H+ transport is an integral function of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier.

The mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) is a major transport protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It exchanges mitochondrial ATP for cytosolic ADP and controls cellular production of ATP. In addition, it has been proposed that AAC mediates mitochondrial uncoupling, but it has proven difficult to demonstrate this function or to elucidate its mechanisms. Here we record AAC currents directly from inner mitochondrial membranes from various mouse tissues and identify two distinct transport modes: ADP/ATP exchange and H+ transport. The AAC-mediated H+ current requires free fatty acids and resembles the H+ leak via the thermogenic uncoupling protein 1 found in brown fat. The ADP/ATP exchange via AAC negatively regulates the H+ leak, but does not completely inhibit it. This suggests that the H+ leak and mitochondrial uncoupling could be dynamically controlled by cellular ATP demand and the rate of ADP/ATP exchange. By mediating two distinct transport modes, ADP/ATP exchange and H+ leak, AAC connects coupled (ATP production) and uncoupled (thermogenesis) energy conversion in mitochondria

Satellite Image Enhancement Using Framelet Transform And Non-Local Means Filter

Abstract: Resolution enhancement (RE) schemes suffer from the drawback of losing high frequency contents (which results in blurring). The wavelet-transform-based RE scheme, generates artifacts (due to a shift-variant property). Therefore a framelet-domain approach and non-local means (NLM) filter is proposed for RE of the satellite images. A satellite input image is decomposed by Framelet transform ( FT) to obtain high-frequency subbands. The high-frequency subbands and the low-resolution (LR) input image are interpolated using the Lanczos interpolator. The high frequency subbands are passed through an NLM (despite of its nearly shift invarianc

Founder effects facilitate the use of a genotyping-based approach to molecular diagnosis in Swedish patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia

Aim To investigate whether genotyping could be used as a cost-effective screening step, preceding next-generation sequencing (NGS), in molecular diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) in Swedish patients. Methods and results Three hundred patients of Swedish origin with clinical suspicion of heterozygous FH were analysed using a specific array genotyping panel embedding 112 FH-causing mutations in the LDLR, APOB and PCSK9 genes. The mutations had been selected from previous reports on FH patients in Scandinavia and Finland. Mutation-negative cases were further analysed by NGS. In 181 patients with probable or definite FH using the Dutch lipid clinics network (DLCN) criteria (score >= 6), a causative mutation was identified in 116 (64%). Of these, 94 (81%) were detected by genotyping. Ten mutations accounted for more than 50% of the positive cases, with APOB c.10580G>A being the most common. Mutations in LDLR predominated, with (c.2311+1_2312-1)(2514)del (FH Helsinki) and c.259T>G having the highest frequency. Two novel LDLR mutations were identified. In patients with DLCN score A was higher than previously reported in Sweden. The lack of demonstrable mutations in the LDLR, APOB and PCSK9 genes in similar to 1/3 of patients with probable FH strongly suggests that additional genetic mechanisms are to be found in phenotypic FH.Peer reviewe

Inhibition of Intestinal Bile Acid Transporter Slc10a2 Improves Triglyceride Metabolism and Normalizes Elevated Plasma Glucose Levels in Mice

Interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids increases cholesterol catabolism, thereby stimulating hepatic cholesterol synthesis from acetate. We hypothesized that such treatment should lower the hepatic acetate pool which may alter triglyceride and glucose metabolism. We explored this using mice deficient of the ileal sodium-dependent BA transporter (Slc10a2) and ob/ob mice treated with a specific inhibitor of Slc10a2. Plasma TG levels were reduced in Slc10a2-deficient mice, and when challenged with a sucrose-rich diet, they displayed a reduced response in hepatic TG production as observed from the mRNA levels of several key enzymes in fatty acid synthesis. This effect was paralleled by a diminished induction of mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (Srebp1c). Unexpectedly, the SR-diet induced intestinal fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15 mRNA and normalized bile acid synthesis in Slc10a2−/− mice. Pharmacologic inhibition of Slc10a2 in diabetic ob/ob mice reduced serum glucose, insulin and TGs, as well as hepatic mRNA levels of Srebp1c and its target genes. These responses are contrary to those reported following treatment of mice with a bile acid binding resin. Moreover, when key metabolic signal transduction pathways in the liver were investigated, those of Mek1/2 - Erk1/2 and Akt were blunted after treatment of ob/ob mice with the Slc10a2 inhibitor. It is concluded that abrogation of Slc10a2 reduces hepatic Srebp1c activity and serum TGs, and in the diabetic ob/ob model it also reduces glucose and insulin levels. Hence, targeting of Slc10a2 may be a promising strategy to treat hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes

Rancang Bangun Penampung Sampah Laut Portable (PSP) dan Uji Solar Panel untuk Mengurangi Sampah Laut

Marine litter is waste created by human that has been discharged into the coastal or marine environment. Varied and widespread human activities can act as the source of marine litter. The sources may be located directly at sea, on the coast or inland. Litters can be transported over long distances and into marine habitat. Accumulation of marine litter can affects habitats, organism ecological function, and develops health problems. The objective of present study was to evaluate portable marine litter collector’s performance for eliminating marine litter. The methods consist of some steps i.e. measuring and comparing collected marine litter amount with the total daily average amount in the tested area which took place at Pantai Biru Sehati, Tanjung Piayu; identifying the size and type of material of the collected marine litter; measuring the scope that can be reached by the prototype; along with identifying oceanographic parameter regarding its effects on prototype performance. The results showed that the performance duration of the prototype on an optimum battery is 1 - 3 hours, 2800 rpm of motor speed, 1 - 4 kg of marine litter as the maximum weight that can be held by the prototype. Furthermore, the identified oceanographic parameters are speed current which was 0.7 m/s. The field test also indicates that the oceanographic parameter affects the prototype performance. Keywords : Design, marine litter, portable marine litter collector, oceanographicSampah laut adalah sampah hasil pembuangan yang dihasilkan oleh manusia yang terbuang ke lingkungan pesisir dan laut. Keberagaman aktivitas manusia yang tersebar dimana saja dapat menjadi sumber sampah. Sumber ini dapat berlokasi di laut, sepanjang pesisir, maupun daerah pedalaman. Sampah - sampah ini berpindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dalam jarak yang jauh dan dapat memasuki habitat laut. Akumulasi dari sampah laut, tentunya dapat mempengaruhi habitat makhluk hidup, fungsi ekologikal organisme, dan juga dapat menimbulkan masalah kesehatan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji kinerja prototipe penampung sampah laut portable (PSP) dalam mengurangi jumlah sampah laut. Metode pengujian yang digunakan yaitu mengukur dan membandingkan volume sampah laut yang diperoleh dalam beberapa waktu pengujian dengan jumlah keseluruhan rerata harian sampah laut pada daerah uji coba yaitu Perairan Punggur, mengidentifikasi ukuran dan jenis bahan sampah yang tertampung, menguji ketahanan prototipe dengan berat sampah berbeda, mengukur luas cakupan area yang dapat dijangkau oleh prototipe, sekaligus dilakukan juga identifikasi parameter oseanografi yang ada pada daerah uji untuk melihat pengaruh parameter oseanografi terhadap kinerja prototipe. Dimana dari hasil pengujian, diketahui bahwa lamanya prototipe dapat bekerja dalam kondisi baterai optimal adalah 1 - 3 jam, dengan kecepatan motor 2800 rpm, berat maksimum yang dapat ditampung oleh prototipe adalah 1 – 4 kg. Parameter oseanografi yang teridentifikasi yaitu kecepatan arus 0.7 m/s. Hasil uji lapangan juga menunjukkan parameter oseanografi juga berpengaruh dalam keefektifan kinerja prototipe.   Kata kunci: Rancang bangun, sampah laut, penampung sampah laut portable, oseanograf

PENGARUH KONDISI OSEANOGRAFI TERHADAP PERUBAHAN IKLIM DI DAERAH PERAIRAN BATU AMPAR, KEPULAUAN RIAU

Dinamika oseanografi perairan timur samudera Hindia dipengaruhi oleh keterkaitan yang kompleks antara gaya penggerak jauh (remote forcing) dari bagian ekuator Samudera Hindia serta pengaruh lokal yang kuat. Perubahan iklim adalah perubahan jangka panjang dalam distribusi cuaca yang nyata secara statistik sepanjang periode waktu tertentu (biasanya dekade atau lebih). Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadinya di lapisan atmosfer paling bawah, yaitu fluktuasi curah hujan yang tinggi dan kenaikan muka laut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan kondisi perubahan iklim terhadap parameter oseanografi. Analisis nilai klorofil-a, suhu permukaan laut dan pasang surut dilakukan untuk melihat perubahan iklim global di perairan Batu Ampar. Hasil analisis tersebut menunjukkan bahwa tinggi muka air laut tertinggi yaitu dengan nilai ketinggian adalah 3,1 meter, dengan suhu permukaan laut yang berada pada kisaran 29,50C - 29,750C, pada waktu 00.05-02.55 (1 Agustus 2017 - 1 September 2017). Hasil analisis kondisi oseanografi di perairan Batu Ampar tidak mengalami perubahan secara fluktuatif terhadap perubahan iklim global.   Kata kunci : Iklim, Klorofil-a, Suhu permukaan laut, Pasang surut, Perairan Batu AmparABSTRACTOceanographic dynamics of the eastern waters of the Indian Ocean are influenced by the complex interrelationship between the remote forcing of the equatorial parts of the Indian Ocean and strong local influences. Climate change is the long-term change in weather distribution statistically for a certain period of time (mostly in a decade or more). This phenomenon causes the fluctuation of the precipitation and sea level rise. The objective of this research is to examine the climate change condition based on oceanography parameters. Chlorophyll-a, sea surface temperature, and tide value analysis is done to observe the global climate change in Batu Ampar waters. The result of the analysis shows that the maximum sea level is at 3.1 m with sea surface temperature ranges from 29.50C – 29.750C and the sea surface data is taken from August 1st 2017 to September 1st 2017, at 00:05 to 02:55. Thus, the oceanography condition analysis results in Batu Ampar waters does not fluctuate regarding global climate change.Keywords: Climate, Chlorophyll-a, Sea surface temperature, Tides, Batu Ampar waters</p

KARAKTERISTIK KONDISI FISIK OSEANOGRAFI MENGGUNAKAN CITRA LANDSAT 8 DI LAUT BATAM

Oceanography parameters are the natural dynamics that occur affect the physics point of sea water, such as tides and currents. This study took samples in the territorial waters of Nongsa, then do the processing of data with remote sensing algorithms using Lyzenga and take the primary data of dissolve oxygen (DO), the flow pattern in the form of currents, tides are presented in graphical form. Results in the field get the velocity at Nongsa Coast with a speed range of 0.1-2 m/s with the direction of flow pattern eastward but the dominant westward, the Coast Bemban speed ranges between 0.02 to 0.44 m/s with a flow pattern in the direction but the dominant north-west, Beach Payung current speed with a range between 1.7-1.8 dominant westward. Tidal Beach Bemban show semi-diurnal tides twice showed the highest tide and low tide twice. Sea grass plants were identified through satellite imagery with Lyzenga algorithms contained on the beach Payung, to the beach and Bemban Nongsa can’t identification chlorophyll-a by satellite imagery. Dissolve oxygen (DO) contained in three locations after the show averaged dissolve oxygen (DO) 12.5-27.5 mg/L

Autophagy is defective in collagen VI muscular dystrophies and its reactivation rescues myofiber degeneration

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