Interactividad en contenidos multiplataforma (TDT e Internet) dirigidos a audiencias infantiles : un análisis a partir de casos de TVE y TVC

Interactivitat en continguts multiplataforma (TDT i Internet) dirigits a audiències infantils: una anàlisi a partir de casos de TVE i TVC. El concepte d'interactivitat, contextualitzat recurrentment al voltant de la investigació en comunicació, en part gràcies a la digitalització de continguts i l'evolució de mitjans i TIC, introdueix transformacions gens menyspreables al voltant dels processos de comunicació mediada. D'aquestes, convé analitzar la multiplicació de serveis i les sinergies entre plataformes a fi d'afavorir interaccions per part de les audiències. Tals aspectes són tractats en el present article, com a resultat d'una investigació enfocada a identificar els serveis interactius presents en el disseny i producció de continguts multiplataforma (TDT i Internet) dirigits a audiències infantils. L'estudi presenta l'anàlisi dels programes de producció pròpia dels canals temàtics Clan (TVE) i Super3 (TVC), dirigits a nens i nenes, així com de les webs associades a aquests continguts.Interactividad en contenidos multiplataforma (TDT e Internet) dirigidos a audiencias infantiles: un análisis a partir de casos de TVE y TVC. El concepto de interactividad, contextualizado recurrentemente alrededor de la investigación en comunicación, en parte gracias a la digitalización de contenidos y la evolución de medios y TIC, introduce transformaciones nada despreciables en torno a los procesos de comunicación mediada. De estas, conviene analizar la multiplicación de servicios y las sinergias entre plataformas a fin de favorecer interacciones por parte de las audiencias. Tales aspectos son abordados en el presente artículo, como resultado de una investigación enfocada a identificar los servicios interactivos presentes en el diseño y producción de contenidos multiplataforma (TDT e Internet) dirigidos a audiencias infantiles. El estudio presenta el análisis de los programas de producción propia de los canales temáticos Clan (TVE) y Super3 (TVC), dirigidos a niños y niñas, así como de las webs asociadas a tales contenidos.Interactivity in multiplatform contents (DTT and Internet) targeted to child audiences: an analysis of cases from TVE and TVC.The concept of interactivity, which is often included in communication research, partly thanks to the digitisation of contents and the evolution of media and ICT, introduces undeniable changes related to mediated communication processes. Of those, it is convenient to analyse the multiplication of services and the synergies between platforms to promote audience interactions. These aspects are dealt with in this study that is the result of research focused on identifying interactive services present in the design and production of multiplatform contents (DTT and Internet) aimed at child audiences. The study includes the analysis of television programmes produced by Spanish and Catalan national television networks for their children’s television channels, Clan and ClubSuper3 respectively, and of the websites associated with these channels

Age and growth of the highly exploited narrownose smooth-hound (Mustelus schmitti) (Pisces: Elasmobranchii)

The narrownose smoothhound (Mustelus schmitti) is the most exploited elasmobranch of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay and is considered endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species). Providing information on age and growth can improve efforts for conservation of this species. Therefore, our objective was to provide accurate estimates of the age structure and growth parameters for narrownose smooth-hound from Anegada Bay, an important shark nursery area in Argentina. In vertebrae of narrownose smooth-hound, we observed a pattern of alternating opaque and translucent bands and a yearly periodicity in the deposition of this pattern. Ages determined from vertebral band counts ranged from 0 to 11 years. Calculated longevity and total natural mortality rates were 20.87 years and 0.19/year for females and 12.24 years and 0.26/year for males, respectively. This species reached a size of approximately 400 mm in total length in the initial year of growth, and the age at first maturity was 7.61 years for females and 6.79 years for males. The slow growth and late age at maturity of the narrownose smoothhound indicate a need for additional conservation measures to rebuild the population and achieve a sustainable fishery in the 3 countries in which it is distributed.Fil: Molina, Juan Manuel. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Blasina, Gabriela Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; ArgentinaFil: Lopez Cazorla, Andrea Cecilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía; Argentin

Relationship Between use of Dating apps and Sociodemographic Variables, Sexual Attitudes, and Sexual risk Behaviors

Introduction: Although some studies have found a link between dating apps and sociodemographic variables, sexual attitudes, and sexual risk behaviors, few studies in Spain have explored these relationships. This study analyzes the relationship between the use of dating apps and these variables in this country. Method: A total of 2288 people aged between 18 and 35 years completed a questionnaire, which, in addition to sociodemographic variables, contained questions on the use of dating apps, a measure of attitudes toward online sexual behaviors, and indicators of sexual risk behaviors. Results: The percentage of men using dating apps is higher than that of women, and the percentage of LGB users is higher than that of heterosexuals. In addition, users have more positive attitudes toward online sexual behavior than non-users. In general, users are also found to have more sexual partners than non-users, although they more frequently use condoms for vaginal intercourse and anal sex. Conclusion: The present study provides evidence for the relationship between the use of dating apps and certain variables in Spain. Policy Implications: Dating apps do not have to be equated with sexual risk, but condom use should continue to be encouraged, especially among those who have multiple sexual partners

Acculturation and Sexual Attitudes: a Systematic Review

Introduction: The culture plays an important role in sexuality. Although each ethnocultural group has its own sexual attitudes, in multicultural contexts, the acculturation process could modify the sexual attitudes of these groups. The aim of the study was to perform a systematic literature review of the studies that have examined the relationship between acculturation and sexual attitudes. Method: The review was carried out in the ProQuest and Scopus databases. There was no time restriction in literature search. Results: A total of 25 studies met the inclusion criteria. The year of publication of the studies ranged from 1982 to 2020. The studies were conducted in the USA and/or in Canada and included mainly Asians and Latinos/Hispanics. Proxy indicators, unidimensional, and bidimensional measures were used to measure acculturation. In general, results show that mainstream acculturation is positively related to liberal or positive sexual attitudes. Relevant interaction and mediation effects were also found: (1) mainstream dimension moderates the relationship between heritage dimension and sexual attitudes, (2) heritage dimension moderates the relationship between mainstream dimension and sexual attitudes, (3) acculturation moderates the relation between gender and sexual attitudes, (4) gender moderates the relation between acculturation and sexual attitudes, (5) the ethnocultural origin moderates the relationship between acculturation and sexual attitudes, and (6) sex guilt mediated the relationship between mainstream acculturation and sexual desire. Conclusion: The acculturation process is related to sexual attitudes. Policy Implications: Knowing the acculturation process could be important to achieve greater equity in sexual health among different groups.Open Access funding provided thanks to the CRUE-CSIC agreement with Springer Nature and University of Huelva / CBUA

Attitudes toward sexual behaviors: relationship with gender and sexual orientation

Most studies that have compared sexual attitudes between men and women have focused on heterosexual individuals or have not controlled for sexual orientation. In addition, many have used measures of general sexual attitudes, which have more difficulty in predicting sexual behaviors and sexual health than measures of attitudes toward specific sexual behav iors. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze whether gender and sexual orientation are related to attitudes toward specific sexual behaviors in Spain. The study sample consisted of 1725 participants (55.8% women) aged between 18 and 35 years and of different sexual orientations. All participants completed an instrument to measure attitudes toward specific contextualized sexual behaviors. After controlling for age and current relationship status, the results reveal that while women have more positive attitudes toward solitary sexual behaviors and erotic material than men, men have more positive attitudes toward unconventional and online sexual behaviors than women. Bisexual people have more positive attitudes toward frequent dyadic sexual behaviors with casual partners than homosexual people. Finally, bisexual and homosexual people have more positive attitudes towards solitary sexual behaviors and erotic material, unconventional sexual behaviors, and online sexual behaviors than heterosexuals. It is concluded that gender and sexual orientation are related to attitudes toward different types of sexual behaviors.Funding for open access publishing: Universidad de Huelva/ CBU

Photobiomodulation effects on fatigue and muscle damage induced by neuromuscular electrical stimulation in healthy individuals

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos agudos da fotobiomodulação (FBM) e da FBM-sham em indivíduos saudáveis, aplicadas antes de um protocolo de fadiga evocada por estimulação elétrica neuromuscular (EENM). Esses efeitos agudos foram avaliados em parâmetros neuromusculares de fatigabilidade (torque isométrico máximo, torque do abalo supramáximo, atividade elétrica, trabalho total da integral da curva torque-tempo, redução do torque evocado), no dano muscular (ecointensidade, dor muscular de início tardio), no desconforto (escala visual analógica – EVA, algometria) e na funcionalidade (Single Hop Test - SHT, Teste de subir e descer escadas). A dissertação está dividida em três capítulos a saber: Capítulo I: Revisão da literatura referente à EENM e à FBM, tendo conceitos básicos, parâmetros de tratamentos, aplicação na prática clínica, e efeitos terapêuticos. Também abordamos tópicos como os tipos de fadiga existentes e as evidências encontradas na literatura dos estudos que utilizaram FBM para prevenir a fadiga e o dano muscular produzidos pela EENM. Capítulo II: Descrição dos Métodos: Os participantes visitaram o laboratório em nove dias, sendo que foram submetidos à familiarização com as técnicas e protocolos no primeiro dia, avaliação do primeiro membro nos quatro dias seguintes, e os quatro dias finais para a avaliação do segundo membro. A familiarização dos sujeitos foi efetuada com o ultrassom (US), com a contração voluntária máxima isométrica (CVMI), com os testes funcionais e com a EENM. No segundo dia foi realizado o protocolo de fatiga; porém, antes do protocolo de fadiga evocada pela EENM, se aplicou FBM ou FBM-sham (de forma randomizada) nos extensores do joelho de cada um dos membros. Um intervalo de sete dias foi observado entre os momentos de intervenção nos dois membros (período de “wash out”). Foram utilizados 8 pontos de aplicação da FBM e cada ponto foi tratado por 30s, com uma dose de 6J por diodo (sonda com 5 diodos), ou seja, 30J por local, totalizando 240J no membro inferior que recebeu FBM. A seguir, os sujeitos foram submetidos a um protocolo de fadiga de EENM (20 minutos de duração, duração de pulso = 1 ms, tempos de contração-repouso de 5s:10s, e uma frequência de 100 Hz). Após o protocolo de fadiga evocada, foram avaliadas as variáveis de dor, desconforto e desempenho nos testes funcionais SHT e teste de subir e descer escadas. Para avaliar o dano muscular, foram coletadas nove imagens de ultrassom do músculo reto femoral (RF) e 3 do vasto lateral (VL). O nível de desconforto foi obtido por meio da EVA e do algômetro, o qual foi aplicado em todos os três extensores do joelho. Para os músculos RF e VL, o algômetro foi aplicado a 50% da linha entre a espinha ilíaca anterossuperior e a borda superior da patela, enquanto para o vasto medial (VM) o ponto de aplicação foi a 50% da linha entre a borda superior da patela e o ventre do músculo. A força voluntária máxima foi avaliada por meio de três CVMIs dos extensores do joelho pré protocolo de fadiga e uma CVMI pós protocolo de fadiga para avaliação do índice de fadiga. Além disso, os participantes executaram os testes funcionais pré e pós protocolo de fadiga a fim de avaliar os efeitos da fadiga e da FBM e FBM-sham na funcionalidade. Todas as variáveis mencionadas acima foram mensuradas novamente após o protocolo de fadiga evocada e pós 24h, 48h e 72h do protocolo de fadiga. Todas as mesmas etapas foram realizadas no outro membro. Na análise dos dados, inicialmente foi realizada estatística descritiva e avaliação da normalidade dos dados por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As comparações envolvendo os fatores membro (FBM e FBM-sham) e também os momentos (Pré, Pós-imediato, Pós-24h, Pós-48h e Pós-72h) foram realizadas utilizando o modelo de Equações de Estimação Generalizadas com um gama log link para resposta de escala. Quando foi identificada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os momentos, foi utilizado o teste post hoc LSD (Least Significant Difference). Para comparações envolvendo as variáveis apenas com os momentos Pré e Pós-Imediato, foi utilizado o teste U de Mann-Whitney. Todas as informações quantitativas foram apresentadas como média e erro padrão, exceto para as variáveis de caracterização onde foram utilizados valores de média e desvio padrão. O nível de significância para todas as análises estatísticas foi fixado em p0,05). Em relação ao desconforto, também não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os membros (p>0,05), porém houve aumento do desconforto imediatamente após o protocolo de fadiga tanto para FBM quanto para FBM-Sham (p0,05), porém sim entre os momentos, tendo uma queda do desempenho imediatamente após o protocolo de fadiga (p0.05). Regarding discomfort, no between-limbs differences were found (p>0.05), but there were differences between the moments (p0.05), but there were differences between the moments (p0.05). However, the performance in the SHT did not decrease after the fatigue protocol in the PBM limb, while it did in the PBM-sham limb. Conclusion: No significant differences were observed among the limbs for discomfort, muscle damage, and functional test performance. These findings suggest that PBM does not have a significant impact over the deleterious NMES effects, which reduces its use in increasing performance as well as its applicability in clinical practice to reduce fatigue and muscle damage

Interacción, identidad y participación en facebook. una experiencia de los estudiantes de grado 11 de la institución educativa Boquía

La presente investigación se basó en la necesidad de conocer cómo los estudiantes de grado 11 de la Institución Educativa Boquía están interactuando en la red social Facebook y desencadenando una serie de manifestaciones que dejan dilucidar una manera distinta de relacionarse y comunicarse, de verse a sí mismos y a los demás. Estas manifestaciones se hacen explícitas en acciones cotidianas como enviar o recibir solicitudes de amistad, compartir fotos o videos, chatear o crear nuevas publicaciones; las cuales son importantes porque marcan patrones de conducta que se pueden evidenciar en los usos y las rutinas de los usuarios. La plataforma está diseñada para que ellos se apropien con naturalidad de los elementos de la interfaz permitiéndoles crear nuevas narrativas y lenguajes, llevando así al nacimiento de códigos comunes y a la formación de tipos de usuario que se enmarcan en lo que Alejandro Piscitelli denomina dimensiones de análisis sobre la identidad, la participación y la convergencia. De la mano de estas dimensiones de análisis, de un enfoque cualitativo, de la etnografía virtual y de instrumentos de recolección de la información como grupos de discusión y observación participante se logró describir las interacciones, identificar los tipos de usuario e indagar de qué manera los estudiantes de grado 11 de la Institución Educativa Boquía construyen su identidad

Preharvest Salmonella Risk Contamination and the Control Strategies

Salmonella is present in most food production environments and can enter the food supply at any stage of food production from farm to fork. Control strategies for Salmonella include preharvest and postharvest aspects. Preharvest approach is very important because as a result of large-scale production, many animals could be infected with Salmonella serotypes during the primary production, causing human salmonellosis by consuming meat, milk, and eggs or foods containing ingredients of animal origin. The first step for prevention approaches is to determinate the source of infection; Salmonella serovars should be founded, and control strategies must be executed. Infection sources include vertical transmission, feed, pest (rodents and insects), wild birds, water, humans, manure, transportation coops, tractors or vehicles, and farm environment. Preventive and control strategies involve many factors, including hygiene, biosecurity procedures, animal feed surveillance, litter, manure and carcasses disposed, cleaning and disinfection programs, food interventions, diagnostic, and vaccination

Análisis crítico de la compensación económica en la legislación chilena

La consagración en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno de la ruptura matrimonial y de la convivencia civil han hecho necesaria la consideración de una figura que resguarde a aquel de la pareja que nuestra legislación denomina como el “cónyuge más débil”, regulando los efectos patrimoniales de dicho término. La compensación económica surge entonces como el derecho de aquel cónyuge o conviviente civil que ha sufrido un menoscabo económico producto de no haber desarrollado actividad remunerada o lucrativa durante al matrimonio o convivencia, en razón de su dedicación a los hijos y/o al hogar común. Así las cosas, el presente artículo tiene por finalidad analizar, desde un punto de vista doctrinario y jurisprudencial, el estatuto establecido por el legislador chileno para regular esta instituciónSince Chile passed its divorce law and the regulation of cohabitations act, it has been necessary to consider ways to protect what the Chilean legislation calls (lit.) ‘the weak spouse’. The ‘compensación económica’ (economic compensation) emerges then as a subjective right for the spouse or the cohabitant who has suffered an impairment due to him or her not having had a paid employment during marriage or cohabitation and has devoted him or herself to the care of the children and domestic chores instead. This article aims to present the Chilean approach to the economic compensation from a jurisprudential and doctrinal approach