Contribution of femoral and proximal sciatic nerve branches to the sensory innervation of hindlimb digits in the rat

The present study was performed to investigate the possibility of 'aberrant' innervation of the tips of the hindlimb digits in the rat, i.e., from other sources than the femoral and the main sciatic branches (tibial, peroneal, sural). Cutaneous injections of fluorescent tracers in the digits were combined with either selective nerve transections to restrict afferent routes followed by detection of labeled neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), or by a delayed application of a second tracer to afferent nerves under study to detect double labeled neurons in DRGs. The results show that the tips of the digits were represented in DRGs L3-6. The femoral nerve afferents from digits 1 and 2 projected primarily to DRG L3 and to a smaller extent to DRG L4. A small number of neurons from primarily medial digits 1 and 2, but also from lateral digits 3-5, were found to project to DRGs L4 and L5 via a proximal branch that leaves the sciatic nerve near the sciatic notch and runs distally in the posterior part of the thigh, here called the musculocutaneous nerve of the hindlimb. We also have some evidence indicating innervation of the tips of the digits from the posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh. Aberrant innervation such as that described here might contribute to remaining and perhaps abnormal sensibility after nerve injury and is of interest for the interpretation of results in experimental studies of collateral and regenerative sprouting after such injur

Expanding the Cyanobacterial Nitrogen Regulatory Network: The GntR-Like Regulator PlmA Interacts with the PII-PipX Complex

Cyanobacteria, phototrophic organisms that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, perceive nitrogen status by sensing 2-oxoglutarate levels. PII, a widespread signaling protein, senses and transduces nitrogen and energy status to target proteins, regulating metabolism and gene expression. In cyanobacteria, under conditions of low 2-oxoglutarate, PII forms complexes with the enzyme N-acetyl glutamate kinase, increasing arginine biosynthesis, and with PII-interacting protein X (PipX), making PipX unavailable for binding and co-activation of the nitrogen regulator NtcA. Both the PII-PipX complex structure and in vivo functional data suggested that this complex, as such, could have regulatory functions in addition to PipX sequestration. To investigate this possibility we performed yeast three-hybrid screening of genomic libraries from Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942, searching for proteins interacting simultaneously with PII and PipX. The only prey clone found in the search expressed PlmA, a member of the GntR family of transcriptional regulators proven here by gel filtration to be homodimeric. Interactions analyses further confirmed the simultaneous requirement of PII and PipX, and showed that the PlmA contacts involve PipX elements exposed in the PII-PipX complex, specifically the C-terminal helices and one residue of the tudor-like body. In contrast, PII appears not to interact directly with PlmA, possibly being needed indirectly, to induce an extended conformation of the C-terminal helices of PipX and for modulating the surface polarity at the PII-PipX boundary, two elements that appear crucial for PlmA binding. Attempts to inactive plmA confirmed that this gene is essential in S. elongatus. Western blot assays revealed that S. elongatus PlmA, irrespective of the nitrogen regime, is a relatively abundant transcriptional regulator, suggesting the existence of a large PlmA regulon. In silico studies showed that PlmA is universally and exclusively found in cyanobacteria. Based on interaction data, on the relative amounts of the proteins involved in PII-PipX-PlmA complexes, determined in western assays, and on the restrictions imposed by the symmetries of trimeric PII and dimeric PlmA molecules, a structural and regulatory model for PlmA function is discussed in the context of the cyanobacterial nitrogen interaction network.This work was supported by grants BFU2015-66360-P to AC and BFU2014-58229-P to VR from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. AO was the recipient of Grisolia Fellowship from Consellería d'Educació of the Valencian Government and AF-N and LT held FPI fellowships/contracts from Ministry of Economy and Competitivity. JE and VR were supported by grants GV/2014/073 and PrometeoII/2014/029, respectively, from the Consellería d'Educació of the Valencian Government

El sistema de traducción automática castellano-catalán interNOSTRUM

Este artículo describe interNOSTRUM, un sistema de traducción automática (TA) castellano-catalán actualmente en desarrollo que alcanza una gran velocidad mediante el uso de tecnología de estados finitos (lo que permite su integracion en navegadores de internet) y obtiene una precisión razonable utilizando una estrategia de transferencia morfológica avanzada (lo que permite producir rápidamente borradores de traducciones listos para una postedición ligera).Este trabajo ha sido financiado por la Caja de Ahorros del Mediterráneo y por el Vicerrectorado de Nuevas Tecnologías de la Universitat d'Alacant, y más recientemente por la Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología a través del proyecto TIC2000-1599-C02-02

Programa de consolidació del rol professional del farmacèutic i farmacòleg d’atenció primària i comunitària

Farmacèutics; Farmacòlegs; Atenció Primària i ComunitàriaFarmacéuticos; Farmacólogos; Atención Primaria y ComunitariaPharmaceuticals; Pharmacologists; Professional role; Primary and Community CareEl Programa vol definir, generalitzar i homogeneïtzar el desenvolupament de les tasques del FFAP, la distribució territorial i la integració i suport als EAP i altres estructures organitzatives de l’APiC. En aquest document es desenvolupa el programa per a la consolidació del rol professional del farmacèutic i farmacòleg d’APiC (FFAP) com a membre de suport dels professionals assistencials dels equips d’atenció primària (EAP). Aquests professionals tenen l’encàrrec de contribuir a desplegar la cartera de serveis de l’APiC i dur a terme les activitats relacionades amb el seu àmbit de coneixement i d’expertesa en l’entorn de l’APiC. De forma específica, tenen l’encàrrec de realitzar aquelles funcions relacionades amb el suport i la coordinació terapèutica donant recolzament en equips multidisciplinaris i així contribuir a millorar l’ús racional del medicament en l’APiC d’acord amb els principis que recull el decàleg de l’APIC