Educomunicação, Transformação Social e Desenvolvimento Sustentável

Esta publicação apresenta os principais trabalhos dos GTs do II Congresso Internacional de Comunicação e Educação nos temas Transformação social, com os artigos que abordam principalmente Educomunicação e/ou Mídia-Educação, no contexto de políticas de diversidade, inclusão e equidade; e, em Desenvolvimento Sustentável os artigos que abordam os avanços da relação comunicação/educação no contexto da educação ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Caracterización de procesos erosivos en área urbana en el municipio de Itabira, MG

O processo erosivo de um solo começa com a remoção da vegetação nativa, a qual expõe a superfície do solo ao impacto das gotas de chuva, cuja energia cinética provoca a destruição da sua estrutura, liberando os diferentes constituintes da textura para serem carreados pelo vento e pelas enxurradas. Neste sentido, o crescimento desordenado das cidades traz sérios problemas para o espaço urbano relacionados principalmente aos loteamentos e a impermeabilização, os quais podem desencadear e/ou intensificar os processos erosivos. Desse modo, esta pesquisa visou caracterizar sob a perspectiva geológica três ravinas localizadas nos bairros Colina da Praia (Rav 1), Ribeira de Baixo (Rav 2) e Praia (Rav 3), na cidade de Itabira (MG), identificando os fatores que favorecem o desenvolvimento destas. A análise das imagens de satélite permitiu assinalar a interferência antrópica nessas áreas, evidenciada pela remoção da vegetação, abertura de lotes e arruamentos. Quanto à caracterização geológica é possível salientar a presença de saprólito de rocha xistosa e granítica-gnáissica, além de orientações análogas entre a direção das ravinas 1 e 3 com os planos de fratura obtidos. Considerando a análise granulométrica das amostras de solo das três ravinas analisadas, verifica-se a predominância de solo com textura média, o qual comumente possui índice de erodibilidade médio. Contudo, a interferência antrópica caracterizada pela remoção da cobertura vegetal e abertura de estrada, aliada à estruturação geológica, são fatores que contribuem, de forma indissociável, para o desenvolvimento dos processos erosivos analisados. Ressalta-se assim a importância dos levantamentos pedológicos para o planejamento adequado do uso do solo, os quais permitirão minimizar os impactos negativos desencadeados nos ambientes naturais.The process of soil erosion begins with the removal of native vegetation, which exposes the soil surface to the impact of raindrops, whose kinetic energy causes the destruction of its structure, releasing the different constituents of the texture to be carried by the wind and by the floods. In this sense, the disorderly growth of cities brings serious problems for the urban space, mainly related to subdivisions and waterproofing, which can trigger and / or intensify erosion processes. Thus, this research aimed to characterize, from a geological perspective, three ravines located in the neighborhoods of Colina da Praia (Rav 1), Ribeira de Baixo (Rav 2) and Praia (Rav 3), in the city of Itabira (MG), identifying the factors that favor its development. The analysis of the satellite images allowed to indicate the anthropic interference in these areas, evidenced by the removal of vegetation, opening of lots and streets. As for the geological characterization, it is possible to emphasize the presence of schist rock and granitic-gneiss rock, as well as similar orientations between the direction of ravines 1 and 3 with the fracture planes obtained. Considering the granulometric analysis of soil samples of the three ravines analyzed, it is verified the predominance of soil with medium texture, which commonly has a medium erodibility index. However, the anthropic interference characterized by the removal of the vegetation cover and the opening of road, together with the geological structuring, are factors that contribute, inseparably, to the development of the erosive processes analyzed. The importance of pedological surveys for proper land use planning is emphasized, which will minimize the negative impacts of natural environments.El proceso erosivo de un suelo comienza con la remoción de la vegetación nativa, la cual expone la superficie del suelo al impacto de las gotas de lluvia, cuya energía cinética provoca la destrucción de su estructura, liberando los diferentes constituyentes de la textura para ser transportados por el viento y por las precipitaciones. En este sentido, el crecimiento desordenado de las ciudades trae serios problemas para el espacio urbano relacionados principalmente con los loteamientos y la impermeabilización, los cuales pueden desencadenar y / o intensificar los procesos erosivos. De esta manera, esta investigación pretendía caracterizar bajo la perspectiva geológica tres barrancas ubicadas en los barrios Colina da Praia (Rav 1), Ribeira de Baixo (Rav 2) y Praia (Rav 3), en la ciudad de Itabira (MG), identificando los factores que favorecen el desarrollo de éstas. El análisis de las imágenes de satélite permitió señalar la interferencia antrópica en esas áreas, evidenciada por la remoción de la vegetación, apertura de lotes y arruinamientos. En cuanto a la caracterización geológica es posible resaltar la presencia de saprólito de roca xistosa y granítica-gnáissica, además de orientaciones análogas entre la dirección de las ravinas 1 y 3 con los planos de fractura obtenidos. Considerando el análisis granulométrico de las muestras de suelo de las tres ravinas analizadas, se verifica la predominancia de suelo con textura media, el cual comúnmente posee índice de erosión media. Sin embargo, la interferencia antrópica caracterizada por la remoción de la cobertura vegetal y la apertura de la carretera, junto con la estructuración geológica, son factores que contribuyen de forma indisociable al desarrollo de los procesos erosivos analizados. Se resalta así la importancia de los levantamientos pedológicos para la planificación adecuada del uso del suelo, los cuales permitirán minimizar los impactos negativos desencadenados en los ambientes naturales

Orientierungsschätzung mit einem Sliding Mode-Beobachter auf Basis Body Sensor Network-integrierter Inertialsensorik

Background: The fungal genus Sporothrix includes at least four human pathogenic species. One of these species, S. brasiliensis, is the causal agent of a major ongoing zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Elsewhere, sapronoses are caused by S. schenckii and S. globosa. The major aims on this comparative genomic study are: 1) to explore the presence of virulence factors in S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis; 2) to compare S. brasiliensis, which is cat-transmitted and infects both humans and cats with S. schenckii, mainly a human pathogen; 3) to compare these two species to other human pathogens (Onygenales) with similar thermo-dimorphic behavior and to other plant-associated Sordariomycetes. Results: The genomes of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis were pyrosequenced to 17x and 20x coverage comprising a total of 32.3 Mb and 33.2 Mb, respectively. Pair-wise genome alignments revealed that the two species are highly syntenic showing 97.5% average sequence identity. Phylogenomic analysis reveals that both species diverged about 3.8-4.9 MYA suggesting a recent event of speciation. Transposable elements comprise respectively 0.34% and 0.62% of the S. schenckii andS. brasiliensis genomes and expansions of Gypsy-like elements was observed reflecting the accumulation of repetitive elements in the S. brasiliensis genome. Mitochondrial genomic comparisons showed the presence of group-I intron encoding homing endonucleases (HE’s) exclusively in S. brasiliensis. Analysis of protein family expansions and contractions in theSporothrix lineage revealed expansion of LysM domain-containing proteins, small GTPases, PKS type1 and leucin-rich proteins. In contrast, a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes that are associated with decay of plants was observed when compared to other Sordariomycetes and dimorphic fungal pathogens, suggesting evolutionary adaptations from a plant pathogenic or saprobic to an animal pathogenic life style. Conclusions: Comparative genomic data suggest a unique ecological shift in the Sporothrix lineage from plant-association to mammalian parasitism, which contributes to the understanding of how environmental interactions may shape fungal virulence. . Moreover, the striking differences found in comparison with other dimorphic fungi revealed that dimorphism in these close relatives of plant-associated Sordariomycetes is a case of convergent evolution, stressing the importance of this morphogenetic change in fungal pathogenesis

Comparative genomics of the major fungal agents of human and animal Sporotrichosis: Sporothrix schenckii and Sporothrix brasiliensis

Abstract Background The fungal genus Sporothrix includes at least four human pathogenic species. One of these species, S. brasiliensis, is the causal agent of a major ongoing zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis in Brazil. Elsewhere, sapronoses are caused by S. schenckii and S. globosa. The major aims on this comparative genomic study are: 1) to explore the presence of virulence factors in S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis; 2) to compare S. brasiliensis, which is cat-transmitted and infects both humans and cats with S. schenckii, mainly a human pathogen; 3) to compare these two species to other human pathogens (Onygenales) with similar thermo-dimorphic behavior and to other plant-associated Sordariomycetes. Results The genomes of S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis were pyrosequenced to 17x and 20x coverage comprising a total of 32.3 Mb and 33.2 Mb, respectively. Pair-wise genome alignments revealed that the two species are highly syntenic showing 97.5% average sequence identity. Phylogenomic analysis reveals that both species diverged about 3.8-4.9 MYA suggesting a recent event of speciation. Transposable elements comprise respectively 0.34% and 0.62% of the S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis genomes and expansions of Gypsy-like elements was observed reflecting the accumulation of repetitive elements in the S. brasiliensis genome. Mitochondrial genomic comparisons showed the presence of group-I intron encoding homing endonucleases (HE’s) exclusively in S. brasiliensis. Analysis of protein family expansions and contractions in the Sporothrix lineage revealed expansion of LysM domain-containing proteins, small GTPases, PKS type1 and leucin-rich proteins. In contrast, a lack of polysaccharide lyase genes that are associated with decay of plants was observed when compared to other Sordariomycetes and dimorphic fungal pathogens, suggesting evolutionary adaptations from a plant pathogenic or saprobic to an animal pathogenic life style. Conclusions Comparative genomic data suggest a unique ecological shift in the Sporothrix lineage from plant-association to mammalian parasitism, which contributes to the understanding of how environmental interactions may shape fungal virulence. . Moreover, the striking differences found in comparison with other dimorphic fungi revealed that dimorphism in these close relatives of plant-associated Sordariomycetes is a case of convergent evolution, stressing the importance of this morphogenetic change in fungal pathogenesis