A Case Report on Mandibular Second Molar Regarding Single C-Shaped Canal

C-shaped canal variation is commonly seen in mandibular second molars. Extra canals is not always a variation in root canals. Radiograph is a must for the identification of single canal. Thorough idea of the proper anatomy of root canals is utmost important to diagnose the variations

Single Canal in a Single-Rooted Mandibular Second Molar: A Paradox

During endodontic diagnosis multirooted teeth morphologically, shows variable root canal system . This case report explains the anatomical variations of root and root canals. Here it is shown that a single canal is present in mandibular second molar. Therefore we should be aware that a single canal can also be present in mandibular molar

Treatment of Acute Apical Abscess by Endodontic Management

Acute apical abscess is most common dental disease. It is formed when the infection from root canal travel to the periapical tissues followed by the formation of pus. A clinician must have a thorough idea about the management and regimens that is best given to treat the disease. The purpose of this article was to describe the endodontic management of an Acute Apical Abscess in an 21 year-old girl. The patient presented inflammation of extraoral tissue

Aesthetic Surgical Crown Lengthening With Hard and Soft Tissue Management

Abstract: The maintenance of biological width is of utmost importance in restorative procedures. Crown lengthening requires thorough clinical judgement so that the biological width is not violated. This case report explains the strategies that need to be followed during crown lengthening

The role of myelination in measures of white matter integrity: Combination of diffusion tensor imaging and two-photon microscopy of CLARITY intact brains

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is used extensively in neuroscience to noninvasively estimate white matter (WM) microarchitecture. However, the diffusion signal is inherently ambiguous because it infers WM structure from the orientation of water diffusion and cannot identify the biological sources of diffusion changes. To compare inferred WM estimates to directly labeled axonal elements, we performed a novel within-subjects combination of high-resolution ex vivo DTI with two-photon laser microscopy of intact mouse brains rendered optically transparent by Clear Lipid-exchanged, Anatomically Rigid, Imaging/immunostaining compatible, Tissue hYdrogel (CLARITY). We found that myelin basic protein (MBP) immunofluorescence significantly correlated with fractional anisotropy (FA), especially in WM regions with coherent fiber orientations and low fiber dispersion. Our results provide evidence that FA is particularly sensitive to myelination in WM regions with these characteristics. Furthermore, we found that radial diffusivity (RD) was only sensitive to myelination in a subset of WM tracts, suggesting that the association of RD with myelin should be used cautiously. This combined DTI-CLARITY approach illustrates, for the first time, a framework for using brain-wide immunolabeling of WM targets to elucidate the relationship between the diffusion signal and its biological underpinnings. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of a within-subject combination of noninvasive neuroimaging and tissue clearing techniques that has broader implications for neuroscience research

Cortico-reticulo-spinal circuit reorganization enables functional recovery after severe spinal cord contusion.

Severe spinal cord contusions interrupt nearly all brain projections to lumbar circuits producing leg movement. Failure of these projections to reorganize leads to permanent paralysis. Here we modeled these injuries in rodents. A severe contusion abolished all motor cortex projections below injury. However, the motor cortex immediately regained adaptive control over the paralyzed legs during electrochemical neuromodulation of lumbar circuits. Glutamatergic reticulospinal neurons with residual projections below the injury relayed the cortical command downstream. Gravity-assisted rehabilitation enabled by the neuromodulation therapy reinforced these reticulospinal projections, rerouting cortical information through this pathway. This circuit reorganization mediated a motor cortex-dependent recovery of natural walking and swimming without requiring neuromodulation. Cortico-reticulo-spinal circuit reorganization may also improve recovery in humans