COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

De relationele markt anno 2000: een exploratie van waardeoriëntaties en vormgeving

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Marriage in Motion: A Study on the Social Context and Processes of Marital Satisfaction.

Table of Contents Table of Contents v List of Tables xi List of Figures xv Introduction 1 Part I Social Background and Research Agenda 1. Marriage and Partnership in a Changing Social Landscape 7 1.1. Demographical Issues 8 1.1.1. The 'New' Outlook of Dutch Partnership 8 1.1.2. Transitions in Partnership Interpreted 14 1.1.3. Much Ado About What? 16 1.2. Theoretical Issues 20 1.2.1. The Homo Optionis: Choice, Risk and Partnership 21 1.2.2. Emotionality, Identity, Stability and Vulnerability 24 1.3. Gender Issues 26 1.3.1. Who Gets the Best Deal? 26 1.3.2. The Gender Division of Emotion 28 1.3.3. The Gendered Impact of Children 31 1.4. Conclusion 33 2. Towards a Research Design for Marital Satisfaction 35 2.1. Impetus of the Study 35 2.1.1. The Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model of Marriage 37 2.1.2. From a Conceptual to a Methological Toolkit 41 2.2. Research Questions 42 2.3. Structure of this Study 47 3. Method 51 3.1. Dutch Panel Data 51 3.2. Procedure 55 3.3. Selection and Characteristics of the Married Sub-sample 56 3.4. Validation of the Sample and Missings Cases 58 3.4.1. External Validation 59 3.4.2. Internal Validation 62 3.4.3. Item Non-Response 64 Part II The Study 4. The Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire: A Validation Study 69 4.1. Introduction 69 4.2. Research Aim 72 4.3. Study 1 73 4.3.1. Procedure and Participants 74 4.3.2. Measures 74 4.3.3. Results 75 4.4. Study 2 79 4.4.1. Procedure and Participants 79 4.4.2. Measures 81 4.4.3. Results 81 4.5. Study 3 83 4.5.1. Procedure and Participants 83 4.5.2. Measures 83 4.5.3. Results 84 4.6. Discussion 85 5. The relationship Between Communication and Marital Satisfaction. A Cross-Lagged Panel Analysis 89 5.1. Introduction 89 5.2. Method 94 5.2.1. Procedure and Sample 94 5.2.2. Measures 95 5.3. Results 97 5.4. Discussion 105 6. Effects of Spousal Economic and Cultural Characteristics on Marital Satisfaction 109 6.1. Introduction 109 6.2. Theoretical and Empirical Background 110 6.3. Present Study and Hypotheses 115 6.4. Study Design 116 6.5. Method 117 6.5.1. Procedure and Sample 117 6.5.2. Measures 118 6.6. Results 120 6.7. Conclusion and Discussion 131 7. Social Position, Gender Role Identity and Marital Satisfaction 137 7.1. Introduction 137 7.2. Empirical Background 138 7.3. Present Study and Hypotheses 143 7.4. Method 145 7.4.1. Procedure and Sample 145 7.4.2. Measures 146 7.5. Results 148 7.6. Discussion 160 8. Associations Between Gender Characteristics and Marital Outcomes. A Test of Identity Theory in Established Marriages 169 8.1. Introduction 169 8.2. Present Study 175 8.3. Method 176 8.3.1. Participants 176 8.3.2. Measures 178 8.4. Results 180 8.5. Discussion 191 9. Marital Relationships and Parenting Experiences in Established Marriages. Short-Term and Long-Term Interrelationships 199 9.1. Introduction 199 9.2. Short-Term Relationships Between Parenting Experiences and Marital Relationships 201 9.3. Long-Term Relationships Between Parenting Experiences and Marital Satisfaction 209 9.4. Present Study 210 9.5. Method 213 9.5.1. Sample 213 9.5.2. Measures 215 9.6. Results 217 9.7. Discussion and Conclusion 231 Part III Conclusion and Implications 10. Central Findings and Reflections 245 10.1. Introduction 245 10.2. Central Findings Recapitulated and Reconsidered 247 10.2.1. Communication 247 10.2.2. Parenting 249 10.2.3. Spouses' Labor Market Resources and Their Cultural Orientations 252 10.2.4. Gender 255 10.3. Concluding Reflections: Strengths, Unresolved Issues and Future Directions 259 10.3.1. Methodological Reflections 260 10.3.2. Theoretical Reflections 262 10.3.3. Towards a New Research Agenda for Studying Marital Satisfaction 264 10.3.4. Policy Thoughts 268 10.4. Marriage in Motion: Final Reflection 272 Samenvatting – Dutch summary 275 References 293status: publishe

The perception of private life forms: an empirical survey of Louvain students

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Een slimme overheid denkt aan 'haar' pensioen op tijd: over de pensioenbescherming van vrouwen in België

De eerste naoorlogse generaties buitensshuiswerkende vrouwen drukken ons sinds enige tijd met de neus op de pensioengevolgen van te weinig en/of atypische loopbaanopbouw. De verschillende pensioenbescherming van oudere vrouwen en mannen is in België dan ook één van de centrale aandachtspunten in het huidige vergrijzingsdebat. In deze bijdrage illustreren we dit debat aan de hand van recent cijfermateriaal. Vervolgens gaan we kort in op de achtergronden en uitdagingen van de pensioenbescherming voor vrouwen.status: publishe

The coding of 19th century occupations from three different Belgian regions into ISCO 68

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The Dutch marital satisfaction and communication questionnaire: a validation study

The purpose of this study is to validate the Dutch Marital Satisfaction and Communication Questionnaire (DMSCQ), a 16-item measure that disentangles marital satisfaction, negative communication and open communication. In three subsequent studies empirical evidence for the construct and criterion validity is presented using (confirmatory) factor analyses, and correlational analyses with criterion variables. Results indicate that the 16 items represent a solid three-factor structure, which was replicated across time and in independent samples. High agreement in factor structure between men and women was demonstrated by high levels of Tucker's coefficient of congruence. The internal consistencies of the marital satisfaction and negative communication scales are good; for the open communication scale it is somewhat lower but still acceptable. Consistent evidence was obtained for a negative relationship between the three marital outcomes and parental depression and conflictual family climate whereas the three former are positively related to life satisfaction and well-being. Spouses who feel restricted by their parental role or experience parenting stress tend to be less satisfied with their partnership and perceive the marital communication as more negative. Our results demonstrate that the DMSCQ provides a brief, valid and reliable measure of marital satisfaction, negative and open communication.status: publishe

Effects of Spousal Economic and Cultural Factors on Dutch Marital Satisfaction

economic theory of marriage, familialism, female employment, marital satisfaction, sex role traditionalism,