Risk factors for children’s blood lead levels in metal mining and smelting communities in Armenia: a cross-sectional study

Background: Children's exposure to lead poses a significant risk for neurobehavioral consequences. Existing studies documented lead contamination in residential soil in mining and smelting communities in Armenia. This study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLL) in children living in three communities in Armenia adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries, and related risk factors. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 159 children born from 2007 to 2009 and living in Alaverdi and Akhtala communities and Erebuni district in Yerevan - the capital city. The BLL was measured with a portable LeadCare II Blood Lead Analyzer; a survey was conducted with primary caregivers. Results: Overall Geometric Mean (GM) of BLL was 6.0 μg/dl: 6.8 for Akhtala, 6.4 for Alaverdi and 5.1 for Yerevan. In the sample 68.6 % of children had BLL above CDC defined reference level of 5 μg/dl: 83.8 % in Akhtala, 72.5 % in Alaverdi, and 52.8 % in Yerevan. Caregiver's lower education, dusting furniture less than daily, and housing distance from toxic source(s) were risk factors for higher BLL. Additional analysis for separate communities demonstrated interaction between housing distance from toxic source(s) and type of window in Erebuni district of Yerevan. Conclusions: The study demonstrated that children in three communities adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries were exposed to lead. Investigation of the risk factors suggested that in addition to promoting safe industrial practices at the national level, community-specific interventions could be implemented in low- and middle-income countries to reduce BLL among children

Gorlovka Chemical Plant: Addressing a Piece of the Toxic Soviet Legacy

Background. The Gorlovka chemical plant is an abandoned industrial complex in the Donetsk region of Ukraine. The facility produced toxic mononitrochlorobenzene (MNCB) and explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) until it was abruptly abandoned in 2001. The plant is now the subject of a cleanup project coordinated by a broad group of stakeholders, including the government of Ukraine, regional and municipal authorities, the international not-for-profit Blacksmith Institute, institutional and private sector donors, and local contractors. Objectives. Remediation efforts at the Gorlovka chemical plant complex aim to reduce environmental health risks to the local community by removing remaining stocks of MNCB and TNT, and analyzing soil and groundwater for potential contamination. Discussion. The Gorlovka Chemical Plant is one of many toxic sites left from Soviet industrial activities. Throughout Russia, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, former Soviet states are discovering and trying to deal with polluted sites that pose extraordinary risks to human health. Because many of these sites and facilities were secret under Soviet rule, the governments that emerged after the fall of the USSR are still not fully aware of the location and characteristics of sites within their borders. Conclusions. A successful remediation project at the Gorlovka Chemical Plant could serve as a model for future efforts to engage local, national and international stakeholders in the cleanup of complex legacy pollution sites in the former Soviet Union and around the world. Financial Disclosure. None reporte

Risk factors for children’s blood lead levels in metal mining and smelting communities in Armenia: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Children’s exposure to lead poses a significant risk for neurobehavioral consequences. Existing studies documented lead contamination in residential soil in mining and smelting communities in Armenia. This study aimed to assess blood lead levels (BLL) in children living in three communities in Armenia adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries, and related risk factors. Methods This cross-sectional study included 159 children born from 2007 to 2009 and living in Alaverdi and Akhtala communities and Erebuni district in Yerevan - the capital city. The BLL was measured with a portable LeadCare II Blood Lead Analyzer; a survey was conducted with primary caregivers. Results Overall Geometric Mean (GM) of BLL was 6.0 μg/dl: 6.8 for Akhtala, 6.4 for Alaverdi and 5.1 for Yerevan. In the sample 68.6 % of children had BLL above CDC defined reference level of 5 μg/dl: 83.8 % in Akhtala, 72.5 % in Alaverdi, and 52.8 % in Yerevan. Caregiver’s lower education, dusting furniture less than daily, and housing distance from toxic source(s) were risk factors for higher BLL. Additional analysis for separate communities demonstrated interaction between housing distance from toxic source(s) and type of window in Erebuni district of Yerevan. Conclusions The study demonstrated that children in three communities adjacent to metal mining and smelting industries were exposed to lead. Investigation of the risk factors suggested that in addition to promoting safe industrial practices at the national level, community-specific interventions could be implemented in low- and middle-income countries to reduce BLL among children

Potencial produtivo, alterações da estrutura e qualidade da pastagem de milheto submetida a diferentes níveis de nitrogênio Productive potential, structure changes and quality of pearl millet under different nitrogen levels

Com o objetivo de estudar a produção de matéria seca (MS), eficiência de utilização, taxa de recuperação do N, densidade e qualidade de forragem, foi realizado um experimento de pastejo em milheto sob níveis crescentes de N (0, 150, 300, 450 e 600 kg/ha), em um delineamento completamente casualizado com duas repetições. Foram estudadas a densidade de forragem por estrato e total e a distribuição dos componentes lâmina foliar, colmo + bainha e material morto nos distintos estratos da pastagem (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 e >40 cm acima do nível do solo). Utilizaram-se novilhas em um sistema de pastejo contínuo com uma oferta de 10 kg/dia de MS/100 kg PV. Para manter a oferta pretendida, foi usada a técnica "put-and-take". A produção de MS apresentou relação quadrática com os níveis de N. A taxa de recuperação e de eficiência de utilização do N mostraram relação linear negativa com as doses de N. Houve aumento na contribuição de lâminas foliares e redução no percentual de colmos + bainhas, material morto e na densidade da forragem do estrato inferior até o topo da pastagem em todos tratamentos. A adubação nitrogenada não alterou a densidade de forragem e a relação folha/colmo. A relação dos níveis de N com a porcentagem de proteína bruta das frações colmo + bainha e material morto, foi linear positiva do topo para a base da pastagem e para lâminas foliares até 30 cm de altura. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica dos componentes foi indiferente aos níveis de N, à exceção de lâminas foliares acima de 10 cm, que apresentaram relação quadrática com as doses de N.<br>It was conducted an experiment with pearl millet under grazing with different levels of N (0, 250, 300, 450 and 600 kg/ha). The objective was to study the dry matter (DM) production, the utilization efficiency, the recuperation rate, forage density and quality. The experiment was completely randomized design with two replications. Total density and per layer, the distribution and quality of leaf blade, stem and dead material components in distinct pasture layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40 and >40 cm above soil level) were evaluated. It was used beef heifers in continuous grazing systems, with an offer of 10 kg day of DM to 100 kg of LW. To maintain the intended offer was used the put-and-take technique. The DM production showed a quadratic relation with nitrogen levels. The recuperation rate and utilization efficiency of N showed negative linear relation with nitrogen levels. Occur increase in contribution of leaf blade and decrease in stem and dead material percentage and forage density of lower layer in direction to top of pasture in all treatment. The nitrogen fertilization no change leaf/stem relation and density of pearl millet pasture. The crude protein of stem and dead material showed positive linear relation with nitrogen levels from top to base of pasture and for leaf blade until 30 cm height. The in vitro organic matter digestibility was indifferent to nitrogen levels, except leaf blade above 10 cm, that showed a quadratic relation with nitrogen levels