Depression, socialization and autonomy in institutionalized elderly

INTRODUCCIÓN: La depresión es una de las enfermedades más comunes en la tercera edad. La existencia de tratamientos eficaces puede mejorar la calidad de vida de este grupo de población. La epidemiología de la depresión es mayor en ancianos institucionalizados que en los que viven fuera de estos centros. Existen variables a tener en cuenta para mejorar el estado depresivo en la población de mayores. OBJETIVOS: Como objetivo nos planteamos conocer si determinadas variables de dependencia, socioemocionales y sociodemográficas pueden influir en la depresión de este colectivo de ancianos de centros geriátricos. Y consideramos la hipótesis de a mayor dependencia y menor socialización del sujeto, la depresión será mayor. PARTICIPANTES: Se escogió una muestra de 80 ancianos ingresados en una residencia geriátrica mixta dependiente de la Diputación Provincial de Salamanca. MÉTODO: Se utilizó el cuestionario GDS-8 de Depresión Geriátrica de Yesevage, cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos, socioemocionales y de dependencia. Se aplicaron estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales a los datos a través de programa SPSS. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican que las puntuaciones más altas en variables de dependencia están asociada a puntuaciones más altas en depresión. Es mayor en mujeres que en hombres, y en viudos o divorciados que en casados o con pareja. Y mayor también cuanto menor es la puntuación en variables de socialización. El 25% de los participantes dan puntuaciones significativamente altas en depresión. CONCLUSIÓN: A tenor de los resultados, se han comprobado la hipótesis y se han cumplido los objetivos planteados en la investigación. Potenciar y desarrollar la autonomía, el contacto social será parece una buena forma para prevenir los estados depresivos es ancianos institucionalizados.INTRODUCTION: Depression is one of the most common diseases in the elderly. The existence of effective treatments can improve the quality of life of this population group. The epidemiology of depression is greater in institutionalized elders than in those who live outside these centers. There are variables to be taken into account to improve depressive status in the elderly population. OBJECTIVES: As a goal we ask ourselves to know if certain variables of dependency, emotional and sociodemographic can influence the depression of this group of elderly geriatric centers. And we consider the hypothesis of a greater dependence and less socialization of the subject, the depression will be greater. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 80 elderly people admitted to a mixed geriatric residence dependent on the Provincial Council of Salamanca was chosen. METHOD: The GDS-8 of geriatric depression of Yesevage, questionnaire data demographic, emotional and dependency were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the data through the SPSS program. RESULTS: The results indicate that higher scores in dependency variables are associated with higher scores in depression. It is greater in women than in men, and in widows or divorced than in married or with couple. And higher also the lower the punctuation in values of socialization. 25% of the participants give significantly high scores in depression. CONCLUSION: According to the results, the hypothesis has been verified and the objectives raised in the investigation have been fulfilled. Empowering and developing autonomy, social contact will be seems a good way to prevent depressive states is institutionalized elders.peerReviewe

Anxiety and self-efficacy in caregivers of Alzheimer patients

ANTECEDENTES: En España, la enfermedad de Alzheimer es la primera de las enfermedades degenerativas por número de pacientes, así como la primera causa de demencia en la población de mayores. En un alto porcentaje de estos casos, son las familias quienes asumen el cuidado de estos enfermos. Y de estos cuidadores el 65% de ellos sufrirán cambios vitales y una merma en su salud psico-física, llegando el 20% a desarrollar cuadros de Burnout. OBJETIVOS: Averiguar los niveles de ansiedad y autoeficacia en cuidadores de enfermos de Alzheimer. Planteando la hipótesis de que existen diferencias en cuanto a las variables objeto de estudio dependiendo de las ayudas, horas de dedicación y antigüedad en los cuidados. MUESTRA: Se escogió una muestra de 56 cuidadores de pacientes de Alzheimer a través de la Asociación de Alzheimer de Salamanca. MÉTODO: Se les aplicó, el test STAI de ansiedad (Spielberger) y otro de autoeficacia (Sherer) y se recogieron datos sociodemográficos, dedicación diaria, antigüedad de cuidador y ayudas externas recibidas. Se tabularon los datos y se averiguaron estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales a través del SPSS. RESULTADOS: Los resultados indican que variables como autoeficacia y ansiedad están moduladas respecto al tiempo de dedicación a los cuidados, disminuyendo la ansiedad y aumentando la autoeficacia con la duración de éstos. Sucede lo mismo con estas variables respecto a la antigüedad de cuidador. Y según las ayudas que reciben, las de psicólogos aportan mayor autoeficacia mientras que las ayudas médicas dan menor ansiedad. CONCLUSIÓN: Se han verificado las hipótesis de la investigación así la mayor antigüedad en los cuidados facilita mejorar su ansiedad y aumentar la autoeficacia. El tiempo de dedicación proporciona mayor autoeficacia y menor ansiedad. Y las ayudas externas profesionales son positivas para la salud del cuidador, aunque proporcionan mayor autoeficacia y menor ansiedad en función de la especialidad de quien las proporciona.BACKGROUND: In Spain, Alzheimer’s disease is the first of degenerative diseases by number of patients, as well as the first cause of dementia in the elderly population. In a high percentage of these cases, it is the families who take care of these patients. And of these caregivers, 65% of them will suffer vital changes and a decrease in their psycho-physical health, reaching 20% to develop pictures of Burnout. OBJECTIVES: To find out the levels of anxiety and self-efficacy in caregivers of Alzheimer patients. Raising the hypothesis that there are differences in the variables under study depending on the aid, hours of dedication and seniority in care. SAMPLE: We selected a sample of 56 caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients through the Alzheimer’s Association of Salamanca. METHOD: They were given a test of anxiety STAI (Spielberger) and another of self-efficacy (Sherer) and collected demographic data, daily dedication, caregiver seniority and external AIDS received. Data were tabulated and descriptive and inferential statistics were found through the SPSS. RESULTS: The results indicate that variables such as self-efficacy and anxiety are modulated with respect to time of dedication to care, reducing anxiety and increasing self-efficacy with their duration. The same thing happens with these variables regarding the antiquity of caregiver. And according to the aid they receive, the psychologists provide more self-efficacy while medical aid gives less anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The research hypothesis has been verified so the greater antiquity in the care facilitates to improve its anxiety and to increase the self-efficacy. Dedication time provides greater self-efficacy and less anxiety. And professional external aids are positive for the caregiver’s health, although they provide greater self- efficacy and less anxiety depending on the specialty of those who provide them.peerReviewe

El reto de la destreza del speaking en centros de educación secundaria monolingües de Andalucía

Spain, following the recommendations of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR, 2011), is undergoing a quick English-learning process in order to qualify the population as citizens of the world. The mastering of speaking skills in English is crucial to ease personal, social, political, professional and economic relationships. For this reason, the objectives of this paper are: analysing the current regional and national legislation regarding foreign language communication; understanding how relevant it is for the Andalusian population to speak fluently in English, given the magnitude of the international tourism industry in Andalusia and the current European socio-educational context; as well as knowing if Andalusian Secondary Education students are aware of this situation, and how comfortable they feel with their current oral-skills in English nowadays.España, siguiendo las recomendaciones del Marco Común Europeo de Referencia para las Lenguas (MCER, 2011), se encuentra inmersa en un rápido proceso de aprendizaje del inglés que permita a sus gentes convertirse en ciudadanos del mundo. El dominio del componente oral de esta lengua es fundamental para facilitar las relaciones sociales, laborales, políticas o económicas. Por ello, esta investigación establece los siguientes objetivos: analizar la legislación estatal y autonómica vigente con respecto a la comunicación en lenguas extranjeras; entender hasta qué punto es relevante para la población andaluza el hecho de poder hablar con fluidez en lengua inglesa dada la envergadura del turismo internacional en Andalucía y el contexto socioeducativo europeo actual; tratar de averiguar si los estudiantes de Educación Secundaria andaluces son conscientes de esta situación, y conocer cómo de cómodos se sienten hoy día con la práctica de la destreza oral o speaking en lengua inglesa

La enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras: propuestas de mejora

Those involved in the teaching of foreign languages in general, and in the teaching of English in particular, are aware of the challenges they face when it comes to doing their job. This article analyzes some of the main reasons why the process of teaching a foreign language should be revised. Concentrating specifically on Spain, possible solutions and strategies will be presented to combat previously discovered deficiencies. In this sense, it is considered that the analyzed proposals can be a reference for the successful study of the situation in relation to the provision of positive strategies and solutions. It is important to highlight that this analysis has been carried out after detecting a series of problems. The results are aimed at becoming one of the main engines that triggers an in-depth debate. This debate should lead to change the methodology, training, design, conception and, ultimately, the teaching of foreign languages in Spain.2018-1

Racismo: um desafio para a educação bilíngue em Madrid

With the increasing prevalence of bilingual public and private schools, the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages heavily influences how English is taught in Spain, emphasizing plurilingualism and communicative competence, underlining the importance of education to reduce inequality and discrimination, and improving intercultural understanding. Since bilingual education can greatly impact this scenario (whether positively or negatively), it is important to outline the advantages and disadvantages of bilingual education nowadays. Additionally, we should admit that English language classes both disprove and propagate stereotypes, providing opportunities due to the ubiquity of the language, although not to everyone. This study aims to evaluate the success of English in secondary education, if it effectively gives opportunities and opens students to new cultures and if it raises awareness about racism. A survey was conducted with 406 students of Compulsory Secondary Education 1st and 4th grades at three schools in the Community of Madrid. We hypothesized that bilingual education students would be more open to difference and to new opportunities and would be more likely to recognize and challenge discrimination. The study found no significant differences in the responses given at the three schools. We contend that formal education impeded truthful answers and that a more casual questionnaire would be more appropriate.A forma como a língua inglesa é ensinada na Espanha, com a crescente oferta de escolas bilíngues, tanto públicas quanto privadas, é fortemente influenciada pelo Quadro Europeu Comum de Referência para as Línguas. Este documento enfatiza os valores do plurilinguismo e da competência comunicativa, ao passo que sublinha a importância de reduzir a desigualdade e a discriminação e de melhorar a compreensão intercultural no âmbito da educação. Como se constata que a educação bilíngue tem impacto positivo e negativo neste aspecto, é importante destacar suas vantagens e desvantagens na atualidade. Por outro lado, deve-se admitir que as aulas de língua inglesa demonstram tanto refutar quanto propagar estereótipos, e que a onipresença do inglês oferece oportunidades, ainda que não para todos. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: avaliar o sucesso do ensino do inglês no ensino secundário; a efetiva oferta de oportunidades e abertura dos horizontes dos alunos a novas culturas; e o potencial aumento da sua consciência sobre o racismo. Foi realizada uma pesquisa entre 406 alunos do 1º e 4º anos do ensino secundário obrigatório de três escolas da Comunidade de Madrid. Levantou-se a hipótese de que os alunos da educação bilíngue estivessem mais abertos à diferença e a novas oportunidades e fossem mais propensos a reconhecer e desafiar a discriminação. O estudo não encontrou diferenças significativas nas respostas recebidas nas três escolas. Argumentou-se, por fim, que o contexto formal de estudo representou um empecilho à obtenção de respostas verdadeiras e que um questionário mais casual seria mais apropriado

Proyección de los intereses de la Unión Europea en el océano Índico: una cuestión geoestratégica

El océano Índico es un espacio en el que confluyen actividades comerciales internacionales con otras ilícitas, lo que convierte al Cuerno de África en una región de conflicto. El principal desafío en esa zona marítima estratégica es la piratería, que se ve favorecida por la falta de gobernanza, la pobreza, la desestructuración social y estatal, la corrupción y la sobreexplotación de recursos. Estos factores son comunes a todos los países del África oriental, e impiden que las distintas iniciativas de paz y progreso resulten viables. Pese a la disminución de la piratería en Somalia, como consecuencia de las intervenciones internacionales, la inestabilidad en la región persiste, lo que supone un riesgo para los intereses de los actores que desarrollan sus actividades en esa parte del mundo. La respuesta implementada hasta la fecha ha sido el despliegue militar para contener la piratería, ahora cuestionada por la disminución del riesgo. El objetivo del artículo es determinar si las acciones de la Unión Europea están guiadas por las amenazas a la seguridad marítima o si, por el contrario, suponen una proyección de sus propios intereses, en un juego de poder en el que la falta de presencia conllevaría la pérdida de influencia regional e internacional

Association of the KDIGO Risk Classification with the Prevalence of Heart Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

[Abstract] The objectives of this study were to determine the main characteristics associated with the presence of heart failure (HF) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and specifically to assess the association of the risk classification proposed by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines with HF. The DIABET-IC study is a multicentre, observational, prospective and analytical study in T2DM patients recruited in Spanish hospitals. This work, which features a cross-sectional design, has been conducted with the data obtained at the inclusion visit. The main dependent variable analysed was the presence of HF. The predictive variables evaluated were the demography, clinic, laboratory testing (including natriuretic peptides) and echocardiography. Patients were classified according to the number of vascular territories with atherosclerotic involvement and the KDIGO risk category. Multivariate logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk posed by the various baseline variables to present HF at the time of study inclusion. The study included 1517 patients from 58 hospitals, with a mean age of 67.3 (standard deviation (SD): 10) years, out of which 33% were women. The mean DM duration was 14 (SD: 11) years. The prevalence of HF was 37%. In a multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of HF were increased age (odds ratio (OR) per 1 year = 1.02; p = 0.006), decreased systolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg = 0.98; p 1 territory = 2.39; p = 0.02 and p < 0.001 respectively) and the KDIGO risk classification (high-risk OR = 2.46 and very high-risk OR = 3.39; p < 0.001 for both). The KDIGO risk classification is useful to screen for the presence of HF in T2DM patients. Therefore, we believe that it is necessary to carry out a systematic screening for HF in the high- and very high-risk KDIGO categories.This research was funded by the Spanish Society of Diabetes (SED) and the Spanish Society of Cardiology (SEC

Liderazgo y autoeficacia como predictores del rendimiento académico

For a long time there has been a special interest in personal and professional improvement through new methodologies and tools. One of those tools to improve is personalized tutoring that has proven its validity in two areas: personal and academic-professional. Within the academic field, teachers have more and more concerns about teaching effectiveness and for this reason we think about the use of processes such as coaching to improve student performance. Educational Coaching is a strategy to strengthen leadership (Veliz and Paravic, 2012). Peer Academic Coaching is a concept of helping new students based on peer help (Sánchez, 2008). Coaching between peers or between teacher-student can serve to increase academic performance, as well as the effectiveness of the student’s effort (Sánchez-Teruel, 2013). Objectives: To find out if personal competencies such as leadership, self-efficacy or are predictors of academic performance in undergraduate university students. Sample: A sample of students was chosen consisting of 523 subjects of both sexes of different grades and geographical origin, between 18 and 45 years old and from the Universities of Salamanca and University of Guarda. Method: Through contact with undergraduate professors from different degrees, questionnaires on leadership styles and self-efficacy were applied to the volunteer participants from the chosen universities. The results were tabulated with descriptive and inferential statistics and conclusions were established. Results: 201 men and 322 women participated, of which 233 were Spanish and 251 Portuguese, the rest were from other European countries or from outside Europe. Most of the participants have a medium or high self-efficacy. The subjects have grades of approval in 61.1%, remarkable in 32.2% and outstanding in 5.6%. Those who score high in democratic leadership style are 18.9%, medium 76.7% and low 4.4%. Conclusion: The results indicate that age is positively correlated with task-oriented leadership and to a lesser extent with relationship, also with self-efficacy. According to the results, a higher level of self-efficacy correlates with higher academic performance and greater preparation for coaching. The democratic leadership style correlates positively with preparation for coaching. Subjects with higher scores have higher scores in preparation for coaching, that is, they are in a more suitable situation to start an improvement processAntecedentes: Desde hace tiempo existe un especial interés por el mejoramiento personal y profesional a través de nuevas metodologías y herramientas. Una de esas herramientas para conseguir mejorares la tutoría personalizada que ha demostrado su validez en dos ámbitos: el personal y el académico-profesional. Dentro del ámbito académico los profesores tenemos cada vez más inquietudes de eficacia docente y por ello pensamos en el uso de procesos como el coaching para la mejora en el rendimiento de los alumnos. El Coaching educativo es una estrategia para fortalecer el liderazgo (Veliz y Paravic, 2012). El Coaching académico de compañeros es un concepto de ayuda a estudiantes de nuevo ingreso basado en la ayuda entre compañeros. (Sánchez, 2008). El Coaching entre compañeros o entre profesor-estudiante puede servir para que el rendimiento académico aumente, así como la eficacia del esfuerzo del estudiante. (Sánchez-Teruel, 2013). Objetivos: Averiguar si las competencias personales como liderazgo, autoeficacia o son predictores del rendimiento académico en estudiantes universitarios de grado. Muestra: Se escogió una muestra de estudiantes constituida por 523 sujetos, de ambos sexos, de distintos grados y procedencia geográfica, entre 18 y 45 años y de las Universidades de Salamanca y Universidad de Guarda. Método: A través del contacto con profesores de grado de distintas titulaciones, se aplicaron a los participantes voluntarios cuestionarios de estilos de liderazgo, de autoeficacia a estudiantes de las universidades elegidas. Se tabularon los resultados con estadísticos descriptivos e inferenciales y se establecieron conclusiones. Resultados: Participaron 201 hombres y 322 mujeres, de los que 233 eran españoles y 251 portugueses, el resto eran de otros países europeos o de fuera de Europa. La mayor parte de participantes tienen una autoeficacia media o alta. Los sujetos tienen notas de aprobado en un 61,1%, de notable en un 32,2% y de sobresaliente en un 5,6%. Los que puntúan alto en estilo de liderazgo democrático son el 18,9%, medio el 76,7% y bajo el 4,4%. Conclusión: Los resultados indican que la edad tiene una correlación positiva con el liderazgo orientado a la tarea y en menor medida con la relación, también con la autoeficacia. A tenor de los resultados un mayor nivel de autoeficacia se correlaciona con un mayor rendimiento académico y una mayor preparación al coaching. El estilo de liderazgo democrático correlaciona positivamente con la preparación al coaching. Los sujetos con notas más altas tienen unas más altas puntuaciones en la preparación al coaching, es decir están en una situación más adecuada para comenzar un proceso de mejora.&nbsp