30 research outputs found
Handwashing and Ebola virus disease outbreaks: A randomized comparison of soap, hand sanitizer, and 0.05% chlorine solutions on the inactivation and removal of model organisms Phi6 and E. coli from hands and persistence in rinse water.
To prevent Ebola transmission, frequent handwashing is recommended in Ebola Treatment Units and communities. However, little is known about which handwashing protocol is most efficacious. We evaluated six handwashing protocols (soap and water, alcohol-based hand sanitizer (ABHS), and 0.05% sodium dichloroisocyanurate, high-test hypochlorite, and stabilized and non-stabilized sodium hypochlorite solutions) for 1) efficacy of handwashing on the removal and inactivation of non-pathogenic model organisms and, 2) persistence of organisms in rinse water. Model organisms E. coli and bacteriophage Phi6 were used to evaluate handwashing with and without organic load added to simulate bodily fluids. Hands were inoculated with test organisms, washed, and rinsed using a glove juice method to retrieve remaining organisms. Impact was estimated by comparing the log reduction in organisms after handwashing to the log reduction without handwashing. Rinse water was collected to test for persistence of organisms. Handwashing resulted in a 1.94-3.01 log reduction in E. coli concentration without, and 2.18-3.34 with, soil load; and a 2.44-3.06 log reduction in Phi6 without, and 2.71-3.69 with, soil load. HTH performed most consistently well, with significantly greater log reductions than other handwashing protocols in three models. However, the magnitude of handwashing efficacy differences was small, suggesting protocols are similarly efficacious. Rinse water demonstrated a 0.28-4.77 log reduction in remaining E. coli without, and 0.21-4.49 with, soil load and a 1.26-2.02 log reduction in Phi6 without, and 1.30-2.20 with, soil load. Chlorine resulted in significantly less persistence of E. coli in both conditions and Phi6 without soil load in rinse water (p<0.001). Thus, chlorine-based methods may offer a benefit of reducing persistence in rinse water. We recommend responders use the most practical handwashing method to ensure hand hygiene in Ebola contexts, considering the potential benefit of chlorine-based methods in rinse water persistence
LâĂchelle du climat de prĂ©vention de la violence : traduction, adaptation et Ă©valuation psychomĂ©trique de la version canadienne-française
Introduction: Violence in psychiatric settings has negative consequences on patients, staff, and the institution alike. Efforts to prevent violence cannot currently be assessed due to a lack of suitable indicators. The Violence Prevention Climate Scale (VPC-14) is a validated tool that can be filled out by both staff and patients to assess the violence prevention climate in mental health care units. Objective: This study aimed to conduct the translation and adaptation of the VPC-14 to a French Canadian context, and to assess its psychometric properties in general and forensic psychiatric settings. Methods: This study followed a transcultural approach for validating measuring instruments. Psychometric properties were assessed in 308 patients and staff from 4 mental health and forensic hospitals in Quebec (Canada). Content validity was assessed using a bilingual participant approach. Internal validity was examined through exploratory factor analysis and internal consistency for each care setting using Cronbachâs alpha coefficient analysis. Results: The Ăchelle modifiĂ©e du climat de prĂ©vention de la violence [Modified Violence Prevention Climate Scale] (VPC-M-FR) consists of 23 items with a 3-factor structure: 1) staff action, 2) patient action, and 3) the therapeutic environment. Cronbachâs alphas ranging from 0.69 to 0.89 were obtained for the internal consistency of the scale. Discussion and conclusion: The VPC-M-FR has satisfactory psychometric properties for measuring the violence prevention climate in mental health and forensic settings. By measuring the violence prevention climate from the standpoint of patients and staff, targeted preventive measures can be implemented to improve safety for all.Introduction : La violence en milieu psychiatrique entraĂźne des consĂ©quences nĂ©fastes pour les patients, les intervenants et les organisations. Pourtant, les efforts pour la prĂ©venir ne peuvent ĂȘtre Ă©valuĂ©s faute dâindicateurs adĂ©quats. Le Violence Prevention Climate Scale (VPC-14), complĂ©tĂ© par les intervenants et les patients, est un outil validĂ© qui Ă©value le climat de prĂ©vention de violence. Objectif : Cette Ă©tude vise Ă traduire et adapter le VPC-14 au contexte quĂ©bĂ©cois et Ă en vĂ©rifier la fiabilitĂ© et la validitĂ© en psychiatrie gĂ©nĂ©rale et lĂ©gale. MĂ©thodes : En se basant sur la mĂ©thode de validation transculturelle dâinstruments de mesure, les propriĂ©tĂ©s psychomĂ©triques ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es auprĂšs de 308 patients et intervenants de 4 hĂŽpitaux et instituts de santĂ© mentale et mĂ©dico-lĂ©gale quĂ©bĂ©cois. La validitĂ© de construit a Ă©tĂ© examinĂ©e par une analyse factorielle exploratoire et la cohĂ©rence interne par lâanalyse du coefficient alpha de Cronbach. RĂ©sultats : LâĂchelle modifiĂ©e du climat de prĂ©vention de la violence (VPC-M-FR) comprend 23 Ă©noncĂ©s avec une structure Ă 3 facteurs : 1) les actions des intervenants, 2) les actions des patients et 3) lâenvironnement thĂ©rapeutique. Des coefficients alpha de Cronbach variant de 0,69 Ă 0,89 ont Ă©tĂ© obtenus pour la consistance interne de lâĂ©chelle. Discussion et conclusion : Le VPC-M-FR possĂšde des propriĂ©tĂ©s psychomĂ©triques satisfaisantes pour mesurer le climat de prĂ©vention de la violence en milieu de santĂ© mentale et mĂ©dico-lĂ©gal. En tenant compte de la perspective des intervenants et des patients, des interventions ciblĂ©es de prĂ©vention pourront ĂȘtre mises en Ćuvre afin dâamĂ©liorer la sĂ©curitĂ© de tous
Le FORUM, Vol. 35 No. 3
https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/francoamericain_forum/1031/thumbnail.jp
Narcissism and the strategic pursuit of short-term mating : universal links across 11 world regions of the International Sexuality Description Project-2.
Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating
Narcisismo y bĂșsqueda estratĂ©gica del emparejamiento a corto plazo a travĂ©s de las culturas: Enlaces omnipresentes a travĂ©s de 11 regiones mundiales del Proyecto de la descripciĂłn de la sexualidad internacional 2
Previous studies have documented links between sub-clinical narcissism and the active pursuit of short-term mating strategies (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality, marital infidelity, mate poaching). Nearly all of these investigations have relied solely on samples from Western cultures. In the current study, responses from a cross-cultural survey of 30,470 people across 53 nations spanning 11 world regions (North America, Central/South America, Northern Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Middle East, Africa, Oceania, Southeast Asia, and East Asia) were used to evaluate whether narcissism (as measured by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory; NPI) was universally associated with short-term mating. Results revealed narcissism scores (including two broad factors and seven traditional facets as measured by the NPI) were functionally equivalent across cultures, reliably associating with key sexual outcomes (e.g., more active pursuit of short-term mating, intimate partner violence, and sexual aggression) and sex-related personality traits (e.g., higher extraversion and openness to experience). Whereas some features of personality (e.g., subjective well-being) were universally associated with socially adaptive facets of Narcissism (e.g., self-sufficiency), most indicators of short-term mating (e.g., unrestricted sociosexuality and marital infidelity) were universally associated with the socially maladaptive facets of narcissism (e.g., exploitativeness). Discussion addresses limitations of these cross-culturally universal findings and presents suggestions for future research into revealing the precise psychological features of narcissism that facilitate the strategic pursuit of short-term mating.Estudios previos, en primer lugar a travĂ©s de las muestras de culturas occidentales, han documentado asociaciones sistemĂĄticas del narcisismo subclĂnico con mĂșltiples indicadores de estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo (p. ej. sociosexualidad ilimitada, infidelidad, caza de pareja). En este estudio se han usado respuestas de la encuesta transcultural de 30.470 personas de 53 naciones de 11 regiones mundiales (AmĂ©rica del Norte, AmĂ©rica del Sur/AmĂ©rica Central, Europa del Norte, Europa del Oeste, Europa del Este, Europa del Sur, Oriente PrĂłximo, Ăfrica, Asia del Sur/Sudoeste de Asia, Asia del Este y OceanĂa) para evaluar si el narcisismo (medido por el Inventario de Personalidad Narcisista; NPI) se asocia panuniversalmente con los indicadores del emparejamiento a corto plazo, tanto en la direcciĂłn, como en la intensidad. Los resultados sugieren que el narcisismo (incluidos muchos aspectos suyos medidos por el NPI) tiene las mismas asociaciones bĂĄsicas con los rasgos de personalidad relacionados con el sexo (p. ej. extraversiĂłn alta) y con los resultados sexuales claves (p. ej. bĂșsqueda mĂĄs activa de las estrategias del emparejamiento a corto plazo) a travĂ©s de las 11 mayores regiones mundiales del PDSI 2. La discusiĂłn se enfoca en las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio actual
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The Effect Of Bulking Agent And Initial Contaminant Concentration On The Biodegradation Of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Bioremediation is one of the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly methods to remediate many different types of waste materials widely used by many private and public entities. Although the parameters that affect the rate of bioremediation differ for each project, some parameters can be more easily controlled in the field than others. For example, effective microbial action is crucial to the success of bioremediation. However, microbes can be detrimentally affected by an initial contaminant concentration that is too high. In addition, the type of bulking agent or aggregate used affects the ability of the mixture to retain moisture, the amount of drainage, aeration and ultimately the length of time for biodegradation. A two-month field study was conducted in Trinidad and Tobago on crude oil contaminated waste. This paper will look at the effect of two parameters, initial concentration and type of bulking agent, on the rate of biodegradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) in the oily waste being treated in this tropical environment. A nutrient-supplying bioremediation agent was used to enhance the bioremediation process. The results of this study can assist in the design of effective bioremediation projects in tropical environments
Pratiques de gestion des superviseurs et bien-ĂȘtre eudĂ©monique de leurs subordonnĂ©s : une distinction de profils
Dans la documentation scientifique, peu dâĂ©tudes sâintĂ©ressent au lien entre les styles de supervision et la santĂ© psychologique des subordonnĂ©s. De plus, aucune Ă©tude nâaurait Ă©tabli le lien entre les styles de supervision et le bien-ĂȘtre eudĂ©monique au travail. Selon la thĂ©orie de lâautodĂ©termination, un individu vit du bien-ĂȘtre psychologique lorsque ses besoins psychologiques dâautonomie, de compĂ©tence et dâappartenance sont satisfaits. Une Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©e auprĂšs de 95 travailleurs, puis une analyse de classification en deux Ă©tapes a fait ressortir trois profils de superviseurs : soutenant lâautonomie, psychologiquement contrĂŽlant et ayant un profil intermĂ©diaire. Le style soutenant est celui qui favoriserait le plus le bienâĂȘtre eudĂ©monique au travail
Seeking Clearer Recommendations for Hand Hygiene in Communities Facing Ebola: A Randomized Trial Investigating the Impact of Six Handwashing Methods on Skin Irritation and Dermatitis
<div><p>To prevent disease transmission, 0.05% chlorine solution is commonly recommended for handwashing in Ebola Treatment Units. In the 2014 West Africa outbreak this recommendation was widely extended to community settings, although many organizations recommend soap and hand sanitizer over chlorine. To evaluate skin irritation caused by frequent handwashing that may increase transmission risk in Ebola-affected communities, we conducted a randomized trial with 91 subjects who washed their hands 10 times a day for 28 days. Subjects used soap and water, sanitizer, or one of four chlorine solutions used by Ebola responders (calcium hypochlorite (HTH), sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), and generated or pH-stabilized sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)). Outcomes were self-reported hand feel, irritation as measured by the Hand Eczema Score Index (HECSI) (range 0â360), signs of transmission risk (e.g., cracking), and dermatitis diagnosis. All groups experienced statistically significant increases in HECSI score. Subjects using sanitizer had the smallest increases, followed by higher pH chlorine solutions (HTH and stabilized NaOCl), and soap and water. The greatest increases were among neutral pH chlorine solutions (NaDCC and generated NaOCl). Signs of irritation related to higher transmission risk were observed most frequently in subjects using soap and least frequently by those using sanitizer or HTH. Despite these irritation increases, all methods represented minor changes in HECSI score. Average HECSI score was only 9.10 at endline (range 1â33) and 4% (4/91) of subjects were diagnosed with dermatitis, one each in four groups. Each handwashing method has benefits and drawbacks: soap is widely available and inexpensive, but requires water and does not inactivate the virus; sanitizer is easy-to use and effective but expensive and unacceptable to many communities, and chlorine is easy-to-use but difficult to produce properly and distribute. Overall, we recommend Ebola responders and communities use whichever handwashing method(s) are most acceptable, available, and sustainable for community handwashing.</p><p><b>Trial Registration:</b> International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Registry <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ISRCTN89815514" target="_blank">ISRCTN89815514</a></p></div
Descriptive and Compliance Data by Intervention Group.
<p>Descriptive and Compliance Data by Intervention Group.</p