Constraints on the onset duration of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum.

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, approx. 56 Ma) provides a test case for investigating how the Earth system responds to rapid greenhouse gas-driven warming. However, current rates of carbon emissions are approximately 10 Pg C yr-1, whereas those proposed for the PETM span orders of magnitude-from ≪1 Pg C yr-1 to greater than the anthropogenic rate. Emissions rate estimates for the PETM are hampered by uncertainty over the total mass of PETM carbon released as well as the PETM onset duration. Here, I review constraints on the onset duration of the carbon isotope excursion (CIE) that is characteristic of the event with a focus on carbon cycle model-based attempts that forgo the need for a traditional sedimentary age model. I also review and compare existing PETM carbon input scenarios employing the Earth system model cGENIE and suggest another possibility-that abrupt input of an isotopically depleted carbon source combined with elevated volcanic outgassing over a longer interval can together account for key features of the PETM CIE.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Hyperthermals: rapid and extreme global warming in our geological past'

Finite groups as a generalization of vector spaces through the use of splitting systems

The structure of a finite group is investigated through a geometry induced by the splitting systems of the group. The method is based on the one used to induce a geometry on a finite dimensional vector space over a finite field and as a result, concepts related to the special and projective linear group are extended to arbitrary groups. One major by-product is the classification of solvable multiprimitive groups of arbitrary derived length. This leads to a necessary and sufficient condition for a solvable nC-group to be multiprimitive

Aman Iman: Resilient Customs, Community Water Management, and Dry Futures in Anounizme, Morocco

This project explores how Anounizme, a village in southeastern Morocco, interacts with water. I was particularly curious about how traditional community management systems operate in the context of drought. I argue that the customary management system exhibits resiliency like it has in the face of Arabization, colonization, exploitative industry, and land privatization. It is capable of adapting to drought because it is more than a management system; it is a part of culture engrained as custom. Customs have porous boundaries, allowing a space for old aspects of culture to interact with both emerging aspects of culture and external pressures. I draw upon existing scholarship surrounding the commons, customs, khettara, and community resource management in the region. I turn to semi-structured interviews and participant observation in Anounizme to better understand this scholarship in the context of drought and desertification. This research takes unique relevance as there is little field-based research in the region, and it explores customs and community management in the framework of water scarcity

Basket forms: one woman\u27s cure

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Early familial misogyny: Its impact on attachment security and later caregiving behaviors

The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of early misogynistic treatment of females on subsequent attachment security and the quality of the later caregiving of their own children. A Misogyny Scale was created for use in this study

To Charge or Not to Charge, That Is Discretion: The Problem of Prosecutorial Discretion in Chile, and Japan\u27s Solution

Chile’s recent criminal procedure reform is an ambitious program to bring greater transparency, fairness, and effectiveness to the country’s legal system. However, the success of the reform is not assured. To a great extent, the reform’s success will depend on the new national Office of the Public Prosecutor’s ability to enforce laws and direct law enforcement within the confines of the new system. Prosecutors must balance the interests of the Chilean public’s demands for order and convictions with the reform’s underlying principles of impartiality and enhanced rights for defendants. If prosecutors resort to the excesses used by investigating judges under the old system, the reform’s goal of enhanced defendant rights will be thwarted. On the other hand, if prosecutors are unable to secure convictions and adequately direct law enforcement, Chileans will lose faith in the viability of the new system. Chile’s criminal procedure reform can succeed, but it will depend a great deal upon skillful use of prosecutorial discretion in charging cases. In crafting a viable solution to the challenge of managing prosecutorial discretion, Chile should look to the model of Japan’s prosecution review commissions