Physics-Based Fluid Flow Restoration Method

Experimentelle Methoden und bildgebende Messverfahren zur Geschwindigkeitsmessung wie zum Beispiel Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV, etwa: Geschwindigkeitsmessung basierend auf Partikelbilder) und Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV, etwa: Geschwindig- keitsmessung basierend auf Partikelverfolgung) spielen in der Erforschung von Strömungen in Fluiden eine große Rolle. Sie sind sowohl für die Forschung als auch für eine große Reihe industrieller Anwendungen gleichbedeutend wichtig. Dennoch wird oft die geschätzte Geschwindigkeit von Fluiden durch Störungen, diversen Verfälschungen und fehlenden Fragmente beeinflusst, welches eine physikalische Interpretation der Werte sehr schwierig macht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird ein neuer Algorithmus zur Rekonstruktion von Geschwindigkeitsfeldern in Fluiden vorgestellt. Der Algorithmus akzeptiert als Eingabe eine große Reihe an beschädigten zwei- oder dreidimensionalen Vektorfelder und erlaubt fehlende Fragmente wiederherzustellen und das Rauschen auf einem physikalisch plausiblen Weg zu entfernen. Das Verfahren nutzt im wesentlichen die physikalischen Eigenschaften von nicht komprimierbaren Fluiden aus und hängt nicht von einem bestimmten Rausch-Modell ab. Es besteht aus vier relativ einfachen Vorschriften. Davon basieren drei auf den Grundprinzipien der Kontinuummechanik wie die Kontinuitätsgleichung, die Momentenausgleichgleichung, sowie Ergebnisse der Turbulenztheorie, grundsätzlich das Übergewicht an Niederfrequenzen in spektralen Bänder von Fluiden. Ein Ergebnis dieser physikalisch ausgerichteten Lösung ist, dass der entwickelte Algorithmus für verschiedene praxisrelevante Fehler und Störungen robust und effizient funktioniert. Ein weiterer Aspekt der entwickelten Methode ist, dass experimentelle Daten in vielen Fällen Vektoren enthalten, welche in einem dreidimensionalen Volumen zufällig aber dünnbesetzt verteilt sind. Diese tauchen aufgrund technischer Anforderungen und Restriktionen der angewendeten Messmethoden zur Geschwindigkeitsschätzung von Partikelfelder auf. Das hier vorgestellte Verfahren wurde dementsprechend um einen hochauflösenden Ansatz erweitert um mit solchen Daten zurecht zu kommen. Die Methode akzeptiert beliebig beschädigte dünnbesetzte Vektorfelder als Eingangsdatensatz und rekonstruiert die fehlenden Teile des Flusses auf einer physikalisch konsistenten Art. Der Hochauflösungs- ansatz führt zu einer Wiederherstellung des Datensatzes in Form eines hochaufgelösten Vektorfeldes. Alle bedeutenden Aussagen werden anhand numerischer Experimente mit turbulenten Flussgeschwindigkeitsfelder bestätigt. Das hier entwickelte Verfahren basiert auf einem Variationsansatz. Es wird in der Ausarbeitung gezeigt, das man in der vorgeschlagene Methode zur diskreten Darstellung anhand verschiedener numerischen Techniken übergehen kann, z.B. anhand der Finite-Differenzen-Methode oder der Finite-Elemente-Methode. Die vom Rekonstruktionsalgorithmus gelieferten Ergebnisse rechtfertigen die Annahme dass das vorgeschlagene Verfahren zum Entrauschen und Hochauflösen von Vektorfelder mit jeder Art von Störungen zurecht kommt

The Effects of Drug User Registration Laws on People's Rights and Health: Key Findings From Russia, Georgia, and Ukraine

Synthesizes research on how drug user registration leads to unfair restrictions on users' human rights and access to drug treatment. Recommends educating law enforcement and others on regulations, prosecuting rights violations, and system reform

Numerical Simulation of Heat and Mass Transfer in a Liquid Film Moving Over a Heated Horizontal Surface Under the Action of a Gas Flow

Heat and mass transfer during desorption on a horizontal film of lithium bromide water solution flowing on a heated wall under the action of shear stress is numerically investigated in this paper. The shear stress on the film surface is set by the motion of surrounding saturated water vapor. It is shown that at low values of heat flux the film temperature and vapor concentration in the solution downstream decreases due to desorption. However, with an increase in heat flux, general film heating and desorption slowing down are observed

Quasi Two-dimensional Vortex Matter in ThH10_{10} Superhydride

A comprehensive study of the vortex phases and vortex dynamics is presented for a recently discovered high-temperature superconductor ThH$_{10}$ with $\textit{T}$$_C$ = 153 K at 170 GPa. The obtained results strongly suggest a quasi two-dimensional (2D) character of the vortex glass phase transition in ThH$_{10}$. The activation energy yields a logarithmic dependence $\textit{U}$$_0$ $\propto$ ln($\textit{H}$) on magnetic field in a low field region and a power law dependence $\textit{U}$$_0$ ~ $\textit{H}$$^{-1}$ in a high field region, signaling a crossover from 2D regime to 3D collective pinning regime, respectively. Additionally, a pinning force field dependence showcases dominance of surface-type pinning in the vicinity of $\textit{T}$$_C$. Thermal activation energy ($\textit{U}$$_0$), derived within thermally activated flux flow (TAFF) theory, takes very high values above 2$\times$10$^5$ K together with the Ginzburg number $\textit{Gi}$ = 0.039 - 0.085, which is lower only than those of BiSrCaCuO cuprates and 10-3-8 family of iron based superconductor. This indicates the enormous role of thermal fluctuations in the dynamics of the vortex lattice of superhydrides, the physics of which is similar to the physics of unconventional high-temperature superconductors

A physics-enabled flow restoration algorithm for sparse PIV and PTV measurements

The gaps and noise present in particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) measurements affect the accuracy of the data collected. Existing algorithms developed for the restoration of such data are only applicable to experimental measurements collected under well-prepared laboratory conditions (i.e. where the pattern of the velocity flow field is known), and the distribution, size and type of gaps and noise may be controlled by the laboratory set-up. However, in many cases, such as PIV and PTV measurements of arbitrarily turbid coastal waters, the arrangement of such conditions is not possible. When the size of gaps or the level of noise in these experimental measurements become too large, their successful restoration with existing algorithms becomes questionable. Here, we outline a new physics-enabled flow restoration algorithm (PEFRA), specially designed for the restoration of such velocity data. Implemented as a 'black box' algorithm, where no user-background in fluid dynamics is necessary, the physical structure of the flow in gappy or noisy data is able to be restored in accordance with its hydrodynamical basis. The use of this is not dependent on types of flow, types of gaps or noise in measurements. The algorithm will operate on any data time-series containing a sequence of velocity flow fields recorded by PIV or PTV. Tests with numerical flow fields established that this method is able to successfully restore corrupted PIV and PTV measurements with different levels of sparsity and noise. This assessment of the algorithm performance is extended with an example application to in situ submersible 3D-PTV measurements collected in the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean, where the naturally-occurring plankton and suspended sediments used as tracers causes an increase in the noise level that, without such denoising, will contaminate the measurements

Electronic Structure and Coexistence of Superconductivity with Magnetism in RbEuFe4As4

In the novel stoichiometric iron-based material RbEuFe4As4, superconductivity coexists with a peculiar long-range magnetic order of Eu 4f states. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we reveal a complex three-dimensional electronic structure and compare it with density functional theory calculations. Multiple super-conducting gaps were measured on various sheets of the Fermi surface. High-resolution resonant photoemission spectroscopy reveals magnetic order of the Eu 4f states deep into the superconducting phase. Both the absolute values and the anisotropy of the superconducting gaps are remarkably similar to the sibling compound without Eu, indicating that Eu magnetism does not affect the pairing of electrons. A complete decoupling between Fe-and Eu-derived states was established from their evolution with temperature, thus unambiguously demonstrating that superconducting and a long-range magnetic orders exist independently from each other. The established electronic structure of RbEuFe4As4 opens opportunities for the future studies of the highly unorthodox electron pairing and phase competition in this family of iron-based superconductors with doping.We thank Matthew Watson for his critical reading of the manuscript. We thank Diamond Light Source for access to beamline I05 (Proposal No. SI15074 and No. SI19041) that contributed to the results presented here. Work was done using equipment from the LPI Shared Facility Center. K.S.P. and V.M.P. acknowledge support by the Russian Scientific Foundation (RSF Project No. 21-12-00394). A.V.S. and A.S.U. acknowledge support by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 21-52-12043). E.V.C. acknowledges funding by Saint Petersburg State University project for scientific investigations (ID No. 73028629). S.V.E. acknowledges support from the government research assignment for ISPMS SB RAS (Project FWRW-2019-0032). R.V. acknowledges funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) TRR 288 (Project A05). V.B. thanks the Goethe University Frankfurt for computational resources and Daniel Guterding for providing the FS plotting software. K.K. thanks M. Valvidares, J. Herrero, H. B. Vasili, S. Agrestini, and N. Brookes for their support during the XMCD experiment at ALBA via IHR Proposal 2019063615. D.V.V. also acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MAT-2017-88374-P

Novel magnetic stoichiometric superconductor compound EuRbFe4As4

Confrences and Symposia.In the new stoichiometric high-temperature ironbased superconductor RbEuFe4As4, superconductivity coexists with a peculiar long-range magnetic order of the Eu 4f states; their coexistence is an enigma and a challenge for both experiment and theory. Using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), resonant photoemission spectroscopy (ResPES), Andreev reflection spectroscopy, scanning tunneling spectroscopy, and DFT band structure calculations, we have made significant progress in solving this puzzle. Our results unambiguously indicate a separation between the electronic states of Fe (superconductivity) and Eu (magnetism) and demonstrate the existence of superconducting and long-range magnetic orders almost independently of each other.K S P and V M P are grateful for the support of the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 21-12-00394). S V E is grateful for financial support within the framework of the State Assignment of the Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of the RAS (project FWRW-2022-0001). V S S and I A G are grateful for support in their STS research from the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 18-72-10118).Peer reviewe

Albiglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Harmony Outcomes): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial

Background: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists differ in chemical structure, duration of action, and in their effects on clinical outcomes. The cardiovascular effects of once-weekly albiglutide in type 2 diabetes are unknown. We aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of albiglutide in preventing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Methods: We did a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 610 sites across 28 countries. We randomly assigned patients aged 40 years and older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (at a 1:1 ratio) to groups that either received a subcutaneous injection of albiglutide (30–50 mg, based on glycaemic response and tolerability) or of a matched volume of placebo once a week, in addition to their standard care. Investigators used an interactive voice or web response system to obtain treatment assignment, and patients and all study investigators were masked to their treatment allocation. We hypothesised that albiglutide would be non-inferior to placebo for the primary outcome of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke, which was assessed in the intention-to-treat population. If non-inferiority was confirmed by an upper limit of the 95% CI for a hazard ratio of less than 1·30, closed testing for superiority was prespecified. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02465515. Findings: Patients were screened between July 1, 2015, and Nov 24, 2016. 10 793 patients were screened and 9463 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to groups: 4731 patients were assigned to receive albiglutide and 4732 patients to receive placebo. On Nov 8, 2017, it was determined that 611 primary endpoints and a median follow-up of at least 1·5 years had accrued, and participants returned for a final visit and discontinuation from study treatment; the last patient visit was on March 12, 2018. These 9463 patients, the intention-to-treat population, were evaluated for a median duration of 1·6 years and were assessed for the primary outcome. The primary composite outcome occurred in 338 (7%) of 4731 patients at an incidence rate of 4·6 events per 100 person-years in the albiglutide group and in 428 (9%) of 4732 patients at an incidence rate of 5·9 events per 100 person-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·78, 95% CI 0·68–0·90), which indicated that albiglutide was superior to placebo (p<0·0001 for non-inferiority; p=0·0006 for superiority). The incidence of acute pancreatitis (ten patients in the albiglutide group and seven patients in the placebo group), pancreatic cancer (six patients in the albiglutide group and five patients in the placebo group), medullary thyroid carcinoma (zero patients in both groups), and other serious adverse events did not differ between the two groups. There were three (<1%) deaths in the placebo group that were assessed by investigators, who were masked to study drug assignment, to be treatment-related and two (<1%) deaths in the albiglutide group. Interpretation: In patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, albiglutide was superior to placebo with respect to major adverse cardiovascular events. Evidence-based glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists should therefore be considered as part of a comprehensive strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Funding: GlaxoSmithKline