Cross-realm assessment of climate change impacts on species' abundance trends

Climate change, land-use change, pollution and exploitation are among the main drivers of species' population trends; however, their relative importance is much debated. We used a unique collection of over 1,000 local population time series in 22 communities across terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms within central Europe to compare the impacts of long-term temperature change and other environmental drivers from 1980 onwards. To disentangle different drivers, we related species' population trends to species- and driver-specific attributes, such as temperature and habitat preference or pollution tolerance. We found a consistent impact of temperature change on the local abundances of terrestrial species. Populations of warm-dwelling species increased more than those of cold-dwelling species. In contrast, impacts of temperature change on aquatic species' abundances were variable. Effects of temperature preference were more consistent in terrestrial communities than effects of habitat preference, suggesting that the impacts of temperature change have become widespread for recent changes in abundance within many terrestrial communities of central Europe.Additionally, we appreciate the open access marine data provided by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. We thank the following scientists for taxonomic or technical advice: C. Brendel, T. Caprano, R. Claus, K. Desender, A. Flakus, P. R. Flakus, S. Fritz, E.-M. Gerstner, J.-P. Maelfait, E.-L. Neuschulz, S. Pauls, C. Printzen, I. Schmitt and H. Turin, and I. Bartomeus for comments on a previous version of the manuscript. R.A. was supported by the EUproject LIMNOTIP funded under the seventh European Commission Framework Programme (FP7) ERA-Net Scheme (Biodiversa, 01LC1207A) and the long-term ecological research program at the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB). R.W.B. was supported by the Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS) through Theme 3 of their Strategic Research Programme. S.D. acknowledges support of the German Research Foundation DFG (grant DO 1880/1-1). S.S. acknowledges the support from the FP7 project EU BON (grant no. 308454). S.K., I.Kü. and O.S. acknowledge funding thorough the Helmholtz Association’s Programme Oriented Funding, Topic ‘Land use, biodiversity, and ecosystem services: Sustaining human livelihoods’. O.S. also acknowledges the support from FP7 via the Integrated Project STEP (grant no. 244090). D.E.B. was funded by a Landes–Offensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich–ökonomischer Exzellenz (LOEWE) excellence initiative of the Hessian Ministry for Science and the Arts and the German Research Foundation (DFG: Grant no. BO 1221/23-1).Peer Reviewe

Brain-based classification of youth with anxiety disorders: transdiagnostic examinations within the ENIGMA-Anxiety database using machine learning

Neuroanatomical findings on youth anxiety disorders are notoriously difficult to replicate, small in effect size, and have limited clinical relevance. These concerns have prompted a paradigm shift towards highly powered (i.e., big data) individual-level inferences, which are data-driven, transdiagnostic, and neurobiologically informed. Hence, we uniquely built/validated supervised neuroanatomical machine learning (ML) models for individual-level inferences, using the largest up to date neuroimaging database on youth anxiety disorders: ENIGMA Anxiety Consortium (N=3,343; Age: 10-25 years; Global Sites: 32). Modest, yet robust, brain-based classifications were achieved for specific anxiety disorders (Panic Disorder), but also transdiagnostically for all anxiety disorders when patients were subgrouped according to their sex, medication status, and symptom severity (AUC’s 0.59-0.63). Classifications were driven by neuroanatomical features (cortical thickness/surface area, subcortical volumes) in fronto-striato-limbic and temporo-parietal regions. This benchmark study provides estimates on individual-level classification performances that can be realistically achieved with ML using neuroanatomical data, within a large, heterogenous, and multi-site sample of youth with anxiety disorders

Formation, Operation and Deactivation of Cr Catalysts in Ethylene Tetramerization Directly Assessed by Operando EPR and XAS

Operando EPR under elevated ethylene pressure supported by in situ XAS was for the first time applied to discriminate between active and deactivating Cr species in ethylene tetramerization. Starting from Cr­(III) in the Cr­(acac)₃ precursor, a (PNP)­Cr­(II)­(CH₃)₂ complex is most likely formed upon adding PNP and MMAO, which is regarded as the active species that converts ethylene to 1-octene by passing a reversible redox cycle, while reduction to Cr­(I) leads to deactivation

A genetic screen identifies mutations in the yeast WAR1 gene, linking transcription factor phosphorylation to weak-acid stress adaptation

Exposure of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to weak organic acids such as the food preservatives sorbate, benzoate and propionate leads to the pronounced induction of the plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, Pdr12p. This protein mediates efflux of weak acid anions, which is essential for stress adaptation. Recently, we identified War1p as the dedicated transcriptional regulator required for PDR12 stress induction. Here, we report the results from a genetic screen that led to the isolation of two war1 alleles encoding mutant variants, War1-28p and War1-42p, which are unable to support cell growth in the presence of sorbate. DNA sequencing revealed that War1-28 encodes a truncated form of the transcriptional regulator, and War1-42 carries three clustered mutations near the C-terminal activation domain. Although War1-42 is expressed and properly localized in the nucleus, the War1-42p variant fails to bind the weak-acid-response elements in the PDR12 promoter, as shown by in vivo footprinting. Importantly, in contrast with wild-type War1p, War1-42p is also no longer phosphorylated upon weak-acid challenge, demonstrating that phosphorylation of War1p, its activation and DNA binding are tightly linked processes that are essential for adaptation to weak-acid stress. © 2007 The Authors

Surface circulation at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula from drifters

An array of 40 surface drifters, drogued at 15-m depth, was deployed in February 2007 to the east of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula as part of the Antarctic Drifter Experiment: Links to Isobaths and Ecosystems (ADELIE) project. Data obtained from these drifters and from a select number of local historical drifters provide the most detailed observations to date of the surface circulation in the northwestern Weddell Sea. The Antarctic Slope Front (ASF), characterized by a similar to 20 cm s(-1) current following the 1000-m isobath, is the dominant feature east of the peninsula. The slope front bifurcates when it encounters the South Scotia Ridge with the drifters following one of three paths. Drifters (i) are carried westward into Bransfield Strait; (ii) follow the 1000-m isobath to the east along the southern edge of the South Scotia Ridge; or (iii) become entrained in a large-standing eddy over the South Scotia Ridge. Drifters are strongly steered by contours of f/h (Coriolis frequency/depth) as shown by calculations of the first two moments of displacement in both geographic coordinates and coordinates locally aligned with contours of f/h. An eddy-mean decomposition of the drifter velocities indicates that shear in the mean flow makes the dominant contribution to dispersion in the along-f/h direction, but eddy processes are more important in dispersing particles across contours of f/h. The results of the ADELIE study suggest that the circulation near the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula may influence ecosystem dynamics in the Southern Ocean through Antarctic krill transport and the export of nutrients

Cross-realm assessment of climate change impacts on species' abundance trends

Climate change, land-use change, pollution and exploitation are among the main drivers of species’ population trends; however, their relative importance is much debated. We used a unique collection of over 1,000 local population time series in 22 communities across terrestrial, freshwater and marine realms within central Europe to compare the impacts of long-term temperature change and other environmental drivers from 1980 onwards. To disentangle different drivers, we related species’ population trends to species- and driver-specific attributes, such as temperature and habitat preference or pollution tolerance. We found a consistent impact of temperature change on the local abundances of terrestrial species. Populations of warm-dwelling species increased more than those of cold-dwelling species. In contrast, impacts of temperature change on aquatic species’ abundances were variable. Effects of temperature preference were more consistent in terrestrial communities than effects of habitat preference, suggesting that the impacts of temperature change have become widespread for recent changes in abundance within many terrestrial communities of central Europe