Les interventions du maître dans les discussions à visée philosophique à l'école primaire

Dans notre mémoire, nous nous sommes intéressés aux interventions du maître lors de discussions à visée philosophique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons voulu identifier quels étaient les types d’interventions du maître dans un atelier philosophique conduit en classe de CP et à quelle fréquence apparaissaient-ils. Dans un second temps, nous avons souhaité observer si l’on retrouvait les mêmes interventions dans une DVP réalisée dans un niveau de classe supérieur (CE2) et si les fréquences d’apparition de ceux–ci était les mêmes. Pour répondre à nos interrogations, nous avons d’abord répertorié, analysé et catégorisé les interventions du maître dans la transcription de CP pour en établir une typologie. Ensuite, nous avons calculé et comparé les fréquences d'apparition de chaque type d'intervention. Une fois ce premier travail effectué, nous avons appliqué notre typologie des interventions du maître à l’atelier philosophique de CE2 pour relever les différences et similitudes entre les deux niveaux de classes. Il ressort de ce travail de recherche plusieurs tendances comme par exemple le fait que certains types d’interventions sont beaucoup plus présents que d’autres notamment les approfondissements et cela pour les 2 niveaux de classe. On peut aussi citer le fait qu’en CP les interventions les plus fréquentes tournent autour de la distribution de la parole et de la répétition de la question de l’atelier alors qu’en CE2, quasiment 3 quarts des interventions appartiennent aux sous-catégories : approfondissement 2 (l’enseignant pose une question à un élève pour qu’il approfondisse son idée), gestion de classe 1 (l'enseignant donne la parole à un élève), approbation 2 (l’enseignant approuve ce que vient de dire l’élève : « oui », « d’accord ») et reformulation.Cette recherche nous a permis d’analyser et de comparer les interventions du maître dans les discussions à visée philosophique. Nous en tirons des conclusions pour notre propre pratique future notamment au niveau des types d’interventions que nous pourrions mettre en place

la circulation des faïences portugaises au XVIIe siècle en France méridionale à partir du site subaquatique de Villefranche-sur-Mer (Alpes-Maritimes)

UID/HIS/04666/2013Encore inconnue dans les contextes archéologiques français, des faïences portugaises ont été récemment identifiées en Provence. C’est notamment dans un contexte portuaire, celui de Villefranche-sur-Mer, qu’ont été mises au jour plusieurs formes ouvertes correspondant principalement à des bols, des assiettes et des plats. L’étude de ces artéfacts et sa confrontation avec d’autres sites comparatifs à l’étranger permettent d’en préciser la chronologie, les lieux de productions ainsi que les principales vaisselles portugaises diffusées par la voie maritime. Leur découverte fournit de plus des indicateurs précieux sur les relations maritimes entre la France Méridionale et le Portugal durant l’époque moderne.publishersversionpublishe

About the absence of musculocutaneous nerve

Introduction: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-7) derives (90,5%) from the lateral cord of brachial plexus at the level of lateral border of pectoralis minor [1]. MC nerve pierces the coracobrachialis muscle and descends between the biceps brachii and brachialis to the lateral side of the elbow and terminates as the lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm. It supplies the biceps brachi, the coracobrachialis and the brachialis. Its terminal branch is purely sensory. Variations in the MC nerve course, distribution and termination have been reported and variably classified [2]. The most frequent variations are the presence of communicating branches with the median nerve [3] and the nerve not perforating the coracobrachialis muscle [4]. Total absence of MC nerve is less frequent (1.4 to 15%) [5]. Materials and Methods: 25 upper limbs from 13 cadavers were dissected. A skin incision was performed on deltopectoral groove and arm midline. Two fasciocutaneous flaps were raised, exposing brachial plexus and MC nerve. Results: In two specimens MC was not demonstrable. In these cases, the nerve branches to the coracobrachialis muscle and the lateral cutaneous forearm nerve originated directly from the median nerve. Conclusion: during embryogenesis MC nerve is derived relatively late, thus its absence may correspond to an incomplete differentiation of the brachial plexus. We believe this anatomical variation noteworthy because clinical procedures as plexus block or Latarjet’s procedure may be affected from MCN anomalies

Five distinct biological processes and 14 differentially expressed genes characterize TEL/AML1-positive leukemia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation is found in 20 to 25% of cases of childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). This rearrangement results in the fusion of <it>ETV6 </it>(<it>TEL</it>) and <it>RUNX1 </it>(<it>AML1</it>) genes and defines a relatively uniform category, although only some patients suffer very late relapse. <it>TEL/AML1</it>-positive patients are thus an interesting subgroup to study, and such studies should elucidate the biological processes underlying TEL/AML1 pathogenesis. We report an analysis of gene expression in 60 children with B-lineage ALL using Agilent whole genome oligo-chips (44K-G4112A) and/or real time RT-PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We compared the leukemia cell gene expression profiles of 16 <it>TEL/AML1</it>-positive ALL patients to those of 44 <it>TEL/AML1</it>-negative patients, whose blast cells did not contain any additional recurrent translocation. Microarray analyses of 26 samples allowed the identification of genes differentially expressed between the TEL/AML1-positive and negative ALL groups. Gene enrichment analysis defined five enriched GO categories: cell differentiation, cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell motility and response to wounding, associated with 14 genes -<it>RUNX1, TCFL5, TNFRSF7, CBFA2T3</it>, <it>CD9</it>, <it>SCARB1, TP53INP1, ACVR1C, PIK3C3, EGFL7</it>, <it>SEMA6A, CTGF, LSP1, TFPI </it>– highlighting the biology of the <it>TEL/AML1 </it>sub-group. These results were first confirmed by the analysis of an additional microarray data-set (7 patient samples) and second by real-time RT-PCR quantification and clustering using an independent set (27 patient samples). Over-expression of <it>RUNX1 (AML1) </it>was further investigated and in one third of the patients correlated with cytogenetic findings.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Gene expression analyses of leukemia cells from 60 children with <it>TEL/AML1</it>-positive and -negative B-lineage ALL led to the identification of five biological processes, associated with 14 validated genes characterizing and highlighting the biology of the <it>TEL/AML1</it>-positive ALL sub-group.</p

HER3 as biomarker and therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer: new insights in pertuzumab therapy in preclinical models.

International audienceThe anti-HER2 antibody pertuzumab inhibits HER2 dimerization and affects HER2/HER3 dimer formation and signaling. As HER3 and its ligand neuregulin are implicated in pancreatic tumorigenesis, we investigated whether HER3 expression could be a predictive biomarker of pertuzumab efficacy in HER2low-expressing pancreatic cancer. We correlated in vitro and in vivo HER3 expression and neuregulin dependency with the inhibitory effect of pertuzumab on cell viability and tumor progression. HER3 knockdown in BxPC-3 cells led to resistance to pertuzumab therapy. Pertuzumab treatment of HER3-expressing pancreatic cancer cells increased HER3 at the cell membrane, whereas the anti-HER3 monoclonal antibody 9F7-F11 down-regulated it. Both antibodies blocked HER3 and AKT phosphorylation and inhibited HER2/HER3 heterodimerization but affected differently HER2 and HER3 homodimers. The pertuzumab/9F7-F11 combination enhanced tumor inhibition and the median survival time in mice xenografted with HER3-expressing pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, HER2 and HER3 were co-expressed in 11% and HER3 alone in 27% of the 45 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas analyzed by immunohistochemistry. HER3 is essential for pertuzumab efficacy in HER2low-expressing pancreatic cancer and HER3 expression might be a predictive biomarker of pertuzumab efficacy in such cancers. Further studies in clinical samples are required to confirm these findings and the interest of combining anti-HER2 and anti-HER3 therapeutic antibodies

In vivo preclinical low field MRI monitoring of tumor growth following a suicide gene therapy in an orthotopic mice model of human glioblastoma

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Exposure to negative socio-emotional events induces sustained alteration of resting-state brain networks in older adults

Basic emotional functions seem well preserved in older adults. However, their reactivity to and recovery from socially negative events remain poorly characterized. To address this, we designed a ‘task–rest’ paradigm in which 182 participants from two independent experiments underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while exposed to socio-emotional videos. Experiment 1 (N = 55) validated the task in young and older participants and unveiled age-dependent effects on brain activity and connectivity that predominated in resting periods after (rather than during) negative social scenes. Crucially, emotional elicitation potentiated subsequent resting-state connectivity between default mode network and amygdala exclusively in older adults. Experiment 2 replicated these results in a large older adult cohort (N = 127) and additionally showed that emotion-driven changes in posterior default mode network–amygdala connectivity were associated with anxiety, rumination and negative thoughts. These findings uncover the neural dynamics of empathy-related functions in older adults and help understand its relationship to poor social stress recovery