OBRAS MODERNISTAS E A BOTÂNICA: A CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA BRASILIDADE E SUAS POSSIBILIDADES DE ENSINO DECOLONIAL

O ensino interdisciplinar de arte e botânica pode fazer a ponte para a construção da formação cidadã e científica. Desta forma, nosso objetivo é apresentar obras de artistas do modernismo brasileiro, em especial, participantes da Semana de Arte Moderna como mote para o ensino de etnobotânica decolonial em sala de aula. Mais do que uma breve exposição do histórico e de obras em ciência e arte, este trabalho traz o manifesto antropofágico como ferramenta para (re)pensar o ensino. Após análise de obras do modernismo brasileiro com referenciais botânicos, e com base nas 13 categorias cognitivas para a promoção da criatividade, selecionamos 3 espécies vegetais, abacaxi, cacto e café que serviram como integralizador etnobotânico, mostrando as potencialidades e riqueza das telas, literatura e arquitetura da semana de 22 e seu processo antropofágico frente a biodiversidade nacional. Sugerimos a utilização das ações artístico-educativas nacionais para construções de conhecimentos plurais, críticas e decoloniais na promoção de ciência e arte

Jardins Sensoriais: Como Alunos do Curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas EaD UERJ “Enxergam” Esses Espaços

O jardim sensorial, como ferramenta pedagógica, facilita a aprendizagem e o desenvolvimento das percepções ambientais através dos sentidos e suas interações com o meio para atender pessoas com ou sem deficiência. Contudo não existe trabalhos que relacione o entendimento dos jardins sensoriais e os alunos da Educação a distância e possíveis reverberações destes conhecimentos na formação docente. Nessa perspectiva, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as percepções dos licenciandos concluintes do curso de Ciências Biológicas UERJ/CEDERJ polo Magé sobre jardins sensoriais. Para tal, foi aplicado um questionário online a 35 alunos do público-alvo a fim de saber as percepções sobre o jardim sensorial e sentidos ali mais aguçados. Após, foi realizada análise de conteúdo das respostas. A maioria dos alunos entende que o jardim sensorial ativa os sentidos do corpo para percepções do ambiente por meio da interação com as plantas que compõem e que é um instrumento de inclusão para auxiliar no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de pessoas com deficiência. Dentre as fontes de informação sobre o jardim sensorial predominam os sites/redes sociais seguidas pela universidade. O jardim sensorial do Jardim Botânico da Grande cidade sobressai como o local mais visitado pelos licenciandos pesquisados. Apesar do público pesquisado ter alguma percepção sobre o jardim sensorial, essas percepções não abrangem sua utilização na educação como um instrumento para auxiliar a práxis docente, sendo necessário que se aprofunde o debate nas formações acadêmicas

Horta Acadêmica e Ensino Superior a Distância: uma Experiência em um Polo Presencial no Rio de Janeiro

Vegetable gardens in educational institutions are characterized as places capable of expanding interpersonal relationships through didactic and sociability activities. This integrative potential can help fill gaps related to students difficulties to adapt to the differences between face-to-face and virtual environments in distance higher education. In this context, the objective of this work is to report the experience of elaboration and maintenance of a vegetable garden in an on-site support center located in the state of Rio de Janeiro, which involved the participation of the academic and external communities. Two workshops were organized with 28 students and nine in-class mediator from the Biological Sciences graduation course. Pre- and post-activity questionnaires were used to collect the participants' opinion about the proposed action. It was found that students and the face-to-face mediators saw the academic vegetable garden as a facilitator of the teaching-learning process, even though 29% of the participants found it difficult to implement. Thus, the vegetable garden was considered a viable didactic experience in EaD, promoting spaces for teaching practices, research and extension.   Keywords: Distance education. Environmental education. Interdisciplinarity. Pedagogical mediation.Hortas em instituições de ensino se caracterizam como locais capazes de ampliar as relações interpessoais através da realização de atividades didáticas e de sociabilidade. Este potencial integrador pode vir a preencher lacunas relacionadas a dificuldade do estudante se adaptar às diferenças entre os ambientes físico e virtual no ensino superior a distância. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a experiência de elaboração e manutenção de uma horta em um polo de apoio presencial situado no estado do Rio de Janeiro e que envolveu a participação das comunidades acadêmica e externa. Foram organizadas duas oficinas com 28 estudantes e nove tutores presenciais do curso de licenciatura em ciências biológicas. Utilizou-se questionários pré e pós atividade para coletar a opinião dos participantes sobre a ação proposta. Foi constatado que tanto os estudantes como os tutores presenciais vislumbraram a horta acadêmica como facilitadora do processo ensino-aprendizagem, embora 29% dos participantes tenham considerado difícil a sua implantação. Desta forma, a horta foi considerada uma experiência didática viável na EaD, promovendo espaços de práticas de ensino, pesquisa e extensão. Palavras-chave: Educação a distância. Educação ambiental. Interdisciplinaridade. Mediação pedagógica

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions

Global burden and strength of evidence for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Understanding the health consequences associated with exposure to risk factors is necessary to inform public health policy and practice. To systematically quantify the contributions of risk factor exposures to specific health outcomes, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 aims to provide comprehensive estimates of exposure levels, relative health risks, and attributable burden of disease for 88 risk factors in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, from 1990 to 2021. Methods: The GBD 2021 risk factor analysis used data from 54 561 total distinct sources to produce epidemiological estimates for 88 risk factors and their associated health outcomes for a total of 631 risk–outcome pairs. Pairs were included on the basis of data-driven determination of a risk–outcome association. Age-sex-location-year-specific estimates were generated at global, regional, and national levels. Our approach followed the comparative risk assessment framework predicated on a causal web of hierarchically organised, potentially combinative, modifiable risks. Relative risks (RRs) of a given outcome occurring as a function of risk factor exposure were estimated separately for each risk–outcome pair, and summary exposure values (SEVs), representing risk-weighted exposure prevalence, and theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs) were estimated for each risk factor. These estimates were used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF; ie, the proportional change in health risk that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to the TMREL). The product of PAFs and disease burden associated with a given outcome, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), yielded measures of attributable burden (ie, the proportion of total disease burden attributable to a particular risk factor or combination of risk factors). Adjustments for mediation were applied to account for relationships involving risk factors that act indirectly on outcomes via intermediate risks. Attributable burden estimates were stratified by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile and presented as counts, age-standardised rates, and rankings. To complement estimates of RR and attributable burden, newly developed burden of proof risk function (BPRF) methods were applied to yield supplementary, conservative interpretations of risk–outcome associations based on the consistency of underlying evidence, accounting for unexplained heterogeneity between input data from different studies. Estimates reported represent the mean value across 500 draws from the estimate's distribution, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) calculated as the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile values across the draws. Findings: Among the specific risk factors analysed for this study, particulate matter air pollution was the leading contributor to the global disease burden in 2021, contributing 8·0% (95% UI 6·7–9·4) of total DALYs, followed by high systolic blood pressure (SBP; 7·8% [6·4–9·2]), smoking (5·7% [4·7–6·8]), low birthweight and short gestation (5·6% [4·8–6·3]), and high fasting plasma glucose (FPG; 5·4% [4·8–6·0]). For younger demographics (ie, those aged 0–4 years and 5–14 years), risks such as low birthweight and short gestation and unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing (WaSH) were among the leading risk factors, while for older age groups, metabolic risks such as high SBP, high body-mass index (BMI), high FPG, and high LDL cholesterol had a greater impact. From 2000 to 2021, there was an observable shift in global health challenges, marked by a decline in the number of all-age DALYs broadly attributable to behavioural risks (decrease of 20·7% [13·9–27·7]) and environmental and occupational risks (decrease of 22·0% [15·5–28·8]), coupled with a 49·4% (42·3–56·9) increase in DALYs attributable to metabolic risks, all reflecting ageing populations and changing lifestyles on a global scale. Age-standardised global DALY rates attributable to high BMI and high FPG rose considerably (15·7% [9·9–21·7] for high BMI and 7·9% [3·3–12·9] for high FPG) over this period, with exposure to these risks increasing annually at rates of 1·8% (1·6–1·9) for high BMI and 1·3% (1·1–1·5) for high FPG. By contrast, the global risk-attributable burden and exposure to many other risk factors declined, notably for risks such as child growth failure and unsafe water source, with age-standardised attributable DALYs decreasing by 71·5% (64·4–78·8) for child growth failure and 66·3% (60·2–72·0) for unsafe water source. We separated risk factors into three groups according to trajectory over time: those with a decreasing attributable burden, due largely to declining risk exposure (eg, diet high in trans-fat and household air pollution) but also to proportionally smaller child and youth populations (eg, child and maternal malnutrition); those for which the burden increased moderately in spite of declining risk exposure, due largely to population ageing (eg, smoking); and those for which the burden increased considerably due to both increasing risk exposure and population ageing (eg, ambient particulate matter air pollution, high BMI, high FPG, and high SBP). Interpretation: Substantial progress has been made in reducing the global disease burden attributable to a range of risk factors, particularly those related to maternal and child health, WaSH, and household air pollution. Maintaining efforts to minimise the impact of these risk factors, especially in low SDI locations, is necessary to sustain progress. Successes in moderating the smoking-related burden by reducing risk exposure highlight the need to advance policies that reduce exposure to other leading risk factors such as ambient particulate matter air pollution and high SBP. Troubling increases in high FPG, high BMI, and other risk factors related to obesity and metabolic syndrome indicate an urgent need to identify and implement interventions. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Ferns ecophysiological strategies in response to flooding in the restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

As matas inundáveis e brejos presentes nas restingas desencadeiam uma série de processos que influenciam as características físico-químicas e biológicas do solo, levando as plantas a apresentarem mecanismos de aclimatação ou adaptação ao estresse da inundação, como alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas de forma a minimizar os efeitos da falta de oxigênio. Dentre as espécies vegetais de samambaias ocorrentes em ambientes inundáveis nas restingas, se destacam três espécies: Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch., Blechnum serrulatum Rich. e Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K.Iwats. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar os aspectos ecofisiológicos que os esporófitos dessas samambaias apresentam para sobreviver em ambientes de inundação na restinga de Maricá, estado do Rio de Janeiro. Neste sentido, foi determinada a caracterização física e química dos sítios de ocorrências destas samambaias, as variações foliares entre elas, espessura, densidade, massa por unidade de folha, teor de clorofilas e atributos quantitativos das células epidérmicas, além da quantificação e determinação à distribuição dos carboidratos. Para as variáveis dos vegetais foram feitas coletas na estação chuvosa e seca e para variáveis do solo na estação seca. Os sítios analisados se mostraram extremamente ácidos, de baixa fertilidade e com toxidez por macro e micro nutrientes, indicando que as samambaias apresentam tolerância a estes fatores. Na época chuvosa (inundação), as samambaias apresentaram queda na densidade foliar, acompanhada de um aumento de massa por unidade de folha. Esta habilidade de conseguir ganhar massa seca por área classifica todas as samambaias analisadas como tolerantes à inundação. Os altos valores de carboidratos solúveis nas folhas indicam aumento da degradação do amido foliar e o menor teor de carboidrato solúvel encontrado nos caules explicita a redução na respiração das raízes destas plantas sob anoxia/ hipoxia, para evitar a oxidação e o incremento do estoque de amido de reserva, elucidando estratégia de tolerância à inundação. A menor disponibilidade de água na estação seca afeta diretamente os atributos foliares diminuindo o índice estomático, a suculência e a massa por unidade de folha, no qual reflete na queda das concentrações de clorofilas. Os menores valores nas concentrações de clorofila têm influencia direta na presença de amidos foliar que são estocado e, alterando toda a dinâmica dos carboidratos nestas espécies. A análise do sítio onde cresce Acrostichum danaeifolium indica níveis críticos de Na no solo e provavelmente, a produção de mucilagem no caule e no pecíolo é uma estratégia de tolerância ao ambiente salino e inundado. O elevado índice de cobertura de Blechnum serrulatum em ambientes inundados indica que esta espécie possui adaptações a solos hidromórficos, entre elas, grande capacidade de estocagem de amido no caule. A maior sinuosidade das células epidérmicas em T. interrupta permite uma alta suculência mantendo o status hidrológico da folha em ambas as estações. Os resultados apresentados, além de agregar informações sobre a biologia das samambaias nos neotrópicos, irão contribuir para a compreensão da dinâmica de ocupação de espécies herbáceas em ambientes alagáveis nas restingas brasileirasThe flooded forests and swamps present in sandy coastal plains (restingas) triggere a series of processes influencing the physico-chemical and biological soil, bringing the plants make mechanisms of acclimation or adaptation to the stress of flooding as morphological and physiological changes in order to minimize the effects lack of oxygen. The most widely distributed species in restingas wetland environments are Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch., Blechnum serrulatum Rich. and Thelypteris interrupta (Willd.) K. Iwats. The aim of this study is characterize the ecophysiological aspects of these ferns sporophytes have to survive in wetland environments at Restinga de Maricá, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. In the ferns sites was determined the physical and chemical soil characterization, leaf variation (thickness, density, mass per unit leaf, chlorophylls and quantitative attributes of epidermal cells) and the concentration of soluble carbohydrates and starch. The sampled of plants were collected in the rainy and dry station and the soil only dry station. The sites examined were extremely acid soils of low fertility and toxicity by macro and micro nutrients indicating that the ferns have tolerance to these factors. In the wet season (flood), the ferns showed a decline in foliage density, accompanied by an increase in mass per unit leaf. This ability to achieve dry weight gain per area classifies all ferns analyzed as flood tolerant. The high values of soluble carbohydrates in leaves indicate increased degradation of leaf starch. The lower contents of soluble carbohydrate found in the stems explains the reduction in respiration of plant roots under anoxia / hypoxia, to avoid oxidation and increased the stock of starch reserve elucidating strategy of tolerance to flooding. Reduced availability of water in the dry season directly affects leaf traits decreasing the stomata index, succulence and leaf mass per unit, in which reflects on the decline in chlorophyll concentrations. The lowest values of chlorophyll concentrations have a direct bearing on the leaf starches that are stored in the leaves and thus altering the dynamics of the carbohydrates in these species. The analysis of site where it grows Acrostichum danaeifolium indicates critical levels of Na in the soil, probably, to the production of mucilage in stems and petioles is a strategy of tolerance to saline and flooded environment. The high rate of coverage of Blechnum serrulatum in flooded environments indicates that the species has adapted to hydromorphic soils, including a large storage capacity of starch in the stem. The high sinuosity of epidermal cells in Thelypteris interrupta allows high succulence maintaining the hydrological status of the leaves in both seasons. These results add information about the neotropical ferns biology and they contribute to understanding the dynamics of occupation of herbaceous species in wetland environments in Brazilian restingas