Von Maschinenstürmern zu Change Agents -Intelligente technische Systeme im Spiegel von vier Jahrzehnten Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA)

Mölders M, Heidenreich A. Von Maschinenstürmern zu Change Agents -Intelligente technische Systeme im Spiegel von vier Jahrzehnten Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA).; 2013.Themen im Kontext von „Automatisierung“ standen von Beginn an im Mittelpunkt des Interesses der Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA). Die vorliegende Studie unternimmt den Versuch, die wesentlichen Resultate aus vier Jahrzehnten diesbezüglicher Forschungspraxis für die Clusterthematik intelligenter technischer Systeme (ITS) aufzubereiten, auch um als Grundlage für eine betriebsinterne „TA im Kleinen“ fungieren zu können. In vier thematischen Blöcken werden die wesentlichen Resultate zusammengefasst: (1) Partizipatives Change Management: Die mit der „vierten industriellen Revolution“ einhergehenden Veränderungen der Beschäftigungsstruktur werden unternehmensintern wie -extern besser akzeptiert, wenn die Betroffenen Teil des Umstellungsprozesses werden. (2) Die Autonomie von Mensch UND Maschine: In diesem Zusammenhang kommt es darauf an, die Entwicklung von ITS nicht als Nullsummenspiel (Je mehr Autonomie an die Maschine abgegeben wird, desto weniger autonom ist der Mensch), sondern als Verbesserung der Zusammenarbeit von Mensch und Maschine aufzufassen. (3) Riskantes Vertrauen: Gerade das reibungslose Funktionieren komplexer Abläufe kann zu Sorglosigkeit und übermäßigem Vertrauen in ITS führen. Insofern gilt es hier, einerseits entlastendes Vertrauen in neue Technologie zu gewinnen, ohne dabei andererseits die Aufmerksamkeit für (seltene) Störungen zu verlieren. (4) Sicherheit in allen Facetten: Sicherheit und Schutz (Safety & Security) sind für vernetzte Technologien in vielen Hinsichten zentral: Der Schutz der Privatsphäre („gläserner Mitarbeiter“), der Schutz vor Un- oder Ausfällen (Arbeitssicherheit, aber auch neue Technologien zur Verbesserung des Arbeitsschutzes) und vor Angreifern (Datensicherheit), eine zuverlässig funktionierende Vernetzung (Netz(werk)sicherheit) und schließlich Rechtssicherheit (damit allgegenwärtige Technik nicht mit „allgegenwärtiger Unverantwortlichkeit“ einhergeht) sind hier zu nennen. Jeder dieser Abschnitte schließt mit einem übersichtlichen Frageblock, der eine Anwendung in den Clusterunternehmen erlauben soll. Weitere Hinführungen finden sich im letzten Abschnitt als „Allgemeine Reflexionsanregung und Fazit“

Modeling of line roughness and its impact on the diffraction intensities and the reconstructed critical dimensions in scatterometry

We investigate the impact of line edge and line width roughness (LER, LWR) on the measured diffraction intensities in angular resolved extreme ultraviolet (EUV) scatterometry for a periodic line-space structure designed for EUV lithography. LER and LWR with typical amplitudes of a few nanometers were previously neglected in the course of the profile reconstruction. The 2D rigorous numerical simulations of the diffraction process for periodic structures are carried out with the finite element method (FEM) providing a numerical solution of the two-dimensional Helmholtz equation. To model roughness, multiple calculations are performed for domains with large periods, containing many pairs of line and space with stochastically chosen line and space widths. A systematic decrease of the mean efficiencies for higher diffraction orders along with increasing variances is observed and established for different degrees of roughness. In particular, we obtain simple analytical expressions for the bias in the mean efficiencies and the additional uncertainty contribution stemming from the presence of LER and/or LWR. As a consequence this bias can easily be included into the reconstruction model to provide accurate values for the evaluated profile parameters. We resolve the sensitivity of the reconstruction from this bias by using the LER/LWR perturbed efficiency datasets for multiple reconstructions. If the scattering efficiencies are bias-corrected, significant improvements are found in the reconstructed bottom and top widths toward the nominal values

Donor contributions to the strengthening of the African peace and security architecture

"On the African continent the establishment of the African Union (AU) in the year 2003 was significant in terms of the development of a new African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). In reaction to the African reform dynamics and the emerging international security agenda, external actors have begun to adjust their instruments and rethink their choices for action. New security concepts as well as recent approaches in development policy and other policy fields explicitly aim to support the peace and security architecture in Africa. When it comes to external support these developments have led to a search for changing approaches spanning foreign, security and development policy. This study sets out to analyse the new APSA in the context of changing concepts for external support to it." (author's abstract

Diffuse Staubemissionen

Mit einer mobilen Probenahme- bzw. Messeinrichtung untersuchte das Institut für Luft- und Kältetechnik Dresden (ILK) im Auftrag des LfULG diffuse Staubemissionen in einer Bauschuttrecyclinganlage. Neben der mobilen Messung mit dem Partikelmessgerät APS 3321 kamen stationäre Messeinrichtungen (Impaktoren u. a.) am Messort zum Einsatz. Im Ergebnis wurden repräsentative Feinstaub- sowie Quarzstaubimmissionen für eine Bauschuttrecyclinganlage ermittelt. In einem weiteren Schritt wurden die Messergebnisse nachgerechnet. Geprüft wurde, ob mit einer Immissionsprognose nach TA Luft auf Basis von Emissionsfaktoren nach VDI 3790 Blatt 3, ähnliche Ergebnisse ermittelt werden. Anhand der durchgeführten Rechnungen wird eingeschätzt, dass die berechneten Werte in der Regel über den Messergebnissen, aber mit einer akzeptablen Toleranz, liegen. Bei Anpassung der Rechenparameter an die Betriebsbedingungen vor Ort wird eine relativ gute Übereinstimmung erzielt

Extracellular ATP Induces Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis via Purinergic Receptor y 2 in Mice

Objective - A solid body of evidence supports a role of extracellular ATP and its P2 receptors in innate and adaptive immunity. It promotes inflammation as a danger signal in various chronic inflammatory diseases. Thus, we hypothesize contribution of extracellular ATP and its receptor P2Y 2 in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Approach and Results - Extracellular ATP induced leukocyte rolling, adhesion, and migration in vivo as assessed by intravital microscopy and in sterile peritonitis. To test the role of extracellular ATP in atherosclerosis, ATP or saline as control was injected intraperitoneally 3× a week in low-density lipoprotein receptor -/- mice consuming high cholesterol diet. Atherosclerosis significantly increased after 16 weeks in ATP-treated mice (n=13; control group, 0.26 mm2; ATP group, 0.33 mm2; P=0.01). To gain into the role of ATP-receptor P2Y 2 in ATP-induced leukocyte recruitment, ATP was administered systemically in P2Y 2 -deficient or P2Y 2 -competent mice. In P2Y 2 -deficient mice, the ATP-induced leukocyte adhesion was significantly reduced as assessed by intravital microscopy. P2Y 2 expression in atherosclerosis was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry and demonstrates an increased expression mainly caused by influx of P2Y 2 -expressing macrophages. To investigate the functional role of P2Y 2 in atherogenesis, P2Y 2 -deficient low-density lipoprotein receptor -/- mice consumed high cholesterol diet. After 16 weeks, P2Y 2 -deficient mice showed significantly reduced atherosclerotic lesions with decreased macrophages compared with P2Y 2 -competent mice (n=11; aortic arch: control group, 0.25 mm 2; P2Y 2 -deficient, 0.14 mm2; P=0.04). Mechanistically, atherosclerotic lesions from P2Y 2 -deficient mice expressed less vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 RNA. Conclusions - We show that extracellular ATP induces vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis via activation of P2Y 2.Fil: Stachon, Peter. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Geis, Serjosha. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Peikert, Alexander. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Heidenreich, Adrian. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Anto Michel, Nathaly. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Üenal, Fatih. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Hoppe, Natalie. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Dufner, Bianca. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Schulte, Lisa. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Marchini, Timoteo Oscar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad Medicina. Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular; ArgentinaFil: Cicko, Sanja. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Korcan Ayata, Cemil. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Zech, Andreas. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Wolf, Dennis. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Hilgendorf, Ingo. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Willecke, Florian. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Reinöhl, Jochen. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: von zur Muhlen, Constantin. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Bode, Christoph. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Idzko, Marco. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; AlemaniaFil: Zirlik, Andreas. Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg; Alemani

Single-Shot Electron Imaging of Dopant-Induced Nanoplasmas

We present single-shot electron velocity-map images of nanoplasmas generated from doped helium nanodroplets and neon clusters by intense near-infrared and mid-infrared laser pulses. We report a large variety of signal types, most crucially depending on the cluster size. The common feature is a two-component distribution for each single-cluster event: a bright inner part with nearly circular shape corresponding to electron energies up to a few eV, surrounded by an extended background of more energetic electrons. The total counts and energy of the electrons in the inner part are strongly correlated and follow a simple power-law dependence. Deviations from the circular shape of the inner electrons observed for neon clusters and large helium nanodroplets indicate non-spherical shapes of the neutral clusters. The dependence of the measured electron energies on the extraction voltage of the spectrometer indicates that the evolution of the nanoplasma is significantly affected by the presence of an external electric field. This conjecture is confirmed by molecular dynamics simulations, which reproduce the salient features of the experimental electron spectra.The authors are grateful for financial support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the project MU 2347/12-1 and STI 125/22-2 in the frame of the Priority Programme 1840 ‘Quantum Dynamics in Tailored Intense Fields’, from the Carlsberg Foundation and the SPARC Programme, MHRD, India. The ELI-ALPS Project (GINOP-2.3.6-15-2015-00001) is supported by the European Union and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund. AH is grateful for financial support from the Basque Government (Project Reference No. IT1254-19) and from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competividad (Reference No. CTQ2015-67660-P). Computational and manpower support provided by IZO-SGI SG Iker of UPV/EHU and European funding (EDRF and ESF) is gratefully acknowledged

Геофизические закономерности локализации месторождений углеводородов Баренцево-Карского региона

Background: Rising serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy are indicative of recurrent prostate cancer. This double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study evaluated the anti-tumour activity of the anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody adecatumumab in delaying biochemical disease progression. Patients and Methods: Prostate cancer patients with increasing serum PSA levels following radical prostatectomy were randomized to low- (2 mg/kg) or high-dose adecatumumab (6 mg/kg) or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was the mean change from baseline in total serum PSA at week 24. Secondary endpoints included PSA response rate, prolongation of serum PSA doubling time and time to biochemical disease progression. Results: The primary and secondary endpoints of the study were not met in the predefined analyses. In a retrospective analysis of patients with baseline PSA <= 1 ng/ml and a high EpCAM expression, both the mean increase in PSA from baseline to week 24 and the PSA doubling time at week 15 were significantly improved in the high-dose adecatumumab group compared with the placebo group. Most frequent treatment-related clinical adverse events were gastrointestinal (diarrhoea and nausea) or general events (chills), showing a dose dependency but no grade 3/4 intensity in any patient. Conclusion: In men with rising PSA levels after radical prostatectomy and no evidence of clinical relapse, adecatumumab delayed disease progression in a subgroup of patients with baseline PSA levels <= 1 ng/ml and high EpCAM-expressing tumours. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Base

Urological cancer care pathways: development and use in the context of systematic reviews and clinical practice guidelines

Background: Making healthcare treatment decisions is a complex process involving a broad stakeholder base including patients, their families, health professionals, clinical practice guideline developers and funders of healthcare. Methods: This paper presents a review of a methodology for the development of urological cancer care pathways (UCAN care pathways), which reflects an appreciation of this broad stakeholder base. The methods section includes an overview of the steps in the development of the UCAN care pathways and engagement with clinical content experts and patient groups. Results: The development process is outlined, the uses of the urological cancer care pathways discussed and the implications for clinical practice highlighted. The full set of UCAN care pathways is published in this paper. These include care pathways on localised prostate cancer, locally advanced prostate cancer, metastatic prostate cancer, hormone-resistant prostate cancer, localised renal cell cancer, advanced renal cell cancer, testicular cancer, penile cancer, muscle invasive and metastatic bladder cancer and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Conclusion: The process provides a useful framework for improving urological cancer care through evidence synthesis, research prioritisation, stakeholder involvement and international collaboration. Although the focus of this work is urological cancers, the methodology can be applied to all aspects of urology and is transferable to other clinical specialties.11 page(s