Jeff
- Armstrong Jon
- Arredondo Dilrukshi P.
- Arredondo Heather Hope
- Artiguenave François
- Asakawa Shuichi
- Asakawa Teruyo
- Ash Gareth
- Ashcroft Kevin
- Ashurst Jennifer
- Ashwell Robert
- Ashworth Linda K.
- Aslanidis Cara
- Asomugha Chinwe O.
- Asuncion Lawreen
- Atkin Deborah
- Atkinson Andrea
- Atkinson Barry
- Attix Cristina
- Attwood John
- Aubin Keith
- Auger Katherine
- Austin Shannon Michelle
- Avila Aaron
- Avis Terry
- Ayele Mulu
- Babayan Primo
- Babbage Anne
- Babbage Sarah
- Bach Phil
- Bachatsang Pasang
- Bacon Joanne
- Badri Hummy
- Baertsch Robert
- Bagguley Claire
- Bailey Jonathan
- Bajorek Eva
- Baker Andrew
- Baker Dan
- Baker M.
- Baker Richard
- Bakis Michele
- Baldwin Jennifer
- Banda Michael
- Banerjee Ruby
- Bao Jingyue
- Bao Qiyu
- Bao Weidong
- Bao Weidong
- Baptiste Pertrice
- Barbaria Joseph A.
- Barbe Valérie
- Bardill Simon
- Barker Daniel
- Barker Darren
- Barker Gary
- Barlow Karen
- Baron Laurent
- Barrett Anika
- Bartlett Rebecca
- Basham Victoria
- Bashman David
- Basu Suba
- Bateman Alex
- Bates Karen
- Battles John
- Batzer Mark
- Baumgart Cornelia
- Baumohl Jason
- Baynes Caroline
- Bayul Tashi
- Beall Keith
- Beard Lisa
- Beard Susan
- Beare David
- Beasley Alastair
- Beasley Helen
- Beasley Oliver
- Beaucham Leslie
- Beaudet Arthur
- Beck Alfred
- Beck Stephen
- Becker Michael
- Bell Emma
- Bell George I.
- Bellard Terell M.
- Bellerby Damian
- Bellerby Tristram
- Belter Edward A., Jr.
- Bemrose Richard
- Benard Michael Anthony
- BenKahla Alia
- Benke J
- Benner William
- Bennett James
- Bensasson Douda
- Bentley Andrew
- Bentley Dan
- Bentley David
- Berardinis Véronique de
- Bercovitz John
- Berghoff Amy
- Bergmann Anne
- Berkowicz Nicolas
- Berks Mary
- Berks Michael
- Bethel Graeme
- Beugelsdijk Tony J.
- Bhakta Rita
- Bhuchar Venita
- Bi Shihua
- Bian Xuemeng
- Bieri Tamberlyn
- Bimage Kesha E.
- Bird Christine
- Birditt Brian
- Birney Ewan
- Birney Ewan
- Birren Bruce
- Bissell Helen
- Biswalo Kaneza
- Bituin Aleksandr
- Black Stacey
- Blackburne-Maze Suzanne
- Blair Jessica Anne
- Blakey Sarah
- Blanks Tia
- Blasiar Darin
- Blazej Robert
- Blitshsteyn Berta
- Blomstrom David B.
- Bloom Scott
- Bloom Toby
- Blumer Heather
- Blye Jason
- Blyth Peter R.
- Blöcker Helmut
- Boatright Elizabeth
- Boehm John
- Boen Juanan
- Boguslavskiy Leonid
- Bolton Christel
- Bolund Lars
- Bondoc Marnel
- Bonfield James
- Bonnett Ralph
- Bonnin David
- Border Richard
- Borowsky Mark
- Borzym Katja
- Boukhgalter Boris
- Bowen Eric
- Bradley Amanda
- Bradshaw-Cordum Holly
- Brady Nicola
- Brandriff Brigitte F.
- Brannon Wade
- Branscomb Elbert
- Bray Jason
- Bray-Allen Sarah
- Brettin Thomas
- Bridgeman Anne
- Bridgers Michael
- Brimhall Angela K.
- Brokstein Peter
- Brook Jonathan
- Brooking Shane
- Brottier Philippe
- Brown Andrew
- Brown Clive
- Brown Jacqui
- Brown Margaret
- Brown Mary
- Brown Mary J.
- Brown Michael
- Brown Nancy C.
- Bruce David D.
- Bruce Robert
- Bruno William J.
- Bruskiewich Richard
- Bryant Jackie
- Bryant Jennifer E.
- Bryant Nathaniel P.
- Brüls Thomas
- Buatsi Delali
- Buck David
- Buckingham Judith M.
- Buckle Veronica
- Buczek Donald
- Budd Claire
- Buhay Christian J.
- Bulbul Kerem
- Buller Sarah
- Bunker Nathan
- Burberry Jill
- Burch Paula Ellen
- Burford Deborah
- Burgess Joanne
- Burgin Matt
- Burkett Carrie E.
- Burkhart-Schultz Karolyn
- Burrell Kevin L.
- Burrill Wayne
- Burrows Christine
- Burton Christine
- Burton John
- Butcher Phil
- Butler Adam
- Butler Jon
- Butler Paul
- Caenepeel Sean
- Cahill Patrick
- Cai Tianjing
- Cai Zhen
- Cairns Murray
- Calderon Eliana
- Callen David F.
- Camarata Jody
- Camire David
- Camm Nick
- Campbell Christopher
- Campbell Connie S.
- Campbell Evelyn W.
- Campbell Mary I.
- Campbell Mary L.
- Campo Kevin
- Canning Bruno
- Cao Ting
- Cao Yuzhu
- Caoile Chenier
- Cardenas Faviola
- Cardenas Lolo
- Cardenas Veronica
- Carder Carol
- Carder Paul
- Carpenter Kelly
- Carrano Anthony V.
- Carriere Jason
- Carter Jason
- Carter Kelvin
- Carter Nigel
- Caruso Lauren
- Casias Kristal
- Cattolico Laurence
- Cavanna Tamara
- Cavazos Iracema
- Cavazos Sandra R.
- Ceasar Heather
- Cedroni Maria
- Cepeda Mario
- Chacko Joseph
- Chain Patrick
- Chalk Shani
- Challacombe Jean F.
- Chan Ka
- Chan Sheryl N.
- Chan Yee Man
- Chang Jean L.
- Chapman Jarrod
- Chapman Joanna
- Chapple Jeffrey
- Charles Rachel
- Chasteen Leslie A.
- Chavarria Simeon
- Chazaro Bruno
- Chen Baoxian
- Chen Bin
- Chen Chira
- Chen Chong
- Chen Chong
- Chen Chun-Nan
- Chen Cong
- Chen Ellson
- Chen Hsiu-Chuan
- Chen Jianlong
- Chen Jie
- Chen Jin
- Chen Junbao
- Chen Lihong
- Chen Lixia
- Chen Ray
- Chen Shu
- Chen Tong
- Chen Xiaoyun
- Chen Xinyi
- Chen Yanjiong
- Chen Yiyu
- Chen Zhu
- Chen Zhu
- Chen Zhu
- Cheng Jan-Fang
- Cheng Zhihua
- Chertkov Olga
- Cheshatsang Yama
- Chi Cheng
- Chi Han C.
- Chillingworth Neil
- Chin Sylvia
- Chinn Corey
- Chinwalla Asif
- Chissoe Stephanie
- Chiu Sally
- Chothia Tom
- Christensen Mari
- Christopoulos Constantine
- Chu Joseph
- Chui Connie
- Chung A
- Cinkowsky Michael J.
- Citroen Mieke
- Clack Rob
- Clamp Michele
- Clark Anthea
- Clark Graham
- Clark Kevin
- Clark Lynn
- Clark Lynn M.
- Clark Richard
- Clark Sarah
- Clark Sue
- Clarke Adrian
- Clarke Betty
- Clarke Eddie
- Clarke Kay
- Clarke Laura
- Clawson Hiram
- Clee Chris
- Clegg Shelia
- Clerc Blankenburg Kerstin Petra
- Cleveland David
- Clifford Karen
- Clifton Sandra W.
- Coates Julia
- Cobley Victoria
- Cockrell Raynard
- Coffey Alison
- Cofield Jackie
- Coggill Penelope
- Cohn Judith D.
- Colayco Rick
- Cole Lotte
- Collier Rachael
- Collings Simon
- Collins Francis S.
- Collins John
- Collins Philip
- Collymore Al
- Colman Louise
- Combs Jessie
- Comstock Robin
- Cong Bin
- Conner Richard
- Connolly Anthony
- Connolly Karen
- Conquer Jennie
- Conrad Ansgar
- Conroy Donald
- Considine Tony
- Constance Doug
- Cook April
- Cook Leanna
- Cooke Patrick
- Cooper Jonathan
- Cooper Rachel
- Cooper Robert
- Copeland Alex
- Coppola Maria
- Copsey Teresa
- Corby Nicole
- Cordes Matt
- Cordray Rebecca
- Cornell Christine
- Cornell Earl
- Cornell Linda
- Cornell Ruth
- Corum Ben
- Cottage Amanda
- Cotton Sara
- Coulson Alan
- Couronne Olivier
- Courtney Laura P.
- Coville Gez
- Cox Anthony
- Cox Caroline D.
- Cox Tony
- Coxhill Robert
- Coyle Marcus D.
- Craig Matthew
- Crane Tom
- Crawford Amanda L.
- Crawley Matt
- Cree Andrew
- Crespeau Hervé
- Crew Victor
- Critchlow Terrance
- Critz Paul
- Cruaud Corinne
- Cuff James
- Cui Hongjuan
- Cui Jinhui
- Cui Peng
- Cui Peng
- Culley Karl
- Cummings Auli
- Cummings Kirsti
- Cummings Paul
- Cummings Stephanie
- Cuomo Christina A.
- Curran Adam
- Curwen Valery
- Cutts Jeffrey
- Czubayko Martin
- D\u27Souza Lisa Marie
- Da Silva Corinne
- Dai Li
- Dalin Eillen
- Dang Michelle
- Danganan Linda
- Daniels Rachael
- Dathorne Stephanie R.
- Daum Christopher
- David Robert
- Davidson Lucy
- Davidson Stuart
- Davies Jonathon
- Davies Joy
- Davies Nicholas
- Davies Robert
- Davila Mary Louise
- Davis Candi Mon\u27et
- Davis Cheryl
- Davis Clay
- Davis Jayne
- Davis John
- Davis Matthew
- Davy-Carroll Latarsha
- Dawoe Tenzin
- Dawson Elisabeth
- De Anda Claudia
- De Latorre Andrea
- Deadman Rebecca
- Dean Peter
- Dear Simon
- Dearden Frances
- DeArellano Kurt
- Deaven Larry I.
- Deaven Larry L.
- Deere Kerry
- DeGray Stewart
- Degusta David
- Deguzman Maria
- Dehal Paramvir
- Delgado Marcos
- Delgado Oliver
- Delhaunty Kimberley
- Deloukas Panos
- Deng Yajun
- Dennis Janet
- Denson Shawn
- Denys Mirian
- Deramo Christine
- Desai Anu
- Detter John C.
- Devlin Laurie
- Dewar Ken
- Dhami Pawandeep
- Dhongsar Chemey
- Dias Jennifer
- Dias Victoria
- Dibartolo Genevieve
- Dibling Catherine
- Dickson Mark
- Diekhans Mark
- Dietz-Band Jeanne
- Digennaro Richard
- Dilts Karen
- Dimitrijevic-Bussod Mira
- Ding Hao
- Ding Keyue
- Ding Li
- Ding Yan
- Dinh Huyen H.
- Dixon Kami
- Do Long
- Dobbs Ruth
- Dobson Richard
- Dockree Catherine
- Doddington Daniel
- Dodsworth Steven
- Doggett Norman
- Doggett Norman A.
- Dong Hui
- Dong Kimberly
- Dong Wei
- Dong Wei
- Dong Xiaojia
- Donlin Jeremy E.
- Dooley Kathy
- Dooling David
- Dorje Passang
- Dorjee Kunsang
- Dorris Lester
- Dorsett Victor
- Doucette-Stamm Lynn
- Douthwaite Karen J.
- Down Thomas
- Draper Heather
- Du Feiyu
- Du Hui
- Du Yutao
- Duarte Suzanne
- Dubchak Inna
- Duffy Noah
- Dugan-Rocha Shannon
- Dunham Andrew
- Dunham Ian
- Dunn Adam M.
- Dunn Anne
- Dunn Matthew
- Dunwell Erin
- Dupes Alan
- Durbin Kenneth J.
- Durbin Richard
- Durham Jillian
- Dutta Ireena
- Dwyer Ruth
- Dyer Lauren
- Dziuda Darius
- Earnhardt Christopher D.
- Earthrowl Mark
- Eastham Emma
- Eastham Timothy
- Eaves Kristy A.
- Eckenberg Ralph
- Edgar Darren
- Edionwe Susan Omwanghe Osayanro
- Edwards Carol
- Edwards Jennifer
- Edwards Karen
- Egan Amy
- Eichler Evan
- Eichler Evan
- Ejima Fumio
- Elkin Chris
- Ellington Andrew
- Elliot David
- Elliot Glendoria
- Elliot Jeffrey
- Ellwood Matthew
- Emberson Becky
- Emelianenko Natalia
- Emery-Cohen Alexandra J.
- Endrizzi Matthew
- Engh Ger van den
- Engle David
- Erickson Jeffery
- Erler Anne Marie
- Errington Helen
- Escobar Julio
- Escotto Michael
- Eugene Craig S.
- Evans Gareth
- Evans John
- Evans Katie
- Evans Richard
- Eveleth Gerald
- Eyras Eduardo
- Fan Hongyuan
- Fan Keke
- Fang Jianqiu
- Farina Abderrahim
- Faro Susan
- Faulkner Louisa
- Fawcett Joseph J.
- Fechtel Kim
- Fellingham Charlotte
- Felming Claire
- Felsenfeld Adam
- Feltwell Theresa
- Feng Guodong
- Feng Haiyan
- Feng Jie
- Feng Xiaoli
- Fennell Stephen
- Ferguson Alicia
- Fernandez Sonia
- Fernandez-Suarez Xose
- Fernando Pushpa Ranjani
- Ferriera Pat
- Fertitta Anne
- Fey Jim
- Fidel Patrick
- Fields Elizabeth
- Fink Marie
- Finley Maria C.
- Finn Robert
- Fischer Heather
- Fischer Laurice
- Fisher Shelia
- Fitch Pat
- Fitzgerald Mike
- Flack Tina
- Flagg Nicole
- Flanagan J.
- Fleming Kerry
- Flint Jonathan
- Flint Mark
- Flowers Dave
- Floyd Yvonne
- Foley Karen
- Folta Peg
- Fong Jonathan
- Fonknechten Núrua
- Footman Simon
- Forbes Lisa D.
- Ford Amanda F.
- Foster Myre J.
- Fotopulos Dea
- Fourcade Matthew
- Fowler John
- Fox Jessica
- Frame Deborah
- Francis Matthew
- Francis Stephen
- Frankel Ken
- Frankish Adam
- Frankland John
- Fraser Audrey
- Fraser David
- Frazier Marvin
- French Lisa
- Fricker David
- Fridlyand Jane
- Fronick Catrina
- Frost Carole
- Frost Daniel
- Frost Jackie
- Frost Lorna
- Fu Gang
- Fu Gang
- Fu Gang
- Fu Qiushi
- Fujioka Michiru
- Fujiyama Asao
- Fukawa Rintaro
- Fuller Liam
- Fuller Sharin
- Fullerton Kathryn
- Fulton Lucinda A.
- Fulton Robert S.
- Furey Terrence S.
- Furuhashi Mie
- Förste Silke
- Gabisi Abdul M.
- Gage Diane
- Gaige Tony
- Galgoczy Petra
- Gallegos Celsa
- Galvez Michael
- Gammon Stuart
- Gao Anwu
- Gao Jimei
- Gao Quan
- Gao Yang
- Gao Yimei
- Garcia Carmen
- Garcia Emilio
- Garcia Marvin
- Garcia Ricardo M, III
- Garcia-Martinez Antonio
- Gardner Alison
- Gardner Alison
- Garduno Consuelo
- Gardyna Steph
- Garner Patrick
- Garner Toni T.
- Garnes Jeffrey A.
- Garnett Jane
- Garza Melissa
- Gatewood Joseph M.
- Gatland Leigh
- Gatland Lindsay
- Gattung Stacie
- Gay Laura
- Gearin Gary
- Gebreyesus Binyam
- Gelein Cynthia
- Gelpke Maartin
- Gench Stephanie L.
- Geng Jianing
- Georgescu Anca
- Geotina Amy
- Ghori Jilur
- Ghose Sayantan
- Gibbs Ben
- Gibbs Richard A.
- Gibson Diane
- Gibson Elizabeth
- Gifford Mary
- Gil Isaias
- Gilbert James
- Gilby Lisa
- Gill Rachel
- Gillet Will
- Gillson Christopher
- Gilna Paul
- Gimmel Verena
- Gingrich Jeff
- Giovanelli Kira
- Glavina Tijana
- Glithero Rebecca
- Glöckner Gernot
- Gnerre Sante
- Gnirke Andreas
- Gold Darren
- Golinveaux Kristen
- Gomez Maria
- Gong Guanghui
- Gong Jinying
- Gonzales Eidelyn
- Gonzalez Guillermo B.
- Gooderham April
- Goodstadt Leo
- Goodstein David
- Goodwin Lynne A.
- Gordon Catherine
- Gordon Laurie A.
- Gordon Seth
- Gorton Matthew
- Gorvad Ann
- Gould Christine
- Goyea Ernest
- Goyette Audra
- Grady Deborah I.
- Grady Michelle L.
- Grafham Darren
- Graham Joe
- Grandbois Edward
- Grant Jennifer
- Grant Michael
- Grant Susan
- Graves Tina A.
- Gray Bruce
- Gray Emma
- Gray Lain
- Green Lisa
- Greenhalgh James
- Greenhill Joe
- Gregg Philippa
- Gregory Simon
- Grewal Nennu
- Gribble Susan
- Griffith Jeffrey K.
- Griffiths Coline
- Griffiths Ed
- Griffiths Mark
- Griffiths-Jones Sam
- Grigoriev Igor
- Grimwood Jane
- Grocock Russell
- Groza Matthew
- Gu Jingli
- Gu Jun
- Gu Jun
- Gu Wenyi
- Gu Wenyi
- Gu Xiaochang
- Guan Qiaoning
- Guarin Hannibal
- Guel Metzalli
- Guerra William
- Guevara Whitney V.
- Gui Qi
- Gunaratne Preethi
- Gunning Kate
- Guo Daorong
- Guo Jane
- Guo Lili
- Gustafson Erik
- Guthrie Ian
- Guyer Mark
- Gwilliam Rhian
- Gyaltsen Kunsang
- Gyapay Gábor
- Görlich Yvonne
- Ha Chi
- Hafez Nabil
- Haglund Krista
- Hagopian Daniel
- Hagos Birhane
- Haim Allen
- Hajek Patrick
- Hall Brett Lynn
- Hall Brittany
- Hall Jennifer
- Hall Rebekah
- Hall-Tamly Gretta
- Halls Karen
- Hallsworth-Pepin Kym
- Hamada Junko
- Hamilton Cerissa
- Hamilton Keelan A.
- Hamilton Matt
- Hamlett John
- Hamlett John
- Hammon Nancy
- Hammond Martin
- Hammond Sha
- Hammond Sian
- Hamza Khalid
- Han Guiqing
- Han Shunsheng
- Han Xurong
- Hanak Vincent A.
- Hancock Julie
- Harbes Brandy A.
- Harding Adam
- Harkins C. Richard
- Harley Joanne
- Harper David
- Harper Georgina
- Harper Patrik
- Harradence Grant
- Harris Anthony
- Harrison Charlene-Lou
- Harrison Elliot
- Harrison Ruth
- Hart Elizabeth
- Hasegawa Tomoko
- Hashimoto Etsuko
- Hashimoto Wakako
- Hassan Daniel
- Hatcher Beath
- Hattori Masahira
- Haugen Eric
- Haussler David
- Havlak Paul
- Hawes Alicia C.
- Hawkins Ebere Sylvia Onyirioha
- Hawkins Natalie
- Hawkins Trevor
- Hawley Kellie
- Haydu Lauren
- Hayes Kerry
- He Fengying
- He Jiaying
- He Lin
- Heaford Andrew
- Heath Paul
- Heathcott Rosemary
- Heilig Roland
- Heiner Cheryl
- Heinze Ivonne
- Heitmann Katja
- Helfenbein Keven
- Heller Andrew
- Hellsten Uffe
- Hembry Cathy
- Henderson Carl
- Henderson Nicholas
- Henderson Nina
- Hendrix David
- Hennig Steffen
- Henning Karla
- Hepa Victor
- Herd Tim
- Herman Charles
- Hernandez Judith
- Hernandez Omar
- Herseim Allyson
- Hewitt Stephen
- Heyen Joshua
- Higgs Douglas
- Hildebrand Carl E.
- Hillier LaDeana
- Hillyard Guy
- Hines Sandra
- Hinkins Russell
- Hinrichs Angela S.
- Hitchens Matthew Edward
- Ho Issac
- Ho Sara-Jane
- Hodgson Anne V.
- Hodgson David
- Hoffman Susan M.G.
- Hoffs Michael
- Hogues Marilyn E.
- Holden Jane
- Holdgate Janet
- Hollaway Mara
- Hollins Barbara
- Holloway Ele
- Holmes Andrea
- Holmes Ian
- Holmes Sarah
- Holroyd Simon
- Holtz Ann
- Holtzer Caleb
- Homsi Deana K.
- Homsi Farah J.
- Honan Tracy
- Hood Leroy
- Hooper Alison
- Hopewell Lucy
- Hopkins Ben
- Horne Jennifer
- Hornett Gary
- Hornischer Klaus
- Hornsby Amber
- Hornsby Geoff
- Hornsby Tony
- Horsley Sharon
- Horton Roger
- Hosage-Norman Catherine
- Hosoda Kei
- Hosono Katsuhiro
- Hosseini Roya
- Hou Shunfang
- Hou Xiaodi
- Houde Nathan
- Howard Philip
- Howard Stephanie R.
- Howden Philip
- Howe Kevin
- Howell Gareth
- Howell Latoya Lynette
- Howells Sally Lucinda
- Hsu Fan
- Hu George
- Hu Jie
- Hu Songnian
- Huang Fang
- Huang Guyang
- Huang Katherine
- Huang Mei
- Huang Wayne
- Huang Wei
- Huang Wei
- Huang Wei
- Huang Zhengping
- Hubbard Timothy
- Huber James W.
- Huckle Elizabeth
- Hue Heather
- Hughes Jaime
- Hughes Jennifer
- Hughes Lee
- Hughes-Hull Hillary
- Hull Louisa
- Hulme Bill
- Hulyk Steven
- Hume Jennifer
- Hummeric Holger
- Humphray Sean
- Humphries David
- Humphries Matthew
- Hunt Adrienne
- Hunt Michael
- Hunt Paul
- Hunt Sarah
- Hunter Giselle
- Hunter Rov, II
- Hupman Matt
- Huynh Sandy
- Hyde David
- Hynds Christopher
- Idlebird Devincent G.
- Iliev Ilian
- Imbro Paula
- Imo Kelvin C.
- Inacio Nicole
- Inagaki Naomi
- Ince Michael
- Ingram Drew
- Inoue Shuuji
- Isak Amber
- Isherwood Judith
- Ishibashi Akiko
- Ishikawa Sabine K.
- Ishizaki Hinako
- Isozaki Emi
- Israni Sanjay
- Ito Fumiaki
- Ito Noriko
- Itoh Takehiko
- Iwakawa Shinobu
- Iwatate Mariko
- Iwatsu Mikiko
- Iyer Vivek
- Izatt Janet
- Izmajlowicz Monica
- Izumiyama Tomohiro
- Jacintho Mark
- Jackson Laronda R.
- Jackson Terri
- Jacob Leni Susan
- Jaeger Sara
- Jaffe David B.
- Jahn Niels
- Jaklevic Joseph
- Jaklevic Michael
- James Kent W.
- Jareborg Niclas
- Jarek Michael
- Jassal Bijay
- Jeffery Grant
- Jeffery Kim
- Jeffrey Colin
- Jekosch Kerstin
- Jenkins Lee
- Jett Jamie
- Jewett Phillip E.
- Jia Jia
- Jia Jia
- Jia Nan
- Jia Xingchang
- Jiang Lu
- Jiang Yanrui
- Jiang Ziyou
- Jimenez Alberto
- Jin Jian
- Jin Yetao
- Jin Yongsan
- Johansen Tina
- Johnson Bennie
- Johnson Cheryl
- Johnson Christopher
- Johnson David
- Johnson Douglas
- Johnson Genevieve
- Johnson Lori
- Johnson Mark
- Johnson Philip
- Johnson Rudy
- Johnson Stephanie
- Jolivet Angela
- Jolley Keith
- Jones Abigail
- Jones Charlien
- Jones Claire
- Jones Juliet
- Jones Matthew
- Jones Michael
- Jones Micheil
- Jones Myrna D.
- Jones Steven
- Jong Pieter De
- Jordan Yun
- Joseph Shirin
- Joy Ann
- Joy Linsey
- Joy Victoria
- Joyce Gillian
- Jubb Mark
- Jung Eugine
- Järke Doris
- Kadner Kristen
- Kagan Ryan
- Kahsai Orsalem
- Kaida Kaoru
- Kale Pat
- Kalicki-Veizer Joelle
- Kamal Michael
- Kamat Asha
- Kamholz Sandra
- Kana Arnold
- Kang Hui
- Kang Kelie
- Kang Ning
- Kapur Hitesh
- Karolchik Donna
- Karunaratne Kanchi
- Kasprzyk Arek
- Katayama Takujiro
- Kato Takako
- Kauer Gerhard
- Kaul Rajinder
- Kaur Amardeep
- Kawagoe Chiharu
- Kawasaki Kazuhiko
- Kay Michael
- Kaye Danielle
- Kearney Lyndal
- Keefe Damian
- Keen Gifford
- Keenan Stephen
- Kegelmeyer Laura
- Kegg Lisa
- Kelley Simon
- Kells Cristyn
- Kelly Shayna P.
- Kelly Susan H.
- Kershaw Joanna
- Kettleborough Ross
- Keys David
- Khan Arsi
- Khan Umer F.
- Khan Ziad Mohid
- Khine Susu
- Khurama Divya
- Kidd Cathy
- Kierstan Peter
- Kieu Alix
- Kim Jennifer
- Kim Joomyeong
- Kim Kyung
- Kimball Heather
- Kimberley Andrew
- Kimura Moe
- King Andrew
- King Laquisha Monique
- King Mary-Clare
- Kingsley Simon
- Kingswood Colin
- Kisamo Haika
- Kisner Peter
- Kitts Paul
- Kiyooka Miho
- Klages Sven
- Klingle Gillian
- Knights Andrew
- Kobayashi Mai
- Kodira Chinnappa
- Kohlberg Sara
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- Kolbe William
- Kong Yi
- Korf Ian
- Kosiura Anna
- Kou Zhaohui
- Kovar Christie L.
- Krawczyk Marie-Claude
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- Kremmidiotis Gabriel
- Krogh Anders
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- Kruchowski Scott S.
- Kube Michael
- Kubischta Duane
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- Lambart Christine
- Lamble Ralph
- Lamerdin Jane E.
- Lander Eric S.
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- Lowenstein Michael G.
- Lowry Stephen
- Lozado Ryan J.
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- Lucier Raymond L.
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- Madabhushi Ramki
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- Sun Yu
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- Sutherland Robert D.
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- Tatum Owatha I.
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- Tian Chaoguang
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- Tin-Wollam Aye M.
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- Togashi Naoko
- Tomizawa Iori
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- Tong Jingli
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- Ukegbu Ogechi Nkemdirim
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- Un Chun
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- Upson Darren
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- Viknaraja Ramya
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- Vine Wendy
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- Vo Andy
- Vo Nu
- Voak Paul
- Vollenhoven David
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- Zhang Yuzhi
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- Zhao Lijian
- Zhao Shenru
- Zhao Zhijing
- Zhen Zhicheng
- Zheng Haibo
- Zhong Ming
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- Zhou Jianling
- Zhou Nannan
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- Zhou Yan
- Zhou Yang
- Zhou Yi
- Zhu Bingying
- Zhu Bofeng
- Zhu Fenghua
- Zhu Genfeng
- Zhu Genfeng
- Zhu Miao
- Zhu Ning
- Zhu Yongge
- Zhu Zhen
- Zhuang Shitao
- Zierten Deborah
- Zimmer Andrew
- Zody Michael C.
- Zollo Massimo
- Zorrilla Sara E.
- Zuo Lin
- Publication venue
- LSU Digital Commons
- Publication date
- 21/10/2004
- Field of study
The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead
Reference Intervals of Total Testosterone in Adult Filipino Men
- Author
- Publication venue
- 'Hindawi Limited'
- Publication date
- 01/01/2020
- Field of study
Background. The reference range of total testosterone needs to be established locally as ethnic differences in adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels may affect total testosterone levels. The aim of this study is to establish the reference intervals of total testosterone from healthy, young adult Filipino males. Methods. The study included 110 healthy, Filipino male volunteers aged 21–40, studying or working at the University of the Philippines Manila. Clinical history, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure (BP) were obtained, and blood for total testosterone, SHBG, albumin, insulin, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and total cholesterol was collected. Free testosterone was calculated using Vermeulen’s formula. The 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles of subjects for total testosterone were used as the normative range for Filipino men. Results. The reference range of total testosterone is 7.33–53.01 nmol/L. Conclusion. The present study derived reference ranges of total testosterone using data from apparently healthy, young adult men to support clinical services
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- €autier ΤηέορΜΙβ R.
- Publication venue
- 'Walter de Gruyter GmbH'
- Publication date
- 01/01/1943
- Field of study
Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
- Author
- Aali Amirali
- Abate Yohannes Habtegiorgis
- Abbasgholizadeh Rouzbeh
- Abbasi-Kangevari Mohsen
- Abbasian Mohammadreza
- Abbastabar Hedayat
- Abd ElHafeez Samar
- Abd-Elsalam Sherief
- Abdollahi Mohammad
- Abdollahifar Mohammad-Amin
- Abdoun Meriem
- Abdullahi Auwal
- Abebe Mesfin
- Abebe Samrawit Shawel
- Abiodun Olumide
- Abolhassani Hassan
- Abolmaali Meysam
- Abouzid Mohamed
- Aboye Girma Beressa
- Abreu Lucas Guimarães
- Abrha Woldu Aberhe
- Abrigo Michael R M
- Abtahi Dariush
- Abu-Gharbieh Eman
- Abu-Rmeileh Niveen ME
- Abualruz Hasan
- Abubakar Bilyaminu
- Adal Tadele Girum Girum
- Adane Mesafint Molla
- Adeagbo Oluwafemi Atanda Adeagbo
- Adedoyin Rufus Adesoji
- Adekanmbi Victor
- Aden Bashir
- Adepoju Abiola Victor
- Adetokunboh Olatunji O
- Adetunji Juliana Bunmi
- Adeyinka Daniel Adedayo
- Adeyomoye Olorunsola Israel
- Adnani Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah
- Adra Saryia
- Afolabi Rotimi Felix
- Afyouni Shadi
- Afzal Muhammad Sohail
- Afzal Saira
- Aghamiri Shahin
- Agodi Antonella
- Agyemang-Duah Williams
- Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
- Ahlstrom Austin J
- Ahmad Aqeel
- Ahmad Danish
- Ahmad Firdos
- Ahmad Muayyad M
- Ahmad Sajjad
- Ahmad Tauseef
- Ahmed Ali
- Ahmed Ayman
- Ahmed Haroon
- Ahmed Luai A
- Ahmed Meqdad Saleh
- Ahmed Syed Anees
- Ajami Marjan
- Aji Budi
- Akalu Gizachew Taddesse
- Akbarialiabad Hossein
- Akinyemi Rufus Olusola
- Akkaif Mohammed Ahmed
- Akkala Sreelatha
- Al Hamad Hanadi
- Al Hasan Syed Mahfuz
- Al Qadire Mohammad
- AL-Ahdal Tareq Mohammed Ali
- Al-Aly Ziyad
- Al-amer Rasmieh Mustafa
- Al-Eyadhy Ayman
- Al-Gheethi Adel Ali Saeed
- Al-Marwani Sabah
- Al-Mekhlafi Hesham M
- Al-Omari Basem
- Al-Raddadi Rajaa M
- Al-Sabah Salman Khalifah
- Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A
- Al-Worafi Yaser Mohammed
- Alalalmeh Samer O
- Alalwan Tariq A
- Alam Khurshid
- Alanezi Fahad Mashhour
- Alanzi Turki M
- Albakri Almaza
- Albashtawy Mohammed
- AlBataineh Mohammad T
- Alemi Hediyeh
- Alemi Sharifullah
- Alemu Yihun Mulugeta
- Alhabib Khalid F
- Alhajri Noora
- Alhalaiqa Fadwa Alhalaiqa Naji
- Alhassan Robert Kaba
- Ali Abid
- Ali Beriwan Abdulqadir
- Ali Liaqat
- Ali Mohammed Usman
- Ali Rafat
- Ali Syed Shujait Shujait
- Alif Sheikh Mohammad
- Aligol Mohammad
- Alijanzadeh Mehran
- Aljasir Mohammad A M
- Aljunid Syed Mohamed
- Almazan Joseph Uy
- Almidani Omar
- Alomari Mahmoud A
- Alqahtani Jaber S
- Alqutaibi Ahmed Yaseen
- Altaf Awais
- Altirkawi Khalid A
- Aluh Deborah Oyine
- Alvi Farrukh Jawad
- Alvis-Guzman Nelson
- Alwafi Hassan
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- Aly Safwat
- Alzoubi Karem H
- Ameyaw Edward Kwabena
- Amin Tarek Tawfik
- Amindarolzarbi Alireza
- Amini-Rarani Mostafa
- Amiri Sohrab
- Ampomah Irene Gyamfuah
- Amugsi Dickson A
- Amusa Ganiyu Adeniyi
- Ancuceanu Robert
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- Andrade Pedro Prata
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- Andrei Tudorel
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- Badar Muhammad
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- Baghdadi Soroush
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- Banik Palash Chandra
- Bansal Hansi
- Baran Mehmet Firat
- Barchitta Martina
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- Bardideh Erfan
- Barker-Collo Suzanne Lyn
- Barone-Adesi Francesco
- Barqawi Hiba Jawdat
- Barrow Amadou
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- Salimi Sohrab
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- Saqib Haaris
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- Shi Peilin
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- Silva Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues
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- Singh Balbir Bagicha
- Singh Jasvinder A
- Siraj Md Shahjahan
- Smith Amanda E
- Smith Georgia
- Socea Bogdan
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- Solanki Ranjan
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- Solomon Yonatan
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- Spartalis Michael
- Sreeramareddy Chandrashekhar T
- Srivastava Vijay Kumar
- Stanikzai Muhammad Haroon
- Starodubov Vladimir I
- Starodubova Antonina V
- Stefan Simona Cătălina
- Steiropoulos Paschalis
- Stokes Mark A
- Subramaniyan Vetriselvan
- Suleman Muhammad
- Suliankatchi Abdulkader Rizwan
- Sultana Abida
- Sun Jing
- Swain Chandan Kumar
- Sykes Bryan L
- Szarpak Lukasz
- Szeto Mindy D
- Szócska Miklós
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- Tabarés-Seisdedos Rafael
- Tabatabaei Malazy Ozra
- Tabatabaeizadeh Seyed-Amir
- Tabatabai Shima
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- Tabish Mohammad
- Taheri Soodejani Moslem
- Taiba Jabeen
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- Talaat Iman M
- Talukder Ashis
- Tampa Mircea
- Tamuzi Jacques Lukenze
- Tan Ker-Kan
- Tang Haosu
- Tareke Derbie Alemu DA
- Tariku Mengistie Kassahun
- Tat Vivian Y
- Tavangar Seyed Mohammad
- Teimoori Mojtaba
- Temsah Mohamad-Hani
- Temsah Reem Mohamad Hani
- Teramoto Masayuki
- Terefa Dufera Rikitu
- Tesler Riki
- Teye-Kwadjo Enoch
- Thakur Ramna
- Thangaraju Pugazhenthan
- Thankappan Kavumpurathu Raman
- Thapar Rekha
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- Thayakaran Rasiah
- Thomas Nihal
- Tichopad Ales
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- Tiruye Tenaw Yimer
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- Tonelli Marcello
- Tovani-Palone Marcos Roberto
- Traini Eugenio
- Tran Jasmine T
- Tran Nghia Minh
- Trihandini Indang
- Tromans Samuel Joseph
- Truyen Thien Tan Tri Tai
- Tsatsakis Aristidis
- Tsermpini Evangelia Eirini
- Tumurkhuu Munkhtuya
- Tyrovolas Stefanos
- Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim
- Udoakang Aniefiok John
- Udoh Arit
- Ullah Atta
- Ullah Saeed
- Ullah Sana
- Umakanthan Srikanth
- Umeokonkwo Chukwuma David
- Unim Brigid
- Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran
- Upadhyay Era
- Usman Jibrin Sammani
- Vacante Marco
- Vahabi Seyed Mohammad
- Vaithinathan Asokan Govindaraj
- Valizadeh Rohollah
- Van den Eynde Jef
- Varavikova Elena
- Varga Orsolya
- Vart Priya
- Varthya Shoban Babu
- Vasankari Tommi Juhani
- Vellingiri Balachandar
- Venugopal Deneshkumar
- Verghese Nicholas Alexander
- Verma Madhur
- Veroux Massimiliano
- Verras Georgios-Ioannis
- Vervoort Dominique
- Villafañe Jorge Hugo
- Vinayak Manish
- Violante Francesco S
- Vishwakarma Mukesh
- Vladimirov Sergey Konstantinovitch
- Vlassov Vasily
- Vo Bay
- Vollset Stein Emil
- Volovat Simona Ruxandra
- Vos Theo
- Vujcic Isidora S
- Wafa Hatem A
- Waheed Yasir
- Wakwoya Elias Bekele
- Wang Cong
- Wang Denny
- Wang Fang
- Wang Shu
- Wang Yanzhong
- Wang Yuan-Pang
- Ward Paul
- Wassie Emebet Gashaw
- Watson Stefanie
- Weaver Marcia R
- Weerakoon Kosala Gayan
- Weiss Daniel J
- Wells Katherine M
- Wen Yi Feng
- Westerman Ronny
- Wiangkham Taweewat
- Wickramasinghe Dakshitha Praneeth
- Wickramasinghe Nuwan Darshana
- Willeit Peter
- Wondimagegene Yohannes Addisu
- Wu Felicia
- Xia Juan
- Xiao Hong
- Xu Gelin
- Xu Suowen
- Xu Xiaoyue
- Yadollahpour Ali
- Yaghoobpoor Shirin
- Yaghoobpour Tina
- Yaghoubi Sajad
- Yahaya Zwanden Sule
- Yang Danting
- Yang Lin
- Yano Yuichiro
- Yaribeygi Habib
- Ye Pengpeng
- Yesodharan Renjulal
- Yesuf Subah Abderehim
- Yezli Saber
- Yigezu Amanuel
- Yip Paul
- Yon Dong Keon
- Yonemoto Naohiro
- You Yuyi
- Younis Mustafa Z
- Yousefi Zabihollah
- Yu Chuanhua
- Yu Yong
- Yuan Chun-Wei
- Zafari Nima
- Zakham Fathiah
- Zaki Nazar
- Zamagni Giulia
- Zandi Milad
- Zandieh Ghazal G Z
- Zangiabadian Moein
- Zastrozhin Mikhail Sergeevich
- Zhang Haijun
- Zhang Meixin
- Zhang Yunquan
- Zhong Chenwen
- Zhou Juexiao
- Zhu Bin
- Zhu Lei
- Zielińska Magdalena
- Zou Zhiyong
- Zyoud Samer H
- Ärnlöv Johan
- Publication venue
- Elsevier
- Publication date
- 01/01/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundAccurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios. MethodsTo estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline. FindingsDuring the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction. InterpretationFertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Global fertility in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2021, with forecasts to 2100: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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- Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin (18346572)
- Abanoub Riad (12229703)
- Abbas Mosapour (9154247)
- Abdalla Z Mohamed (18346983)
- Abdallah M Samy (8383428)
- Abdallah Y Naser (18347016)
- Abdoljalal Marjani (18346929)
- Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani (9714923)
- Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha (12229466)
- Abdulaziz T Bako (18346515)
- Abdulfatai Aremu (9536881)
- Abdulkareem Kabir (18346809)
- Abdullah A Mamun (8383290)
- Abdullah Hamid Feroze (11553706)
- Abera M Mersha (12150669)
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- Abhishek Shankar (18207631)
- Abid Ali (3123210)
- Abida Sultana (8147670)
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- Abolfazl Avan (631885)
- Abu Sayeed (195793)
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- Publication venue
- Publication date
- 16/05/2024
- Field of study
BackgroundAccurate assessments of current and future fertility—including overall trends and changing population age structures across countries and regions—are essential to help plan for the profound social, economic, environmental, and geopolitical challenges that these changes will bring. Estimates and projections of fertility are necessary to inform policies involving resource and health-care needs, labour supply, education, gender equality, and family planning and support. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 produced up-to-date and comprehensive demographic assessments of key fertility indicators at global, regional, and national levels from 1950 to 2021 and forecast fertility metrics to 2100 based on a reference scenario and key policy-dependent alternative scenarios.MethodsTo estimate fertility indicators from 1950 to 2021, mixed-effects regression models and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression were used to synthesise data from 8709 country-years of vital and sample registrations, 1455 surveys and censuses, and 150 other sources, and to generate age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for 5-year age groups from age 10 years to 54 years. ASFRs were summed across age groups to produce estimates of total fertility rate (TFR). Livebirths were calculated by multiplying ASFR and age-specific female population, then summing across ages 10–54 years. To forecast future fertility up to 2100, our Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) forecasting model was based on projections of completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50; the average number of children born over time to females from a specified birth cohort), which yields more stable and accurate measures of fertility than directly modelling TFR. CCF50 was modelled using an ensemble approach in which three sub-models (with two, three, and four covariates variously consisting of female educational attainment, contraceptive met need, population density in habitable areas, and under-5 mortality) were given equal weights, and analyses were conducted utilising the MR-BRT (meta-regression—Bayesian, regularised, trimmed) tool. To capture time-series trends in CCF50 not explained by these covariates, we used a first-order autoregressive model on the residual term. CCF50 as a proportion of each 5-year ASFR was predicted using a linear mixed-effects model with fixed-effects covariates (female educational attainment and contraceptive met need) and random intercepts for geographical regions. Projected TFRs were then computed for each calendar year as the sum of single-year ASFRs across age groups. The reference forecast is our estimate of the most likely fertility future given the model, past fertility, forecasts of covariates, and historical relationships between covariates and fertility. We additionally produced forecasts for multiple alternative scenarios in each location: the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) for education is achieved by 2030; the contraceptive met need SDG is achieved by 2030; pro-natal policies are enacted to create supportive environments for those who give birth; and the previous three scenarios combined. Uncertainty from past data inputs and model estimation was propagated throughout analyses by taking 1000 draws for past and present fertility estimates and 500 draws for future forecasts from the estimated distribution for each metric, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) given as the 2·5 and 97·5 percentiles of the draws. To evaluate the forecasting performance of our model and others, we computed skill values—a metric assessing gain in forecasting accuracy—by comparing predicted versus observed ASFRs from the past 15 years (2007–21). A positive skill metric indicates that the model being evaluated performs better than the baseline model (here, a simplified model holding 2007 values constant in the future), and a negative metric indicates that the evaluated model performs worse than baseline.FindingsDuring the period from 1950 to 2021, global TFR more than halved, from 4·84 (95% UI 4·63–5·06) to 2·23 (2·09–2·38). Global annual livebirths peaked in 2016 at 142 million (95% UI 137–147), declining to 129 million (121–138) in 2021. Fertility rates declined in all countries and territories since 1950, with TFR remaining above 2·1—canonically considered replacement-level fertility—in 94 (46·1%) countries and territories in 2021. This included 44 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, which was the super-region with the largest share of livebirths in 2021 (29·2% [28·7–29·6]). 47 countries and territories in which lowest estimated fertility between 1950 and 2021 was below replacement experienced one or more subsequent years with higher fertility; only three of these locations rebounded above replacement levels. Future fertility rates were projected to continue to decline worldwide, reaching a global TFR of 1·83 (1·59–2·08) in 2050 and 1·59 (1·25–1·96) in 2100 under the reference scenario. The number of countries and territories with fertility rates remaining above replacement was forecast to be 49 (24·0%) in 2050 and only six (2·9%) in 2100, with three of these six countries included in the 2021 World Bank-defined low-income group, all located in the GBD super-region of sub-Saharan Africa. The proportion of livebirths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa was forecast to increase to more than half of the world's livebirths in 2100, to 41·3% (39·6–43·1) in 2050 and 54·3% (47·1–59·5) in 2100. The share of livebirths was projected to decline between 2021 and 2100 in most of the six other super-regions—decreasing, for example, in south Asia from 24·8% (23·7–25·8) in 2021 to 16·7% (14·3–19·1) in 2050 and 7·1% (4·4–10·1) in 2100—but was forecast to increase modestly in the north Africa and Middle East and high-income super-regions. Forecast estimates for the alternative combined scenario suggest that meeting SDG targets for education and contraceptive met need, as well as implementing pro-natal policies, would result in global TFRs of 1·65 (1·40–1·92) in 2050 and 1·62 (1·35–1·95) in 2100. The forecasting skill metric values for the IHME model were positive across all age groups, indicating that the model is better than the constant prediction.InterpretationFertility is declining globally, with rates in more than half of all countries and territories in 2021 below replacement level. Trends since 2000 show considerable heterogeneity in the steepness of declines, and only a small number of countries experienced even a slight fertility rebound after their lowest observed rate, with none reaching replacement level. Additionally, the distribution of livebirths across the globe is shifting, with a greater proportion occurring in the lowest-income countries. Future fertility rates will continue to decline worldwide and will remain low even under successful implementation of pro-natal policies. These changes will have far-reaching economic and societal consequences due to ageing populations and declining workforces in higher-income countries, combined with an increasing share of livebirths among the already poorest regions of the world.</p