Compadrazgo, movilidad social y relaciones de poder de mulatos libres. Villa de San José de Logroño, Chile, 1780-1810

This article addresses compadrazgo or sponsorship between free mulattoes, a mechanism used to reinforce family and neighbourhood ties, but also as a form of support and/or legiti­macy bestowing social prestige and building power relations in the town of San José de Logroño between 1780 and 1810. These relationships and links are documented in parish records, and in the wills and letters of freedom of slaves, whereby the use of social networks allows us to analyse the interpersonal ties between different sectors and social groups. The results indicate that the relationships between mulattoes and other individuals, groups and families involved the construction of social hierarchies among social peers, and permit anal­ysis of how the strategies for ascent and social mobility operate.El presente trabajo aborda el compadrazgo y apadrinamiento de mulatos libres, mecanismos utilizados para reafirmar lazos familiares y vecinales, pero también como medios de sustentación y / o legitimación del prestigio social y de las relaciones de poder construidas en la villa de San José de Logroño del partido de Melipilla de la Capitanía General de Chile entre los años de 1780 a 1810. Tales vinculaciones han quedado documentadas en registros parroquiales, testamentos y cartas de libertad de esclavos, valiéndonos de aquellos mediante la metodología de las redes sociales para analizar los vínculos interpersonales entre distintos sectores y grupos sociales. Los resultados indican que los relacionamientos de los mulatos con otros sujetos, grupos y familias permiten observar la construcción de jerarquías sociales entre sus pares sociales, a la vez de analizar cómo operan las estrategias de ascenso y movilidad social

Economía familiar y gestión del patrimonio familiar por las mujeres santiaguinas (Chile), 1580-1650

El presente artículo examina la participación económica de las mujeres de Santiago de Chile en el contexto familiar y laboral, tanto en condición de casada como viuda, en el periodo comprendido entre 1580 y 1650. Se analizan los documentos dotales de las jóvenes para identificar los bienes y capitales que ingresaron a la vida conyugal, proveyendo de esta forma la base económica para la nueva familia en circunstancias que los novios declararon no tener bienes para ayudar en las cargas del matrimonio. Asimismo, se examinan los testamentos de las esposas y viudas para analizar su participación como administradoras de los bienes y recursos familiares en momentos que quedaron solas, inmiscuyéndose así en actividades consideradas propias de los varones, contrarrestándose la actitud sumisa y sin autoridad de las mujeres de la colonia.The present article examines the economic participation from the women of Chile´s Santiago on the family and labor context, both as a wife and widow, in the period from 1580 to 1650. Analyzed the dowry documents from the young women, to identify the goods and capitals that got into the married life, thus providing, the economic foundation for the new family, in circumstances that the grooms declare don’t had any goods that could favour the liability's marriage. Also, examined the testaments from the wives and widows, to analyze their participation like administrator of the goods and family means, in moments when they stayed alone, interfering thereby, on activities considered only for men, counteracting, the passive attitude and without mastery from the women of the colony

Teaching perception in managing strategies facing motivation and frustration in math class

Tesis (Psicopedagoga, Licenciada en Educación)El presente estudio tiene como propósito conocer la percepción docente sobre el manejo de estrategias para enfrentar la motivación y frustración de sus alumnos en la asignatura de matemática. Es una investigación cualitativa que parte del análisis de entrevistas profundas, las cuales serán contrastadas con información del marco teórico, realizadas a una muestra de 16 docentes que se desempeñan en colegios particulares, subvencionados, corporación educativa y municipalizados. En este artículo se identifican y ejemplifican situaciones en que los docentes perciben la motivación y frustración de sus alumnos, diferenciando las estrategias que utilizan para manejar cada caso. Los resultados obtenidos detallan desde la perspectiva docente la valoración de su carrera, junto a las características fundamentales para ser un buen profesor. Además, esta investigación distingue aquellos profesionales que reciben en su formación de pregrado enseñanza sobre estrategias de motivación y frustración. El posible beneficio de esta investigación en relación a la psicopedagogía es aportar al trabajo colaborativo mediante el intercambio y variación del uso de estrategias, seleccionando en conjunto aquellas más atingentes al contexto en el cual se encuentran, de esta forma se contribuye a la mejora en el diálogo profesor-alumno y al buen clima educativo en el aula.The objective of this study is to know the teaching perception on the management of strategies facing motivation and frustration of its students in mathematics. It is a qualitative research that starts from the analysis of interviews in a deep level, which will be contrast with biological information of a group of 16 educators that work in private, municipals, subsidized and corporate schools. On this article you can identify and exemplify situations on which teachers perceive the motivation and frustration of their students, differencing which strategies they use for each case. The results obtained detail, from the teacher’s perspective, the value of their career, with the fundamental characteristics to be a good teacher. Also, these investigation distinguishes those professionals that receive on their under grad learnings about strategies of motivation and frustration. The possible benefit of these investigation is to contribute educational professionals on the variety of strategies usage, selecting the ones that are more valuable depending of the context on which they are, in this way it contributes to the improvement on the teacher – student dialogue and to the school climate

Control gerencial : caso Sodatal Ltda.

129 p.La siguiente investigación tiene por objetivo estudiar y aplicar el Sistema de Control para el apoyo de la toma de decisiones en la empresa SODATAL Ltda. Para esto se realizó un estudio teórico sobre el Control Gerencial, identificando los conceptos relevantes, los cuales sirvieron como base para la aplicabilidad de éstos en la empresa en cuestión. Las Variables Condicionantes del Control Gerencial, se obtuvieron a través de visitas de campo, entrevistas con el dueño de la empresa y con el personal de SODATAL Ltda., facilitado por los balances que se examinaron a través del análisis estadístico de medias, varianzas y correlaciones, con lo cual se pudo identificar los factores críticos del éxito y establecer como se relacionan con otras cuentas del balance, identificando así las áreas críticas de la empresa, se establecieron además, indicadores de gestión para medir el desempeño de la empresa, a través de estos análisis, se establecieron los Mecanismos Facilitantes del Control Gerencial. En la empresa bajo estudio, se observa que las decisiones están totalmente centralizadas en el gerente, no habiendo delegación de funciones, para esto es necesario establecer centros de responsabilidad en SODATAL Ltda., donde las personas sean responsables por sus propias decisiones, a su vez medidos a través de los indicadores de Gestión

El uso de la pintura a la cal: ventajas e inconvenientes de su aplicación (con aditivos como la caseína y el aceite) sobre morteros tradicionales

El presente artículo desarrolla las conclusiones de la investigación que tiene como objetivo principal, evaluar las posibles alteraciones o cambios que pueda experimentar una pintura a la cal a la que se ha añadido caseína y aceite (de linaza y de oliva). El estudio evaluará los cambios colorimétricos que experimentan las diferentes aplicaciones de pintura a la cal; tomando en cuenta la influencia de los diferentes soportes; (arcilla y escayola) sobre el aspecto final de a pintura. Así como la influencia cromática que se puede derivar de las diferentes aplicaciones de los aditivos (caseína y aceite); tanto en la misma pintura a la cal o aplicándola sobre la superficie.Zalbidea Muñoz, MA.; San Marín Armijo, A. (2011). El uso de la pintura a la cal: ventajas e inconvenientes de su aplicación (con aditivos como la caseína y el aceite) sobre morteros tradicionales. Arché. (6):504-513. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/34639504513

Climbing route development affects cliff vascular plants more than subsequent climbing: A guide to evidence-based conservation management to regulate climbing

1. Cliff ecosystems provide refuge to 35%–66% of the world's endemic plants. However, they face growing threats from sport climbing. Evidence suggests that unclimbed cliffs harbour approximately twice the plant richness compared with climbed cliffs, with increasing impact as climbing intensity increases. Unfortunately, it remains unknown whether the climbing impact on cliff vegetation originates from the development (opening) of climbing routes or from temporal changes resulting from subsequent climbing. 2. We recorded cliff vascular plants and lichens at the protected natural area of El Potrero Chico (Mexico) before and after the development of new climbing routes. Subsequently, we re-recorded the routes at sequential timepoints after 10, 20, and 30 ascents. Additionally, we examined whether the abundance of cliff vegetation influences the extent of climbing impact and whether the surroundings of the routes were also affected. 3. We found that the opening of climbing routes exerted the strongest negative effects on cliff plants, reducing species richness by 38%, while subsequent ascents generated a minimal impact. Worryingly, route opening affected not only species richness in the route itself but also the surroundings of the routes. After 30 ascents, cliff plant abundance decreased by 60.6% within the bolted routes, whereas it decreased by 42.3% in the surroundings. However, this impact depended on the original cliff vegetation abundance. Lichen cover showed a gradual decrease, indicating that cliff-dwelling lichens are affected not only by the opening of the route but also by subsequent ascents. 4. Synthesis and applications: Given the almost non-existent regulation of outdoor climbing activities in most countries, we urge the implementation of a conservation management protocol that defines clear strategies to regulate climbing activities and preserve pristine cliffs. On yet unclimbed cliffs with narrow endemic, rare, or threatened species, we propose banning the establishment of new climbing areas. On climbed cliffs lacking protected species, dynamic management actions should be implemented, such as setting a maximum number of routes that can be established and defining limits of acceptable change as climbing intensity increases. The proposed conservation management should help to halt the loss of unique cliff biodiversity and safeguard pristine cliff ecosystems.National Geographic Society, Grant/ Award Number: EC-50532R- 18/ NGS-82734R- 20FEDER-Andalucía 2014-2020 Program, Grant/Award Number: A-RNM- 4- UGR20Early Career Researcher (ECR) Support Programme of the Institute for EcologyEvolution and Diversity at Goethe University FrankfurtTalento César Nombela Grants of the Community of Madrid, Grant/Award Number: 2023-T1/ ECO-2919

Digital marketing of formula and baby food negatively influences breast feeding and complementary feeding: a cross-sectional study and video recording of parental exposure in Mexico

There is little evidence of the association between digital marketing of formula and baby food and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices. Assess parents' exposure to digital marketing of formula and baby food for children <2 years and its association with the purchase and IYCF practices in Mexico. Parents ≥18 years recruited from a market research panel completed an online survey (n=1074) and capture-on-screen (n=95) between December 2020 and January 2021. Logistic regressions were used to estimate the association between exposure to digital marketing of formula and baby foods with its purchase, motivation, consumption and IYCF practices. Digital marketing of formula and baby food was self-reported by 93.9% of parents in the online survey and observed by 93.7% in the capture-on-screen. Recorded ads did not comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. Parents who self-reported seeing a higher versus lower number of ads were less likely to exclusive breast feed (OR=0.38; 95% CI: 0.19 to 0.78), and more likely to give mixed feeding (OR=2.59; 95% CI: 1.28 to 5.21), formula (OR=1.84; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.53), processed foods (OR=2.31; 95% CI: 1.59 to 3.32) and sugary drinks (OR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.09 to 2.54). Higher exposure to ads was associated with a higher chance of purchasing products motivated by nutritional (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.32 to 3.28) and organic claims (OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.21 to 3.72). Digital marketing of formula and baby food may negatively influence IYCF and should be regulated to ensure children's nutrition and health. [Abstract copyright: © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

Digital marketing of commercial breastmilk substitutes and baby foods: strategies, and recommendations for its regulation in Mexico

Background: Parents are exposed to breastmilk substitutes and baby foods marketing on the internet and social media, which hinders adequate breastfeeding and complementary feeding. This study identifies digital marketing strategies for breastmilk substitutes, specifically commercial milk formula and baby foods used by the industry to influence infant and young children’s feeding practices in Mexico and proposes regulatory recommendations that can be useful for similar countries. Methods: Qualitative study based on the CLICK monitoring framework developed by the World Health Organization, adapted for digital marketing of commercial milk formula and baby foods. Semi-structured interviews (n = 53) with key actors were conducted between November 2020 and March 2021, and used grounded theory for the analysis and interpretation with the MAXQDA 20 software. Results: Commercial milk formula and baby food companies use digital media to contact and persuade parents to use their products by sending electronic newsletters with advertising. Companies hire influencers to market their products because there is no regulation prohibiting the advertisement of breastmilk substitutes on social media, and promote formula among health professionals inviting them to participate in sponsored webinars on infant nutrition, ignoring conflict of interest and the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. Parents trust formula and baby food advertisements, which use emotional messages and health and nutrition claims to encourage their consumption. Health professionals consider that claims contribute to the indiscriminate use of formula, and some actors propose the use of plain packaging for these products. Conclusions: Breastmilk substitutes companies promote their products in digital media using unethical strategies that fail to comply with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes. They generate strong conflicts of interest with health professionals, taking advantage of legal framework gaps and the lack of monitoring and effective sanctions for non-compliers. Updating the legal framework and monitoring compliance, including digital media, is urgently needed to protect children’s right to breastfeeding, healthy nutrition and life, and the rights of women to health and informed decision-making

Modelo para la medición del riesgo de insolvencia empresarial : un caso de estudio en las empresas PYME de Colombia

CD-T 658.155 A94; 85 pEste informe relata de manera concisa los resultados obtenidos en el desarrollo del proyecto "Modelo para la medición del riesgo de insolvencia para empresas PYME en Colombia"; así como también se muestra le metodología empleada para el desarrollo y es comparada con el diseño metodológico planificado con antelación al inicio de actividades investigativas.Universidad Libre Seccional Pereir