Zarys rozwoju metra na kontynencie azjatyckim ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem Chin na tle reszty świata

The Outline of the Development of the Underground in Asia, Particularlly China Against the Rest of the WorldAsia’s first underground railway system commenced operation in Tokio in 1927. Beijing has not initially been quick in catching up, as its citizens had to wait until 1969 for the city’s first line of underground railway – more than 100 years after the first such system had been opened in London. Today however, the situation has changed dramatically and for less than a dozen years China has witnessed unprecedented rate of growth and development of their underground railway systems. Remarkably, it is not only Beijing that is building and expanding its underground railway – a few dozen other cities in China are planning to build or have indeed already initiated the process of developing their own underground railway systems. It is also noteworthy that the overall length of tracks forming underground railway systems in South Korea and Japan is steadily growing

Recenzje i noty - MARIA DĄBROWSKA-BĄK, KATARZYNA PAWEŁEK, „Opresja w szkole”, czyli o przyjemności czytania książek napisanych nie na stopień, Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak, Warszawa 2014, ss. 324

3649149527Studia Edukacyjn

The Primacy of Parents in Child-Rearing for a Child in Foster Care

This study investigates the legal status of parents of children placed in foster care, in view of the constitutional principle of the primacy of parents in child-rearing. It analyzes the legal status of parents in all possible cases when a child has been placed in foster care or in a childcare facility, especially the case based on a ruling that restricts parental authority, which is the most common circumstance and the most ambiguous in terms of the research problem explored here. Moreover, this study examines the thesis that both parents and foster carers jointly affect the child, making it difficult to defend the position that parents should enjoy the primacy. Nevertheless, the purpose of the provisions of the Family and Guardianship Code and the Act on Family Support and Foster Care System is clearly to restore the primacy of parents

Stosowanie klauzuli dobra dziecka. Rozważania inspirowane postanowieniem Sądu Najwyższego dotyczącym tworzenia rodzin zastępczych

The article concerns the good of the child clause. Once the sense of the clause was specified, the focus of the article was shifted onto the issue that is closely related to the practice of judicial decisions undertaken by courts, namely to the criteria under which the courts apply this clause. To illustrate the issue, it was necessary to make references to the achievements of the theory of law concerning the linguistic interpretation and functional interpretation and, in particular, the relationship between them. The background and inspiration for the considerations is the decision of the Supreme Court issued a few years ago, in which the obvious thesis was propounded that if the linguistic interpretation leads to absurd conclusions, contradicting the assumption of the rationality of the legislator’s actions and contradicting the axiology of the legal system, then the conclusions should be abandoned and the decisions should be made on the basis of the good of the child clause. The author however claims that the Supreme Court has erroneously interpreted Article 42 of the Act of family support and foster care. He supports his claim saying that in the discussed case there were no grounds for rejecting the norm interpreted with the use of linguistic interpretation methods. Moreover, the author asserts that the Supreme Court has improperly applied that functional interpretation since, referring to the constitutional value of the good of the child, it did not in fact protect it, and by its decision the court made the person who did not meet the legal and moral criteria obtain the status of a foster family.Artykuł dotyczy klauzuli dobra dziecka. Po omówienia jej sensu uwagę skoncentrowano na zagadnieniu mającym ścisły związek z praktyką orzeczniczą sądów, a mianowicie na kryteriach stosowania przez nie tej zasady. Wymagało to nawiązania do dorobku teorii prawa dotyczącego wykładni językowej i wykładni funkcjonalnej, a zwłaszcza relacji między nimi. Tłem i inspiracją dla rozważań jest wydane kilka lat temu postanowienie Sądu Najwyższego, w którym wypowiedziano oczywistą tezę, że jeżeli wykładnia językowa prowadzi do wniosków absurdalnych, sprzecznych z założeniem o racjonalności działań prawodawcy i przeczących aksjologii systemu prawa, wówczas należy od nich odstąpić, formułując orzeczenie na podstawie klauzuli dobra dziecka. Autor zarzuca Sądowi Najwyższemu błędy w interpretacji kluczowego art. 42 ustawy o wspieraniu rodziny i systemie pieczy zastępczej oraz twierdzi, że w omawianej sprawie brak było podstaw do odrzucenia normy wyinterpretowanej metodami wykładni językowej. Ponadto zarzuca Sądowi Najwyższemu niewłaściwe zastosowanie wykładni funkcjonalnej, skoro powołując się na wartość konstytucyjną, jaką jest dobro dziecka, w istocie dobra tego nie chronił, a wyrokiem spowodował uzyskanie statusu rodziny zastępczej przez osobę, która nie spełniała prawnych i moralnych po temu kryteriów

Users’ processing of online marketplace listings for high and low involvement goods

Purpose – To understand how users of online marketplaces process market signals in their decision making and whether this depends on if the good is of high or low involvement.Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a mixed methods approach. Study 1 draws on an analysis of interviews with online marketplace users using hypothetical eBay purchases as stimuli, understanding how users conceptualize specific market signals and whether their importance varies depending on the type of purchase (high versus low involvement good). Study 2 tests hypotheses derived from signaling theory, using an eye tracking experiment.Findings – Price and photographs act as “fast and frugal” signals for inclusion in consideration sets for low involvement purchases, but consumers deem them insufficient for high involvement purchases where high-cost signals that help establish seller credibility are far more salient. Users pay relatively greater attention to costly market signals, which are beyond sellers’ direct control, for high involvement goods.Practical implications – The paper offers insights for sellers regarding the presentation of quality cues and strategies online marketplaces can employ to reduce information asymmetry.Originality/value – Drawing on and extending signaling theory, the paper introduces and confirms hypotheses for understanding users’ attention to market signals when making purchase decisions on online marketplaces. It identifies how the degree of involvement of a product affects the processing of market signals.<br/

Inflammatory reaction and angiogenesis intensity in aortic wall according to clinical manifestation of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Wstęp. Celem pracy jest ocena parametrów histologicznych w zależności od obrazu klinicznego tętniaka ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem obecności i jakości procesu zapalnego oraz nasilenia angiogenezy.   Materiały i metody. Materiał pobierano od chorych operowanych w Klinice Chirurgii Ogólnej i Naczyniowej AM w Łodzi w latach 1998&#8211;2000. Fragmenty ściany aorty utrwalano w 9-procentowym formaldehydzie. Do badań zakwalifikowano 98 przypadków. Wyróżniono 5 grup badawczych: 1. Chorzy z tętniakami operowanymi planowo (n = 50); 2. Osoby z tętniakami objawowymi i pękniętymi (n = 18); 3. Pacjenci z tętniakami aorty współistniejącymi z niedrożnością aortalno-biodrową (n = 9); 4. Chorzy z niedrożnością aortalno-biodrową bez tętniaka (n = 14); 5. Grupa kontrolna &#8211; osoby z prawidłową aortą pobraną od dawców narządów (n = 7). Preparaty barwione h + e oceniano pod względem obecności i/lub nasilenia procesu zapalnego, stosując skalę HISA, określano liczbę limfocytów T, limfocytów B, makrofagów oraz liczbę naczyń krwionośnych. W badaniach półilościowych oceniano liczbę naczyń w skali 1&#8211;3. Wyniki poddano analizie statystycznej z użyciem testu Manna-Whitneya. Wyniki. Nasilenie angiogenezy w grupie 2 było znamiennie statystycznie wyższe niż w pozostałych grupach. W grupie tej stwierdzono także największą liczbę makrofagów w błonie zewnętrznej (M = 47 vs. M = 34 w grupie 1; p < 0,01), limfocytów T w błonie środkowej (M = 447 vs. M = 292; p < 0,01), limfocytów B w błonie zewnętrznej (M = 633 vs. M = 431; p < 0,01), a także granulocytów (M = 26 vs. M = 7; p < 0,01). Grupę chorych z tętniakami objawowymi charakteryzowało także największe nasilenie procesu zapalnego w ścianie aorty oceniane w skali HISA. Wnioski. Wykazano korelację pomiędzy nasileniem procesu zapalnego i angiogenezy w ścianie aorty a klinicznymi objawami tętniaka.Background. The aim of the study was the estimation of histological parameters in association with the clinical manifestation of aortic aneurysm, mainly the intensity of angiogenesis and inflammatory infiltration. Material and metods. Material was obtained from patients operated on in the Department of General and Vascular Surgery at the Medical University of Łódź in 1998&#8211;2000. The samples of aortic wall were fixed in formalin. 98 cases were selected for the study and divided into 5 groups: 1. Patients with aneurysms undergoing elective surgery (n = 50); 2. Patients with aneurysms symptomatic and ruptured (n = 18); 3. Patients with aneurysms coexisting with aorto-iliac occlusion (n = 9); 4. Patients with aorto-iliac occlusion without aneurysm (n = 14); 5. Control group with normal aorta obtained from organ donors (n = 7). Slides were stained with h + e, the presence of inflammatory reaction was estimated according to conditions described in Histologic Inflammatory Scale Aneurysm. The numbers of T-cells, B-cells and macrophages were calculated after immunohistochemistry. The number of blood vessels was described semiquantitatively, using the 3-degree scale. Results. The intensity of angiogenesis in the second group was significantly higher than in the other groups. In this group we found the highest number of macrophages in adventitia (M = 47 vs. M = 37 in the first group; p < 0.01), T-cells in media (M = 447 vs. 292; p < 0.01), B-cells in adventitia (M = 633 vs. M = 431; p < 0.01) and neutrophiles (M = 26 vs. M = 7; p < 0.01). The symptomatic group also had the biggest intensity of inflammatory reaction estimated in HISA. Conclusions. We show the correlation between angiogenesis and inflammatory intensity and clinical manifestation of aneurysm

Users’ processing of online marketplace listings for high and low involvement goods

Purpose: To understand how users of online marketplaces process market signals in their decision making and whether this depends on if the good is of high or low involvement. Design/methodology/approach: The paper employs a mixed methods approach. Study 1 draws on an analysis of interviews with online marketplace users using hypothetical eBay purchases as stimuli, understanding how users conceptualize specific market signals and whether their importance varies depending on the type of purchase (high versus low involvement good). Study 2 tests hypotheses derived from signaling theory, using an eye tracking experiment. Findings: Price and photographs act as “fast and frugal” signals for inclusion in consideration sets for low involvement purchases, but consumers deem them insufficient for high involvement purchases where high-cost signals that help establish seller credibility are far more salient. Users pay relatively greater attention to costly market signals, which are beyond sellers’ direct control, for high involvement goods. Practical implications: The paper offers insights for sellers regarding the presentation of quality cues and strategies online marketplaces can employ to reduce information asymmetry. Originality/value: Drawing on and extending signaling theory, the paper introduces and confirms hypotheses for understanding users’ attention to market signals when making purchase decisions on online marketplaces. It identifies how the degree of involvement of a product affects the processing of market signals

The effect of mid-season coach turnover on running match performance and match outcome in professional soccer players

[Abstract]: The aim of this research was to examine the physical match performance and match outcome before and after coach turnover in professional soccer teams compared with a control group containing coaches working continuously for 3 consecutive seasons. Analysed data included 325 performances of teams led by dismissed coaches (DC), 313 of teams led by new coaches (NC), and 580 of teams led by unchanged coaches (UnC). Variables, such as average number of collected points, total distance (TD), total distance per minute (TD/min), high-speed running (HSR), sprinting and number of high-intensity runs (NHIR), were analysed in the last 15 games of DC and 15 matches of NC. These periods were divided into 3 blocks out of 5 matches (5-match blocks). NC collected a significantly higher number of points than DC (p = 0.015), whereas average points collected by UNC were significantly greater than DC (p < 0.001 and NC (p = 0.012). TD and TD/min for DC were significantly lower (p < 0.001) compared with both NC and UnC, whereas significant differences in HSR (p = 0.003) and NHIR (p = 0.03) were identified between DC and NC. The current study reported that mid-season coach turnover may result in short-term improvement in team results and physical match performance. However, this effect disappears after a period of approximately 5 games

The influence of physical performance on technical and tactical outcomes in the UEFA Champions League

Background: To clarify does physical performance affect success in highest-level soccer, the purpose of the present study was to identify differences in technical-tactical performance (TP) between teams covering high and low run- ning performance (RP) during the UEFA Champions League (UCL) matches. Methods: The RP and TP data were collected from UCL group stage matches in the 2020/21 season. RP variables included total distance covered (TD), high intensity running (HIR), total distance when in ball possession (TDB), and high intensity running when in ball possession (HIRB). TP variables included goal chances, shots, shots on target, passes, accurate passes, key passes, key passes accurate, crosses, crosses accurate, counter attacks, counter attacks with a shot, high pressing, high pressing successful, low pressing, low pressing successful, tackles, tackles successful, entrances to the opponent’s box, total actions, and successful actions. K-means cluster analysis method was used to classify teams covering (i) low and high TD, (ii) low and high HIR, (iii) low and high TDB, (iv) low and high and HIRB. Linear mixed models were used to identify differences in teams’ TP according to their RP. Pearson’s correlations were used to establish direct association between team TP and RP. Results: Similar TP were observed whether teams covering high or low TD/HIR. Teams covering greater TDB/HIRB had more goal chances, shots, shots on target, passes, accurate passes, key passes, accurate key passes, crosses, successful high pressing, entrances to the opponent’s box, total actions, and successful actions were observed (all moderate to very large effect sizes. Significant association between specific TP variables and TDB/HIRB were evidenced (Pearson’s r = 0.35–0.96, all p < 0.05). Conclusion: Covering greater TDB and HIRB may allow more frequent execution of fundamental TP which are con- sidered essential for match success, indicating that RP when team has ball in possession is important determinant of success in highest-level soccer. This study shows that physical performance affect success in highest-level soccer. Keywords: Football, Running performance, Technical-tactical performance, Success, Linear mixed model *