SNAGA, TEORIJA I PRAKSA (Kraft, Theorie und Praxis)

We have developed a global biogeographic classification of the mesopelagic zone to reflect the regional scales over which the ocean interior varies in terms of biodiversity and function. An integrated approach was necessary, as global gaps in information and variable sampling methods preclude strictly statistical approaches. A panel combining expertise in oceanography, geospatial mapping, and deep-sea biology convened to collate expert opinion on the distributional patterns of pelagic fauna relative to environmental proxies (temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen at mesopelagic depths). An iterative Delphi Method integrating additional biological and physical data was used to classify biogeographic ecoregions and to identify the location of ecoregion boundaries or inter-regions gradients. We define 33 global mesopelagic ecoregions. Of these, 20 are oceanic while 13 are ‘distant neritic.’ While each is driven by a complex of controlling factors, the putative primary driver of each ecoregion was identified. While work remains to be done to produce a comprehensive and robust mesopelagic biogeography (i.e., reflecting temporal variation), we believe that the classification set forth in this study will prove to be a useful and timely input to policy planning and management for conservation of deep-pelagic marine resources. In particular, it gives an indication of the spatial scale at which faunal communities are expected to be broadly similar in composition, and hence can inform application of ecosystem-based management approaches, marine spatial planning and the distribution and spacing of networks of representative protected areas

Pelagic Biodiversity and Biogeography around the SouthAmerican continent Biodiversidad pelagica y biogeografIa en torno del continente sudamericano

Biogeography around South America is well documented on the Atlantic side and less well documented on the Pacific side especially south of about 30º S. The South Pacific oceanic areas are the least known of all pelagic areas. The different approaches to determine biogeographic provinces (e.g. the classical one showing mainly latitudinal and watermass distribution patterns based on presence/absence of species; and the biogeochemical approach based on productivity regimes and modelling) are discussed. The latter shows more east-west division. Testing of these concepts will probably reveal more coastal provinces in the Pacific area. The transitional area in the South Pacific is also an interesting area for molecular species research because there are some joint species with the Atlantic Ocean species that are not often found in the southern Indian Ocean.<br>La biogeografía en torno de América del Sur está bien documentada en el lado Atlántico y menos documentada en el Pacífico, especialmente al sur de los 30º S. Las áreas oceánicas del Pacífico Sur son las menos conocidas de todas las áreas pelágicas. Se discute los diversos intentos para determinar las provincias biogeográficas, e.g. el clásico que muestra los principales patrones de distribución latitudinal y de masas de agua basados en la presencia/ausencia de especies, y del método biogeoquímico basado en regímenes de productividad y modelamiento. El último muestra una división más este-oeste. La prueba de estos conceptos revelará probablemente más provincias costeras en el área del Pacífico. El área de transición en el Pacífico Sur, también es un área interesante para la investigación molecular de las especies porque hay un número de especies comunes con el Océano Atlántico, especies que no se presentan a menudo en el Océano Índico del Sur

Photographs of pteropod specimens.

Photographs of pteropod specimens used for phylogenetic analyses in this study

Maximum Likelihood phylogeny of pteropods based on the concatenated dataset of Cytochrome Oxidase I (amino acid alignment) and ribosomal genes 28S and 18S (nucleotide alignments) excluding the long-branch taxa <i>Heliconoides inflatus</i> and <i>Limacina bulimoides</i>.

<p>Black squares represent a bootstrap support of ≥80%, with small, medium and large black squares representing support within genera, of genera, and above genus level, respectively. Supported euthecosome genera are highlighted in coloured boxes, and representative shell shapes of species are drawn on the right, with all scale bars representing 1 mm. Maximum Likelihood phylogeny including the long-branch taxa <i>Heliconoides inflatus</i> and <i>Limacina bulimoides</i> is shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177325#pone.0177325.s005" target="_blank">S5 Fig</a>. Abbreviations ATL, PAC, and IND denote Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean origins, respectively, including their sectors in the Southern Ocean.</p

Overview of molecular clock calibration settings using three different methods.

<p>Overview of molecular clock calibration settings using three different methods.</p

Overview of sampling locations.

<p>Black squares indicate sampling locations of new specimens in this study and white squares indicate all known locations of specimens used from other studies. Sampling locations from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177325#pone.0177325.ref033" target="_blank">33</a>], [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177325#pone.0177325.ref035" target="_blank">35</a>], and [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177325#pone.0177325.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>] are not indicated because no exact localities were given (<i>see</i> <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0177325#pone.0177325.s009" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>).</p

Fossil-calibrated phylogeny of pteropods (46 taxa, maximum one sequence per taxon per ocean) following Method 1 with crown calibrations based on the oldest known fossils of <i>Hyalocylis</i>, <i>Diacria</i>, <i>Cavolinia</i>, <i>Cuvierinia</i>, <i>Creseis</i>, <i>Limacina</i>, and euthecosomes (<i>see</i> Table 1).

<p>Drawings of fossils used for calibration are shown on the left, with all scale bars representing 1 mm, and calibrations are indicated with letters A to G. Error bars (95%) are shown only for clades with posterior probabilities ≥0.95 in green for uncoiled euthecosomes, purple for coiled euthecosomes, red for pseudothecosomes, and blue for gymnosomes. Abbreviations ATL, PAC, and IND denote Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean origins, respectively, including their sectors in the Southern Ocean.</p