How deeply do we include robotic agents in the self?

In human–human interactions, a consciously perceived high degree of self–other overlap is associated with a higher degree of integration of the other person's actions into one's own cognitive representations. Here, we report data suggesting that this pattern does not hold for human–robot interactions. Participants performed a social Simon task with a robot, and afterwards indicated the degree of self–other overlap using the Inclusion of the Other in the Self (IOS) scale. We found no overall correlation between the social Simon effect (as an indirect measure of self–other overlap) and the IOS score (as a direct measure of self–other overlap). For female participants we even observed a negative correlation. Our findings suggest that conscious and unconscious evaluations of a robot may come to different results, and hence point to the importance of carefully choosing a measure for quantifying the quality of human–robot interactions

Cykliny jako markery chorób nowotworowych

Markery stosowane w onkologii stanowią niejednorodną grupę czynników umożliwiających diagnozę lub ocenęinwazyjności nowotworu. Wyróżnia się trzy grupy markerów prognostycznych, wśród których ważne miejsce zajmująmarkery biologii nowotworu. Czynniki prognostyczne należące do tej grupy obrazują między innymi zdolność komórekdo przerzutowania oraz odpowiedzi na zastosowaną terapię. Do markerów biologii nowotworu zaliczane są białkaregulujące progresję cyklu komórkowego, m.in. cykliny. Cykliny są kluczowymi regulatorami cyklu komórkowego,których stężenie jest zależne od fazy cyklu. Zmiany ekspresji cykliny (głównie cyklin typu A, B, D oraz E) wpływają naaktywność proliferacyjną komórek i mają związek z rozwojem różnych nowotworów. Sugeruje się, że badanie profiluekspresji poszczególnych cyklin w komórkach nowotworowych może dostarczać cennych informacji prognostycznychoraz diagnostycznych. Praca ta przedstawia obecny stan wiedzy na temat potencjalnego wykorzystania cyklinw diagnostyce chorób nowotworowych

Evidence of Mycoplasma spp. Transmission by Migratory Wild Geese

Mycoplasma infections have been found in different species of waterfowl worldwide. However, the question of how the pathogens have been transmitted and dispersed is still poorly understood. Samples collected from clinically healthy greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) (N = 12), graylag geese (Anser anser) (N = 6), taiga bean geese (Anser fabalis) (N = 10), and barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) (N = 1) were tested for Mycoplasma spp. All Mycoplasma-positive samples were specified by species-specific PCR for Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis (formerly known as Mycoplasma sp. 1220), M. anseris, M. anatis, and M. cloacale. The presence of Mycoplasma spp. was confirmed in 22 of 29 sampled birds (75.9%). Mycoplasma anserisalpingitidis was the most frequently detected species (15 of 22, 68.2%). However, we did not detect any of the other Mycoplasma spp. typical for geese, among which are M. anatis, M. anseris, and M. cloacale. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Polish sequences of M. anserisalpingitidis formed a distinct branch, along with 2 Hungarian isolates obtained from domestic geese. Eight of the samples identified as Mycoplasma spp.-positive were negative for the aforementioned Mycoplasma species. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on partial 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that Mycoplasma spp. sequences collected from Polish wild geese represent a distinct phylogenetic group with Mycoplasma sp. strain 2445 isolated from a domestic goose from Austria. The results of our study showed that wild geese could be a reservoir and vector of different species of the Mycoplasma genus that can cause significant economic losses in the domestic goose industry

Assessment of right ventriclar function by tissue Doppler in relation to plasma NT-proBNP concentration in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy

Background: Impairment of right ventricular function is a common finding in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The aim of the study was to assess the function of the right ventricle by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) in relation to NT-proBNP concentration in patients with DCM. Methods: 29 patients with DCM were studied. Group I (n = 21) constituted of subjects with a NT-proBNP concentration > 500 pg/ml and group II (n = 8) constituted of patients with NT-proBNP < 500 pg/ml. In all patients the TDI parameters for the free-wall of the right ventricle were analysed: velocity of myocardium (VEL), strain (&#949;) and strain rate (SR). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to clinical characteristics, parameters of global and regional left ventricular systolic function or between indicators of global right ventricular function. In group I the maximal values of e in the apical and medial segments of the right ventricular free wall were significantly lower than in group II (-17 &#177; 10 vs. -29 &#177; 7%; p = 0.0168 and -13 &#177; 6 vs. -25 &#177; 5%; p = 0.0023 respectively). Moreover, in group I the maximal SR in the apical and medial segments of the right ventricular free wall were significantly lower than in group II (1.56 &#177; 0.6 &#949;-1 vs. -1.071 &#177; 0.5 &#949;-1; p = 0.0358 and -0.99 &#177; 0.38 &#949;-1 vs. -1.55 &#177; 0.37 &#949;-1; p = 0.0044 respectively). Conclusions: Impairment of right ventricular function is most visible in the apical and medial segments. The maximal values of e and SR for the right ventricle free wall are lower in patients with DCM and NT-proBNP > 500 pg/ml. (Cardiol J 2007; 14: 167-173

Multimodal imaging techniques to evaluate the anticancer effect of cold atmospheric pressure plasma

Background: Skin cancer is the most frequent cancer worldwide and is divided into non-melanoma skin cancer, including basal cell carcinoma, as well as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and malignant melanoma (MM). Methods: This study evaluates the effects of cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAP) on SCC and MM in vivo, employing a comprehensive approach using multi-modal imaging techniques. Longitudinal MR and PET/CT imaging were performed to determine the anatomic and metabolic tumour volume over three‐weeks in vivo. Additionally, the formation of reactive species after CAP treatment was assessed by non‐invasive chemiluminescence imaging of L‐012. Histological analysis and immunohistochemical staining for Ki‐67, ApopTag®, F4/80, CAE, and CD31, as well as protein expression of PCNA, caspase‐3 and cleaved‐caspase‐3, were performed to study proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis in CAP‐treated tumours. Results: As the main result, multimodal in vivo imaging revealed a substantial reduction in tumour growth and an increase in reactive species after CAP treatment, in comparison to untreated tu-mours. In contrast, neither the markers for apoptosis, nor the metabolic activity of both tumour entities was affected by CAP. Conclusions: These findings propose CAP as a potential adjuvant therapy option to established standard therapies of skin cancer

ATP synthase deficiency due to TMEM70 mutation leads to ultrastructural mitochondrial degeneration and is amenable to treatment.

TMEM70 is involved in the biogenesis of mitochondrial ATP synthase and mutations in the TMEM70 gene impair oxidative phosphorylation. Herein, we report on pathology and treatment of ATP synthase deficiency in four siblings. A consanguineous family of Roma (Gipsy) ethnic origin gave birth to 6 children of which 4 were affected presenting with dysmorphic features, failure to thrive, cardiomyopathy, metabolic crises, and 3-methylglutaconic aciduria as clinical symptoms. Genetic testing revealed a homozygous mutation (c.317-2A>G) in the TMEM70 gene. While light microscopy was unremarkable, ultrastructural investigation of muscle tissue revealed accumulation of swollen degenerated mitochondria with lipid crystalloid inclusions, cristae aggregation, and exocytosis of mitochondrial material. Biochemical analysis of mitochondrial complexes showed an almost complete ATP synthase deficiency. Despite harbouring the same mutation, the clinical outcome in the four siblings was different. Two children died within 60 h after birth; the other two had recurrent life-threatening metabolic crises but were successfully managed with supplementation of anaplerotic amino acids, lipids, and symptomatic treatment during metabolic crisis. In summary, TMEM70 mutations can cause distinct ultrastructural mitochondrial degeneration and almost complete deficiency of ATP synthase but are still amenable to treatment

Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness of PSYCHOnlineTHERAPY: Study Protocol of a Multicenter Blended Outpatient Psychotherapy Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial for Patients With Depressive and Anxiety Disorders

Introduction: Internet- and mobile-based interventions (IMIs) and their integration into routine psychotherapy (i.e., blended therapy) can offer a means of complementing psychotherapy in a flexible and resource optimized way. Objective: The present study will evaluate the non-inferiority, cost-effectiveness, and safety of two versions of integrated blended psychotherapy for depression and anxiety compared to standard cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Methods: A three-armed multicenter cluster-randomized controlled non-inferiority trial will be conducted comparing two implementations of blended psychotherapy (PSYCHOnlineTHERAPYfix/flex) compared to CBT. Seventy-five outpatient psychotherapists with a CBT-license will be randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio. Each of them is asked to include 12 patients on average with depressive or anxiety disorders resulting in a total sample size of N = 900. All patients receive up to a maximum of 16 psychotherapy sessions, either as routine CBT or alternating with Online self-help sessions (fix: 8/8; flex: 0–16). Assessments will be conducted at patient study inclusion (pre-treatment) and 6, 12, 18, and 24 weeks and 12 months post-inclusion. The primary outcome is depression and anxiety severity at 18 weeks post-inclusion (post-treatment) using the Patient Health Questionnaire Anxiety and Depression Scale. Secondary outcomes are depression and anxiety remission, treatment response, health-related quality of life, patient satisfaction, working alliance, psychotherapy adherence, and patient safety. Additionally, several potential moderators and mediators including patient characteristics and attitudes toward the interventions will be examined, complemented by ecological day-to-day digital behavior variables via passive smartphone sensing as part of an integrated smart-sensing sub-study. Data-analysis will be performed on an intention-to-treat basis with additional per-protocol analyses. In addition, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses will be conducted from a societal and a public health care perspective. Additionally, qualitative interviews on acceptance, feasibility, and optimization potential will be conducted and analyzed. Discussion: PSYCHOnlineTHERAPY will provide evidence on blended psychotherapy in one of the largest ever conducted psychotherapy trials. If shown to be non-inferior and cost-effective, PSYCHOnlineTHERAPY has the potential to innovate psychotherapy in the near future by extending the ways of conducting psychotherapy. The rigorous health care services approach will facilitate a timely implementation of blended psychotherapy into standard care

Ocena prawej komory za pomocą tkankowej echokardiografii doplerowskiej a stężenie NT-proBNP w surowicy u chorych na kardiomiopatię rozstrzeniową

Wstęp: W przebiegu kardiomiopatii rozstrzeniowej (DCM) często dochodzi do upośledzenia funkcji prawej komory. Celem niniejszej pracy była ocena czynności prawej komory z użyciem tkankowej echokardiografii doplerowskiej (TDI) oraz analiza związku między stężeniem N-końcowego mózgowego peptydu natriuretycznego (NT-proBNP) w surowicy krwi a parametrami mechanicznymi prawej komory u chorych na DCM. Metody: Badaniem objęto 29 osób z DCM. W zależności od stężenia NT-proBNP chorych podzielono na grupę I (n = 21), ze stężeniem NT-proBNP powyżej 500 pg/ml, i grupę II (n = 8) ze stężeniem NT-proBNP poniżej 500 pg/ml. Porównywano parametry uzyskane w trakcie badania za pomocą TDI: prędkości miokardium (VEL), odkształcenie ( e) i tempo odkształcania (SR) dla wolnej ściany prawej komory. Wyniki: Analizowane grupy nie różniły się charakterystyką kliniczną, parametrami globalnej i regionalnej funkcji skurczowej lewej komory, a także globalnymi wskaźnikami czynności prawej komory. W grupie I stwierdzono statystycznie znamiennie niższe warto&#339;ci maksymalnego e w segmencie koniuszkowym (-17 &#177; 10% vs. -29 &#177; 7%; p = 0,0168) i środkowym (-13 &#177; 6% vs. -25 &#177; 5%; p = 0,0023) wolnej ściany prawej komory. Ponadto w grupie I stwierdzono istotnie niższe wartości maksymalnego SR w segmencie koniuszkowym (-1,56 &#177; 0,6 s-1 vs. -1,071 &#177; 0,5 s-1; p = 0,0358) i środkowym (-0,99 &#177; 0,38 s-1 vs. -1,55 &#177; 0,37 s-1; p = 0,0044) wolnej ściany prawej komory. Wnioski: Zaburzenia funkcji prawej komory są najwyraźniej zaznaczone w segmencie środkowym i koniuszkowym. Wartości maksymalnego e i SR dla wolnej ściany prawej komory są niższe u chorych na DCM ze stężeniem NT-proBNP powyżej 500 pg/ml w porównaniu z pacjentami z DCM i NT-proBNP poniżej 500 pg/ml. (Folia Cardiologica Excerpta 2007; 2: 194-200

Microglia regulate myelin growth and integrity in the central nervous system

Myelin is required for the function of neuronal axons in the central nervous system, but the mechanisms that support myelin health are unclear. Although macrophages in the central nervous system have been implicated in myelin health(1), it is unknown which macrophage populations are involved and which aspects they influence. Here we show that resident microglia are crucial for the maintenance of myelin health in adulthood in both mice and humans. We demonstrate that microglia are dispensable for developmental myelin ensheathment. However, they are required for subsequent regulation of myelin growth and associated cognitive function, and for preservation of myelin integrity by preventing its degeneration. We show that loss of myelin health due to the absence of microglia is associated with the appearance of a myelinating oligodendrocyte state with altered lipid metabolism. Moreover, this mechanism is regulated through disruption of the TGFβ1–TGFβR1 axis. Our findings highlight microglia as promising therapeutic targets for conditions in which myelin growth and integrity are dysregulated, such as in ageing and neurodegenerative disease(2,3)