HELMINTOS DEL SAPO RHINELLA ICTERICA (BUFONIDAE), DE LA MUNICIPALIDAD DE BOTUCATU, ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Fifteen specimens of bufonid toad Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824), 7 males and 8 females, collected in themunicipality of Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil, from March 2002 to January 2003, were examined forhelminth parasites. All toads were infected with at least one parasite species (overall prevalence = 100%). Five helminth species were found, including four nematode species, Rhabdias fuelleborni Travassos, 1926, Oswaldocruzia subauricularis (Rudolphi, 1819), gen. sp. no identified Cosmocercidae Travassos, 1925 and larvae of Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819, and one acanthocephalan species, Acanthocephalus saopaulensis Smales, 2007. Rhabdias fuelleborni and A. saopaulensis were the most abundant species. Except for Physalopteridae larvae, all helminths occur in high prevalence (> 70%). All helminth species presented a distribution toward to more aggregated pattern in these host samples.Quince ejemplares del sapo bufonido Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824), 7 machos y 8 hembras, colectados en elmunicipio de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, desde marzo del 2002 hasta enero del 2003, fueronanalizados en busca de helmintos parásitos. Todos los sapos estaban infectadas con al menos un parásito(prevalencia global = 100%). Cinco especies de helmintos fueron encontradas, entre ellas cuatro especies de nematodos, Rhabdias fuelleborniTravassos, 1926, Oswaldocruzia subauricularis (Rudolphi, 1819), gen. sp. no identificada Cosmocercidae Travassos, 1925 y larvas de Physaloptera Rudolphi, 1819, y una especieacantocéfalo, Acanthocephalus saopaulensis Smales, 2007. Rhabdias fuelleborni y A. saopaulensis fueronlas especies más abundantes. Aexcepción de las larvas de Physalopteridae, todos los helmintos presentaron una alta prevalencia (> 70%). Todas las especies de helmintos presentaron una tendencia hacia un patrón más agregado de distribución en los hospederos muestreados

Are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes potential vectors for leishmaniasis? – Case report

No Brasil, os dípteros do gênero Lutzomyia são os principais vetores da leishmaniose para humanos e animais. No entanto, tem sido constatado que outras espécies de invertebrados hematófagos, como carrapatos, pulgas e mutucas, também podem ser vetores desse protozoário. Este trabalho, realizado em uma área endêmica de leishmaniose visceral, é a primeira descrição da presença de Leishmania spp. em mosquitos da espécie A. aegypti. Dois mosquitos A. aegypti foram capturados no local onde estava isolado um cão polissintomático acometido por leishmaniose visceral, confirmada pela demonstração do parasita em biópsias de órgãos e por resultado positivo na prova de PCR para Leishmania spp. Um dos mosquitos estava sugando o sangue do cão e o outro estava livre no ambiente. O mosquito ingurgitado com o sangue do animal foi esmagado entre duas lâminas de microscopia e o outro foi processado por meio da reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR) aplicada à pesquisa do ADN de Leishmania spp. Ao exame microscópico do esfregaço preparado com o mosquito que estava parasitando o cão foram observadas formas amastigotas de Leishmania spp., bem como formas flageladas de outra espécie de protozoário. No outro inseto foi detectada amplificação de ADN do gênero Leishmania. Esta constatação reforça o papel dos cães como fontes de infecção de Leishmania spp. até mesmo para outras espécies de vetores potenciais.In Brazil dipters of the Lutzomyia genus are the main vectors of leishmaniasis for humans and animals. However, other hematophagous insects such as ticks, fleas, and horse flies may also be considered potential vectors of this protozoon. This paper, regarding an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis, is the the first description of the Leishmania spp. presence in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Two A. aegypti mosquitoes were captured: one of them was feeding on a polysymptomatic dog with leishmaniasis, confirmed by parasitic demonstration and positive PCR for Leishmania spp., and the other was collected in the environment where the dog was isolated. The mosquito engorged with dog’s blood was crushed between two microscopic slides and the other one was processed by the polymerase chain reaction assay (PCR) searching for the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA. Amastigote forms of Leishmania sp, were observed in the smear prepared from one mosquito by microscopic examination, as well as other protozoa’s flagellated forms. In the other insect it was observed Leishmania DNA amplification. This observation reinforces the role of dogs as sources of infection of Leishmania spp. even to other potential vector species

PRIMER REGISTRO DE RHABDIAS (NEMATODA: RHABDIASIDAE) EN HYPSIBOAS RANICEPS, CERRADO, BRASIL

Um novo registro de Rhabdias parasitando Hypsiboas raniceps Stiles & Hassal 1905 em uma área de Cerrado é apresentado neste trabalho. O gênero é comumente encontrado parasitando pulmões de anfíbios e reptéis no mundo todo. Foram analisados sete espécimes de H. raniceps, onde dois estavam parasitados com nematódeos do gênero Rhabdias nos pulmões. Um total de seis nematódeos foram encontrados, e identificados com base na morfologia das estruturas, e nas medidas realizadas nos espécimes. Esta nota apresenta o primeiro registro de Rhabdias em H. raniceps, sendo assim a espécie um novo hospedeiro de Rhabdias

HELMINTOFAUNA DE DOS LAGARTOS GECONÍDEOS, HEMIDACTYLUS AGRIUS Y LYGODACTYLUS KLUGEI (GEKKONIDADE), EN EL BIOMA CAATINGA, NORESTE DEL BRASIL

This study presented data on helminth fauna of two gecko lizards, Hemidactylus agrius and Lygodactylus klugei, from Caatinga biome in northeastern Brazil. It was found four helminth species parasitizing H. agrius, cistacanth of Centrorhynchidae (Acanthocephala) and the nematodes Physalopteridae (larvae), Parapharyngodon alvarengai (Pharyngodonidae) and Skrjabinelazia sp. (Seuratidade). The host Lygodactylus klugei presented two helminth species, one individual of Mesocoelium monas (Trematoda: Mesocoeliidae) in the small intestine and one encysted larvae of Physalopteridae (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) attached at stomach wall. The lizard species showed a low prevalence and low richness of helminths. Moreover, H. agrius presented a low intensity of infection. The foraging mode, arboreal habit and a restricted composition of diet could favoring the low prevalence, low infection rates and low richness of helminths found in these geckonid host species.Este estudio presenta datos sobre la fauna de helmintos de dos lagartos geconídeos, Hemidactylus agrius y Lygodactylus klugei, en el bioma caatinga en el noreste del Brasil. Hay cuatro especies de helmintos parásitos de H. agrius, cistacanto de Centrorhynchidae (Acanthocephala) y nematodos Physalopteridae (estadios larvarios), Parapharyngodon alvarengai (Pharyngodonidae) y Skrjabinelazia sp. (Seuratidade). El hospedador Lygodactylus klugei presentó dos especies de helmintos, un individuo de Mesocoelium monas (Trematoda: Mesocoeliidae) en el intestino delgado y una larva enquistada de Physalopteridae (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) adjunta a la pared del estómago. Las especies de lagarto mostraron una baja prevalencia y baja riqueza de helmintos. Además, H. agrius mostró una baja intensidad de infección. El modo de búsqueda de alimento, el hábito arbóreo y la composición de una dieta restringida pudieran haber favorecido la baja prevalencia, las bajas tasas de infección y riqueza baja de helmintos que se encontraron en las especies hospedadoras

HELMINTOS DE CHIASMOCLEIS ALBOPUNCTATA (BOETTGER, 1885) (ANURA: MICROHYLIDAE) Y DENDROPSOPHUS NANUS (BOULENGER, 1889) (ANURA: HYLIDAE) EN CERRADO, SURESTE DEL BRASIL

Brasil es el país con la mayor riqueza de anfibios del mundo con alrededor de 1.136 especies descritas, de las cuales 1.093 son anuros. Sin embargo, los estudios relacionados sobre el conocimiento de la fauna de helmintos asociados son escasos, y representan solo el 8% de los anuros. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar las comunidades de parásitos y sus parámetros parasitarios en dos especies de anfibios: Chiasmocleis albopunctata (Boettger, 1885) y Dendropsophus nanus (Boulenger, 1889) que se encuentran en el este del estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Los hospedadores fueron recolectados a través de trampas de caídas con cercas de deriva (PTDF) y por el método de búsqueda activa en los sitios de reproducción, sacrificados, y los helmintos fueron removidos e identificados. Se recolectaron un total de 172 anfibios: 70 individuos de C. albopunctata (Boettger, 1885) y 102 individuos de D. nanus (Boulenger, 1889). De este total, 84 fuero n parasitados por al menos un taxón. El número total de helmintos encontrados fue de 675. Aquí informamos diez taxones de helmintos, incluidos dos nuevos registros para la especie hospedadora D. nanus y cinco registros para la especie hospedadora C. albopunctata. Por lo tanto, este estudio representa una contribución importante al conocimiento de la diversidad de parásitos y huéspedes, ya que la cantidad de estudios es insuficiente y no representativa

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, ventilation management, and outcomes in invasively ventilated intensive care unit patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pooled analysis of four observational studies

Background: Geoeconomic variations in epidemiology, the practice of ventilation, and outcome in invasively ventilated intensive care unit (ICU) patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain unexplored. In this analysis we aim to address these gaps using individual patient data of four large observational studies. Methods: In this pooled analysis we harmonised individual patient data from the ERICC, LUNG SAFE, PRoVENT, and PRoVENT-iMiC prospective observational studies, which were conducted from June, 2011, to December, 2018, in 534 ICUs in 54 countries. We used the 2016 World Bank classification to define two geoeconomic regions: middle-income countries (MICs) and high-income countries (HICs). ARDS was defined according to the Berlin criteria. Descriptive statistics were used to compare patients in MICs versus HICs. The primary outcome was the use of low tidal volume ventilation (LTVV) for the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were key ventilation parameters (tidal volume size, positive end-expiratory pressure, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak pressure, plateau pressure, driving pressure, and respiratory rate), patient characteristics, the risk for and actual development of acute respiratory distress syndrome after the first day of ventilation, duration of ventilation, ICU length of stay, and ICU mortality. Findings: Of the 7608 patients included in the original studies, this analysis included 3852 patients without ARDS, of whom 2345 were from MICs and 1507 were from HICs. Patients in MICs were younger, shorter and with a slightly lower body-mass index, more often had diabetes and active cancer, but less often chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heart failure than patients from HICs. Sequential organ failure assessment scores were similar in MICs and HICs. Use of LTVV in MICs and HICs was comparable (42\ub74% vs 44\ub72%; absolute difference \u20131\ub769 [\u20139\ub758 to 6\ub711] p=0\ub767; data available in 3174 [82%] of 3852 patients). The median applied positive end expiratory pressure was lower in MICs than in HICs (5 [IQR 5\u20138] vs 6 [5\u20138] cm H2O; p=0\ub70011). ICU mortality was higher in MICs than in HICs (30\ub75% vs 19\ub79%; p=0\ub70004; adjusted effect 16\ub741% [95% CI 9\ub752\u201323\ub752]; p<0\ub70001) and was inversely associated with gross domestic product (adjusted odds ratio for a US$10 000 increase per capita 0\ub780 [95% CI 0\ub775\u20130\ub786]; p<0\ub70001). Interpretation: Despite similar disease severity and ventilation management, ICU mortality in patients without ARDS is higher in MICs than in HICs, with a strong association with country-level economic status. Funding: No funding

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost