Chancen und Grenzen von Kooperation und Vernetzung am Beispiel des Berliner Krisendienstes

Krisenarbeit ist ohne Kooperation und Vernetzung nicht denkbar. Mit dem Artikel verbinden wir das Anliegen, die Voraussetzungen und Bedingungen für Kooperation und Vernetzung im Zusammenhang mit einer definierten Aufgabe – der ambulanten Krisenarbeit im regionalen und stadtweiten Verbund – zu diskutieren. Die empirische Grundlage für diese Diskussion bietet der Fragebogen "Krisenarbeit in Berlin", der die Wahrnehmung des Berliner Krisendienstes durch ausgewählte psychosoziale und medizinische Institutionen erfasst. Der dokumentierte Forschungsprozess selbst wird als qualitatives Datenmaterial analysiert. Dieser Forschungszugang bietet die Möglichkeit, die quantitativen Fragebogenergebnisse vor diesem Hintergrund einzuordnen. Drei Etablierungsgrade von Kooperation mit dem Berliner Krisendienst sind identifiziert worden. Entlang eines heuristischen Modells über förderliche und hinderliche Bedingungen für Kooperation wird dieses ausgewählte Ergebnis der Fragebogenuntersuchung erörtert. Nicht nur die Chancen von Kooperation werden ausgeleuchtet, sondern auch Grenzen von Kooperation und Vernetzung aufgezeigt. Die Frage, welche Etablierungsgrade von Kooperation zwischen dem Berliner Krisendienst und anderen Anbietern der psychosozialen und medizinischen Versorgung für welche Problemfelder als notwendig erachtet werden, ist nicht von der Forschung zu beantworten, sondern auf fachlicher und gesundheits- und sozialpolitischer Ebene zu diskutieren.Crisis intervention cannot be thought without cooperation and networking. This article aims at discussing the prerequisites and conditions for cooperation and networking in the context of a defined task – outpatient crisis intervention within the citywide or regional network. The questionnaire "crisis intervention work in Berlin" provides the empirical foundation for this discussion. It taps the perception of exemplary psychosocial and medical institutions on the major Berlin Crisis Intervention Service. The documentation of the research-process is used as a source for qualitative data-analysis. This research approach is used as a background for interpreting the results from the questionnaire. Three different degrees of establishment of cooperation between the Berlin Crisis Intervention Service and different service providers of the psychosocial and medical health care system were identified. The results were integrated into a heuristic approach about conductive and impedimental factors for cooperation. The question what degree of establishment is necessary for the cooperation between the Berlin Crisis Intervention Service and different service providers of the psychosocial and medical health care system for different types of problems cannot be answered on the basis of research. Instead, it needs to be discussed on a professional and a health and social political level

A generic pixel-to-point comparison for simulated large-scale ecosystem properties and ground-based observations: an example from the Amazon region

Comparing model output and observed data is an important step for assessing model performance and quality of simulation results. However, such comparisons are often hampered by differences in spatial scales between local point observations and large-scale simulations of grid cells or pixels. In this study, we propose a generic approach for a pixel-to-point comparison and provide statistical measures accounting for the uncertainty resulting from landscape variability and measurement errors in ecosystem variables. The basic concept of our approach is to determine the statistical properties of small-scale (within-pixel) variability and observational errors, and to use this information to correct for their effect when large-scale area averages (pixel) are compared to small-scale point estimates. We demonstrate our approach by comparing simulated values of aboveground biomass, woody productivity (woody net primary productivity, NPP) and residence time of woody biomass from four dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) with measured inventory data from permanent plots in the Amazon rainforest, a region with the typical problem of low data availability, potential scale mismatch and thus high model uncertainty. We find that the DGVMs under- and overestimate aboveground biomass by 25 % and up to 60 %, respectively. Our comparison metrics provide a quantitative measure for model–data agreement and show moderate to good agreement with the region-wide spatial biomass pattern detected by plot observations. However, all four DGVMs overestimate woody productivity and underestimate residence time of woody biomass even when accounting for the large uncertainty range of the observational data. This is because DGVMs do not represent the relation between productivity and residence time of woody biomass correctly. Thus, the DGVMs may simulate the correct large-scale patterns of biomass but for the wrong reasons. We conclude that more information about the underlying processes driving biomass distribution are necessary to improve DGVMs. Our approach provides robust statistical measures for any pixel-to-point comparison, which is applicable for evaluation of models and remote-sensing products

Understanding the uncertainty in global forest carbon turnover

The length of time that carbon remains in forest biomass is one of the largest uncertainties in the global carbon cycle, with both recent historical baselines and future responses to environmental change poorly constrained by available observations. In the absence of large-scale observations, models used for global assessments tend to fall back on simplified assumptions of the turnover rates of biomass and soil carbon pools. In this study, the biomass carbon turnover times calculated by an ensemble of contemporary terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) are analysed to assess their current capability to accurately estimate biomass carbon turnover times in forests and how these times are anticipated to change in the future. Modelled baseline 1985-2014 global average forest biomass turnover times vary from 12.2 to 23.5 years between TBMs. TBM differences in phenological processes, which control allocation to, and turnover rate of, leaves and fine roots, are as important as tree mortality with regard to explaining the variation in total turnover among TBMs. The different governing mechanisms exhibited by each TBM result in a wide range of plausible turnover time projections for the end of the century. Based on these simulations, it is not possible to draw robust conclusions regarding likely future changes in turnover time, and thus biomass change, for different regions. Both spatial and temporal uncertainty in turnover time are strongly linked to model assumptions concerning plant functional type distributions and their controls. Thirteen model-based hypotheses of controls on turnover time are identified, along with recommendations for pragmatic steps to test them using existing and novel observations. Efforts to resolve uncertainty in turnover time, and thus its impacts on the future evolution of biomass carbon stocks across the world\u27s forests, will need to address both mortality and establishment components of forest demography, as well as allocation of carbon to woody versus non-woody biomass growth

Tree mortality submodels drive simulated long-term forest dynamics: assessing 15 models from the stand to global scale

Models are pivotal for assessing future forest dynamics under the impacts of changing climate and management practices, incorporating representations of tree growth, mortality, and regeneration. Quantitative studies on the importance of mortality submodels are scarce. We evaluated 15 dynamic vegetation models (DVMs) regarding their sensitivity to different formulations of tree mortality under different degrees of climate change. The set of models comprised eight DVMs at the stand scale, three at the landscape scale, and four typically applied at the continental to global scale. Some incorporate empirically derived mortality models, and others are based on experimental data, whereas still others are based on theoretical reasoning. Each DVM was run with at least two alternative mortality submodels. Model behavior was evaluated against empirical time series data, and then, the models were subjected to different scenarios of climate change. Most DVMs matched empirical data quite well, irrespective of the mortality submodel that was used. However, mortality submodels that performed in a very similar manner against past data often led to sharply different trajectories of forest dynamics under future climate change. Most DVMs featured high sensitivity to the mortality submodel, with deviations of basal area and stem numbers on the order of 10–40% per century under current climate and 20–170% under climate change. The sensitivity of a given DVM to scenarios of climate change, however, was typically lower by a factor of two to three. We conclude that (1) mortality is one of the most uncertain processes when it comes to assessing forest response to climate change, and (2) more data and a better process understanding of tree mortality are needed to improve the robustness of simulated future forest dynamics. Our study highlights that comparing several alternative mortality formulations in DVMs provides valuable insights into the effects of process uncertainties on simulated future forest dynamics

Colloidal Flower-Shaped Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Synthesis Strategies and Coatings

The assembly of magnetic cores into regular structures may notably influence the properties displayed by a magnetic colloid. Here, key synthesis parameters driving the self-assembly process capable of organizing colloidal magnetic cores into highly regular and reproducible multi-core nanoparticles are determined. In addition, a self-consistent picture that explains the collective magnetic properties exhibited by these complex assemblies is achieved through structural, colloidal, and magnetic means. For this purpose, different strategies to obtain flower-shaped iron oxide assemblies in the size range 25-100 nm are examined. The routes are based on the partial oxidation of Fe(OH)(2), polyol-mediated synthesis or the reduction of iron acetylacetonate. The nanoparticles are functionalized either with dextran, citric acid, or alternatively embedded in polystyrene and their long-term stability is assessed. The core size is measured, calculated, and modeled using both structural and magnetic means, while the Debye model and multi-core extended model are used to study interparticle interactions. This is the first step toward standardized protocols of synthesis and characterization of flower-shaped nanoparticles

Gentle interactions with restrained and free-moving cows: Effects on the improvement of the animal-human relationship.

The animal-human relationship is essential for farm animal welfare and production. Generally, gentle tactile and vocal interactions improve the animal-human relationship in cattle. However, cows that are fearful of humans avoid their close presence and touch; thus, the animal-human relationship first has to be improved to a point where the animals accept stroking before their perception of the interactions and consequently the animal-human relationship can become positive. We tested whether the animal-human relationship of cows fearful of humans is improved more effectively by gentle interactions during restraint, allowing physical contact from the beginning, or if the gentle interactions are offered while the animals are free to move, giving them more control over the situation and thus probably a higher level of agency and a more positive perception of the interactions. Thirty-six dairy cows (median avoidance distance 1.6 m) were assigned to three treatments (each n = 12): gentle vocal and tactile interactions during restraint in the feeding rack (LOCK); gentle vocal and, if possible, tactile interactions while free in the barn (FREE); routine management without additional interactions (CON). Treatments were applied for 3 min per cow on 10 d per fortnight for 6 weeks (i.e., three periods). Avoidance and approach behaviour towards humans was tested before the start of the treatment period, and then at 2-week intervals. The recorded variables were reduced to one score by Principal Component Analysis. The resulting relationship score (higher values implying a better relationship with humans) increased in all groups; the increase was stronger in FREE than in CON, with the increase in LOCK being not significantly different from the other treatment groups. Thus, we recommend that gentle interactions with cows should take place while they are unrestrained, if possible

Novel telemetric signal averaging ECG approach to determine electrical atrial and ventricular conduction delays in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) with biventricular pacing is an established therapy for heart failure (HF) patients (P) with ventricular desynchronization and reduced left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. The aim of this study was to evaluate electrical right atrial (RA), left atrial (LA), right ventricular (RV) and LV conduction delay with novel telemetric signal averaging electrocardiography (SAECG) in implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) P to better select P for CRT and to improve hemodynamics in cardiac pacing. Methods: ICD-P (n=8, age 70.8 ± 9.0 years; 2 females, 6 males) with VVI-ICD (n=4), DDD-ICD (n=3) and CRT-ICD (n=1) (Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) were analysed with telemetric ECG recording by Medronic programmer 2090, ECG cable 2090AB, PCSU1000 oscilloscope with Pc-Lab2000 software (Velleman®) and novel National Intruments LabView SAECG software. Results: Electrical RA conduction delay (RACD) was measured between onset and offset of RA deflection in the RAECG. Interatrial conduction delay (IACD) was measured between onset of RA deflection and onset of far-field LA deflection in the RAECG. Interventricular conduction delay (IVCD) was measured between onset of RV deflection in the RVECG and onset of LV deflection in the LVECG. Telemetric SAECG recording was possible in all ICD-P with a mean of 11.7 ± 4.4 SAECG heart beats, 97.6 ± 33.7 ms QRS duration, 81.5 ± 44.6 ms RACD, 62.8 ± 28.4 ms RV conduction delay, 143.7 ± 71.4 ms right cardiac AV delay, 41.5 ms LA conduction delay, 101.6 ms LV conduction delay, 176.8 ms left cardiac AV delay, 53.6 ms IACD and 93 ms IVCD. Conclusions: Determination of RA, LA, RV and LV conduction delay, IACD, IVCD, right and left cardiac AV delay by telemetric SAECG recording using LabView SAECG technique may be useful parameters of atrial and ventricular desynchronization to improve P selection for CRT and hemodynamics in cardiac pacing