Ordforråd hos tospråklige elever i Oslo : en teoretisk og empirisk studie

Problemområde Oppgavens tema er tospråklige elever og deres utvikling av ordforråd. Ordforrådsutviklingen knyttes til utviklingen av leseferdighet med hovedvekt på leseforståelse. Det blir også drøftet implikasjoner i forhold til opplæring. Hovedproblemstilling: Hvilken betydning har ordforråd for leseferdighet hos tospråklige elever, og hva sier forskning om hvordan man kan drive opplæring for disse barna med tanke på utvikling av ordforråd. Hovedproblemstillingen belyses ved hjelp av følgende delproblemstillinger: • Dersom man sammenligner ordforråd i norsk hos enspråklige og tospråklige elever i 3. klasse ved samme skole, er det da noen forskjell? • Hva sier forskning om ordforrådets betydning for leseferdigheter i norsk for tospråklige elever? • I hvilken grad påvirker barnehagebakgrunn utviklingen av ordforråd i norsk? Er det sammenheng mellom antall år i barnehage og størrelse og bredde på ordforråd i norsk hos tospråklige Oslo elever i 3.klasse? • Hva sier forskning om hvordan undervisningen kan være, og hvordan er undervisningen på de to utvalgsskolene sammenlignet med teori? Denne oppgaven er skrevet i tilknytning til Utdanningsetaten i Oslo kommune i samarbeid med professor Kamil Øzerk ved Pedagogisk forskningsinstitutt. Utdanningsetaten har et pågående prosjekt med navn: ”Tilpasset norskopplæring med felles læreplan i norsk- likeverdig opplæring i praksis”. Prosjektet har som mål å bedre minoritetsspråkliges grunnleggende norskferdigheter. Metode Det ble benyttet ulike kvalitative og kvantitative metoder i undersøkelsen. Dette for å få en datatriangulering som er med på å bedre validiteten og reliabiliteten i undersøkelsen. Data/kilder For å besvare de ulike delproblemstillingene valgte jeg å tilknytte meg to utvalgsskoler, hvor jeg fulgte 3. årstrinn. Jeg valgte å bruke en ordforrådsprøve basert på tekster elevene har gjennomgått, intervjuer med lærere, enkle spørreskjemaer til foresatte og observasjon i klasserommet. Relevant nasjonal og internasjonal litteratur har blitt drøftet. Resultater/hovedkonklusjoner Leseferdighet er en avgjørende faktor for fremtidig suksess i skolen. En avgjørende faktor i utviklingen av leseferdighet er elevens ordforrådsutvikling. Ordforrådet har spesielt stor betydning for forståelseaspektet i lesing. Dersom en tekst har for mange ukjente ord vil dette svekke innholdsforståelsen hos leseren. En rekke studier viser at tospråklige elever generelt har et svakere utviklet ordforråd en norskspråklige. Ordforrådsprøvene i denne studien viste også store forskjeller mellom de to gruppene. Det er derfor grunn til å påstå at det er store forskjeller i utviklingen av ordforråd mellom gruppene. Ordforrådsprøvene viser også at det i disse to utvalgene ikke ble gitt en adekvat tilpasset opplæring til de tospråklige elevene, i form av at tekstene de leste hadde for mange ukjente ord. Videre er barnehagebakgrunn av stor betydning for utvikling av tospråklige elevers ordforråd. I denne studien fant jeg at tospråklige elever som gruppe har mindre barnehagebakgrunn enn de enspråklige. Det er også en klar sammenheng mellom ordforrådsprøvene og elevenes barnehagebakgrunn. De elevene som har gått lite i barnehage skårer også svakere på ordforrådsprøvene. Dette tolkes som at barnehage og skole ikke har klart å stimulere elevene godt nok i forhold til deres ordforrådsutvikling. Det er imidlertid ikke kontrollert for andre mulige årsaksforklaringer. Barn lærer språk og ord intensjonalt og insidentelt, og gjennom inter- og intrapsykologiske prosesser. Ordlæring ble beskrevet som en eksplisitt prosess. Sampedagogiske aktiviteter fremheves som viktige. Det er også avgjørende at det er en systematisk opplæring i ukjente ord. Elevene vil også lære flere ord dersom de selv får et aktivt forhold til egen læring og benytter seg av ulike strategier for å lære. Lærerens kompetanse, holdninger og metodevalg vil naturlig nok være av avgjørende betydning. Opplæringen ved de to skolene viser at det er mye de gjør riktig dersom man sammenligner med teori. Samlet sett kan det konkluderes med at ordforrådet er en viktig faktor for utviklingen av leseferdighet, spesielt for tospråklige elever. Videre er det forskjeller i barnehagebakgrunn, ordforrådsutvikling og leseferdighet mellom tospråklige og enspråklige elever. Tospråklige elever har sammen med hjemmet, barnehagen og skolen en større utfordring enn de enspråklige i utviklingen av ordforråd og leseferdighet. Det er vanskelig å ta igjen de andre elevene når man blir hengende bak fra starten av skolegangen. De som stiller til første skoledag med begrenset erfaring med sitt andrespråk har et klart handikap og skolen har en utfordring med å bryte denne onde sirkelen. Dette gjelder ikke minst deres ordforrådsutvikling

Solve the mission; take care of your men Why are there so few women in senior leadership positions in the Norwegian Army?

Erfaringsbasert master, 90 studiepoeng.Relativt få av topplederstillingene i det norske Forsvaret og Hæren er besatt av kvinner. Denne oppgaven utforsker kjønnsforskjellene i den norske Hæren med fokus på hvorfor det er så få kvinnelige toppledere. Hensikten med denne oppgaven er å svare på disse spørsmålene og bidra til en bedre forståelse av hva som hindrer kvinner i å nå topplederstillingen, samt hva Hæren kan gjøre for å øke kvinneandelen blant topplederne i Hæren. Formålet med denne oppgaven er å bidra til å forklare hvorfor det ikke er flere kvinnelige toppledere, og ledere på høyere nivå i Hæren. Problemet er at det i 2018 er merkelig få kvinnelige ledere på dette nivået i Forsvaret og Hæren. For å forklare dette har jeg ut ifra min problemstilling “Hvorfor er det så få kvinnelige toppledere i Hæren?” utledet fire hypoteser som omhandler ledelse, organisasjonsteori, seleksjon og organisasjonskultur. Gjennom denne oppgaven har jeg funnet ut at kvinnene selv ønsker å bli toppledere, men at de blir hindret i å nå disse stillingene da det i hovedsak er menn som velger menn som sine etterfølgere. Mine studier antyder også at det eksisterer et glasstak i Hæren, og at kvinner møter dette glasstaket på en helt annen måte enn det menn gjør. Samtidig viser det seg at flere kvinner enn menn velger bort muligheten til å inneha en topplederstilling underveis i karrieren, ved at mange kvinner prioriterer familie og barn fremfor en topplederkarriere. Kvinner har dermed en lengre og vanskeligere reise mot toppen enn det menn har. Denne undersøkelsen viser også at de fysiske kravene i Hæren er en barriere for kvinner, og at det fortsatt eksisterer en kultur i Hæren om at fysisk styrke og utholdenhet er viktig for å anses som en bra soldat. De fysiske enhetskravene som Hæren stiller til alle sine ansatte og de som ønsker å starte på en lederutdanning i Hæren har vist, at disse er til hinder for kvinnelige søkere og ledere som ønsker en topplederkarriere. Undersøkelsen har også vist at det fortsatt eksisterer en mannsdominerende kultur i Hæren, og dette ikke er fordelaktig for kvinner. Det forekommer fortsatt holdninger om at kvinner ikke er like godt egnet som menn, og dette er noe Hæren må endre på. Min tolkning er derfor at Hæren i 2018 bør væren moden for flere kvinnelige toppledere, og at det hadde vært bra for organisasjonen om dette hadde forekommet. Hæren som organisasjon kunne vokst mye på å dyrke frem flere kvinner. Det kan imidlertid forskes videre på effektene av innføringen av allmenn verneplikt, som blir utrolig spennende å se effektene av om noen år. Det vil også være interessant å se nærmere på hvordan selve utvelgelsesprosessen av toppledere i Hæren foregår i praksis. Konklusjonen er dermed at kvinner i Hæren ønsker å bli toppledere, men at den institusjonelle stivheten kombinert med lav omstillingsevne og -vilje i Hæren gjør at det ikke er flere kvinnelige toppledere i Hæren.Engelsk sammendrag (abstract) Women occupy few of the senior leadership positions in the Norwegian Armed Forces and the Army. This task explores gender differences in the Norwegian Army, focusing on why there are so few female senior leaders. The purpose of this task is to answer these questions, and evaluate what prevents women from reaching these positions, as well as what the Army can do to increase the proportion of women among the leaders in the Army. The purpose of this task is to help explain why there are so few female senior executives and senior level leaders in the Army. The problem is that in 2018 there are very few female leaders at this level in the Armed Forces and the Army. To explain this, I ask the question “Why are there so few female senior leaders in the Army?” and compiled four hypotheses that deal with management, organizational structure, selection and organizational culture. Through this task, I have found that the women themselves want to become senior leaders, but that they are prevented from reaching these positions, as it is mainly men who choose men as their successors. My studies also suggest that there is a glass ceiling in the Army, and that women face this glass ceiling in a completely different way than men do. At the same time, it appears that more women than men choose not to have a senior leadership position throughout their careers, because many women prioritize family and children, rather than a senior career. Women thus have a longer and more difficult journey towards the top than men have. This survey also shows that the physical requirements of the Army is a barrier for women, and that there is still a culture in the Army that physical strength and endurance are important to be regarded as a good soldier. The physical requirements that the Army poses to all its employees and those who wish to start leadership training in the Army have shown that they are a barrier to female applicants and managers who want top management careers. The survey has also shown that there still exists a male-dominant culture in the Army, and this is not beneficial for women. There are still beliefs that women are not as well suited as men, and this is something the Army needs to change. My interpretations are therefore that the Army in 2018 should be ready for several female senior executives, and that it would have been incredibly suitable for the organization if this had occurred. However, it is possible to research further the effects of the introduction of universal service, which will be incredibly exciting to see the effects of in a few years. It will also be exciting to look into how the actual selection process of senior leaders in the army is taking place in practice. The conclusion is that women in the army want to be leaders, but that institutional rigidity combined with low conversion capacity and will in the army, means that there are few women in senior leadership positions in the Army

On Knowledge-based Development: How Documentation Practice Represents a Strategy for Closing Tolerance Engineering Loops

AbstractKnowledge from multiple sources is required for defining tolerances in new product development (NPD). Successful outcomes in product development (PD) depend on the collective ability to integrate this knowledge into the product. Assessing variability and tolerance capabilities are essential parts of PD-knowledge as they represent limits of specifications with wide-ranging impact. Reducing the engineers time spend on (re)defining tolerances and searching for the right information can prevent substandard NPD performance in terms of quality, lead time, cost and product innovation. Hence, two topics of significant importance for achieving leanness (i.e., effectiveness and efficiency) in PD are towering tolerance knowledge and associated documentation practices. This paper presents the results of a survey among engineering professionals of two industrial companies made to study documentation and tolerance practices in different industrial environments. The results reveal similarities between the challenges that the companies face, including implementation of effective documentation (e.g. Knowledge-Briefs, A3 reports), visualization of physical relationship between product performance attributes and design parameters (e.g. trade-off curves) and the transfer of knowledge between projects for organizational learning. This paper makes a contribution to the body of knowledge related to (lean) NPD by documenting current industrial challenges and practices in achieving viable internal tolerance engineering routines and processes, along with the needs for documentation tools

Cold subduction and the formation of lawsonite eclogite - constraints from prograde evolution of eclogitized pillow lava from Corsica

International audienceA new discovery of lawsonite eclogite is presented from the Lancône glaucophanites within the Schistes Lustrés nappe at Défilé du Lancône in Alpine Corsica. The fine-grained eclogitized pillow lava and inter-pillow matrix are extremely fresh, showing very little evidence of retrograde alteration. Peak assemblages in both the massive pillows and weakly foliated inter-pillow matrix consist of zoned idiomorphic Mg-poor (<0.8 wt% MgO) garnet + omphacite + lawsonite + chlorite + titanite. A local overprint by the lower grade assemblage glaucophane + albite with partial resorption of omphacite and garnet is locally observed. Garnet porphyroblasts in the massive pillows are Mn rich, and show a regular prograde growth-type zoning with a Mn-rich core. In the inter-pillow matrix garnet is less manganiferous, and shows a mutual variation in Ca and Fe with Fe enrichment toward the rim. Some garnet from this rock type shows complex zoning patterns indicating a coalescence of several smaller crystallites. Matrix omphacite in both rock types is zoned with a rimward increase in XJd, locally with cores of relict augite. Numerous inclusions of clinopyroxene, lawsonite, chlorite and titanite are encapsulated within garnet in both rock types, and albite, quartz and hornblende are also found included in garnet from the inter-pillow matrix. Inclusions of clinopyroxene commonly have augitic cores and omphacitic rims. The inter-pillow matrix contains cross-cutting omphacite-rich veinlets with zoned omphacite, Si-rich phengite (Si = 3.54 apfu), ferroglaucophane, actinolite and hematite. These veinlets are seen fracturing idiomorphic garnet, apparently without any secondary effects. Pseudosections of matrix compositions for the massive pillows, the inter-pillow matrix and the cross-cutting veinlets indicate similar P-T conditions with maximum pressures of 1.9-2.6 GPa at temperatures of 335-420 °C. The inclusion suite found in garnet from the inter-pillow matrix apparently formed at pressures below 0.6-0.7 GPa. Retrogression during initial decompression of the studied rocks is only very local. Late veinlets of albite + glaucophane, without breakdown of lawsonite, indicate that the rocks remained in a cold environment during exhumation, resulting in a hairpin-shaped P-T path

Petrophysical properties across scales and compositions

The scales at which observations from geophysical imaging are made are orders of magnitude larger than those made in field-based studies of fossil subduction and collision zones. Even more so, the determination of petrophysical properties of rocks is typically based on millimeter to centimeter-scale samples, and the so-obtained information is then used to inform large-scale geophysical imaging studies. Information on how such properties can be up-scaled to geophysically relevant scales is rare, underlining the need to combine petrophysical properties with structural data, obtained from relevant field analogues. We provide results from three field analogues; (1) Tenda massif, Corsica, (2) Monte Mucrone, Sesia Zone, western Alps, and (3) Holsnøy, Lindås nappe, Scandinavian Caledonides. The bulk rock compositions cover a gradient from felsic (1-2) to mafic (3), as would be expected in the upper and lower continental crust, respectively. Petrophysical properties (P and S wave velocities and their ratios and anisotropies) were determined by direct measurement (ultrasonic pulse transmission technique) and calculated (based on texture data from neutron diffraction measurements). The data set is then used for numerical modeling (finite element method) of meter to kilometer-scale structural associations as mapped in the field (3). The obtained results show that high-pressure metamorphism of mafic rocks results in significant increase in both P and S wave velocities, that in principle would generate a sufficient impedance contrast to be imaged by seismic methods. While structures observed in the field are typically below the scale of geophysical imaging techniques, our considerations of bulk petrophysical properties indicate that significant anisotropy may still be detectable on the kilometer scale. On the other hand, the increase of P and S wave velocities of felsic rocks during high pressure metamorphism is much smaller, however, as such compositions have a higher potential to form rocks with high mica contents, they display a large variability in seismic anisotropy, hinting at the potential to link relatively low seismic velocities, combined with high anisotropy to fluid intake during metamorphism

High-Temperature Deformation During Continental-Margin Subduction & Exhumation: The Ultrahigh-Pressure Western Gneiss Region of Norway

A new dataset for the high-pressure to ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss Region allows the definition of distinct structural and petrological domains. Much of the study area is an E-dipping homocline with E-plunging lineations that exposes progressively deeper, more strongly deformed, more eclogite-rich structural levels westward. Although eclogites crop out across the WGR, Scandian deformation is weak and earlier structures are well preserved in the southeastern half of the study area. The Scandian reworking increases westward, culminating in strong Scandian fabrics with only isolated pockets of older structures; the dominant Scandian deformation was coaxial E–W stretching. The sinistrally sheared Møre–Trøndelag Fault Complex and Nordfjord Mylonitic Shear Zone bound these rocks to the north and south. There was moderate top-E, amphibolite-facies deformation associated with translation of the allochthons over the basement along its eastern edge, and the Nordfjord–Sogn Detachment Zone underwent strong lower amphibolite-facies to greenschist-facies top-W shearing. A northwestward increase in exhumation-related melting is indicated by leucosomes with hornblende, plagioclase, and Scandian sphene. In the western 2/3 of the study area, exhumation-related, amphibolite-facies symplectite formation in quartzofeldspathic gneiss postdated most Scandian deformation; further deformation was restricted to slip along biotite-rich foliation planes and minor local folding. That the Western Gneiss Region quartzofeldspathic gneiss exhibits a strong gradient in degree of deformation, implies that continental crust in general need not undergo pervasive deformation during subduction

Widening of Hydrous Shear Zones During Incipient Eclogitization of Metastable Dry and Rigid Lower Crust— Holsnøy, Western Norway

The partially eclogitized crustal rocks on Holsnøy in the Bergen Arcs, Norway, indicate that eclogitization is caused by the interplay of brittle and ductile deformation promoted by fluid infiltration and fluid-rock interaction. Eclogitization generated an interconnected network of millimeterto- kilometer-wide hydrous eclogite-facies shear zones, which presumably caused transient weakening of the mechanically strong lower crust. To decipher the development of those networks, we combine detailed lithological and structural mapping of two key outcrops with numerical modeling. Both outcrops are largely composed of preserved granulite with minor eclogite-facies shear zones, thus representing the beginning phases of eclogitization and ductile deformation. We suggest that deformation promoted fluidrock interaction and eclogitization, which gradually consumed the granulite until fluid-induced reactions were no longer significant. The shear zones widen during progressive deformation. To identify the key parameters that impact shear zone widening, we generated scale-independent numerical models, which focus on different processes affecting the shear zone evolution: (i) rotation of the shear zones caused by finite deformation, (ii) mechanical weakening due to a limited amount of available fluid, and (iii) weakening and further hydration of the shear zones as a result of continuous and unlimited fluid supply. A continuous diffusion-type fluid infiltration, with an effective diffusion coefficient around 2 10 16 m s D , coupled with deformation is prone to develop structures similar to the ones mapped in field. Our results suggest that the shear zones formed under a continuous fluid supply, causing shear zone widening, rather than localization, during progressive deformation

AI-Based Edge Acquisition, Processing and Analytics for Industrial Food Production

This article presents a novel approach to the acquisition, processing, and analytics of industrial food production by employing state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) at the edge. Intelligent Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices are used to gather relevant production parameters of industrial equipment and motors, such as vibration, temperature and current using built-in and external sensors. Machine learning (ML) is applied to measurements of the key parameters of motors and equipment. It runs on edge devices that aggregate sensor data using Bluetooth, LoRaWAN, and Wi-Fi communication protocols. ML is embedded across the edge continuum, powering IIoT devices with anomaly detectors, classifiers, predictors, and neural networks. The ML workflows are automated, allowing them to be easily integrated with more complex production flows for predictive maintenance (PdM). The approach proposes a decentralized ML solution for industrial applications, reducing bandwidth consumption and latency while increasing privacy and data security. The system allows for the continuous monitoring of parameters and is designed to identify potential breakdown situations and alert users to prevent damage, reduce maintenance costs and increase productivity.publishedVersio

An Intelligent Real-Time Edge Processing Maintenance System for Industrial Manufacturing, Control, and Diagnostic

This paper presents an artificial intelligence (AI) based edge processing real-time maintenance system for the purposes of industrial manufacturing control and diagnostics. The system is evaluated in a soybean processing manufacturing facility to identify abnormalities and possible breakdown situations, prevent damage, reduce maintenance costs, and increase production productivity. The system can be used in any other manufacturing or chemical processing facility that make use of motors rotating equipment in different process phases. The system combines condition monitoring, fault detection, and diagnosis using machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms. These algorithms are used with data resulting from the continuous monitoring of relevant production equipment and motor parameters, such as temperature, vibration, sound/noise, and current/voltage. The condition monitoring integrates intelligent Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices with multiple sensors combined with AI-based techniques and edge processing. This is done to identify the parameter modifications and distinctive patterns that occur before a failure and predict forthcoming failure modes before they arise. The data from production equipment/motors is collected wirelessly using different communication protocols - such as Bluetooth low energy (BLE), Long range wide area network (LoRaWAN), and Wi-Fi - and aggregated into an edge computing processing unit via several gateways. The AI-based algorithms are embedded in the processing unit at the edge, allowing the prediction and intelligent control of the production equipment/motor parameters. IIoT devices for environmental sensing, vibration, temperature monitoring, and sound/ultrasound detection are used with embedded signal processing that runs on an ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller. These devices are connected through either wired or wireless protocols. The system described addresses the components necessary for implementing the predictive maintenance (PdM) strategy in soybean industrial processing manufacturing environments. Additionally, it includes new elements that broaden the possibilities for prescriptive maintenance (PsM) developments to be made. The type of ML or DL techniques and algorithms used in maintenance modeling is dictated by the application and available data. The approach presented combines multiple data sources that improve the accuracy of condition monitoring and prediction. DL methods further increase the accuracy and require interpretable and efficient methods as well as the availability of significant amounts of (labeled) data.publishedVersio

The use of clonidine in elderly patients with delirium; pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic responses

Background The Oslo Study of Clonidine in Elderly Patients with Delirium (LUCID) is an RCT investigating the effect of clonidine in medical patients > 65 years with delirium. To assess the dosage regimen and safety measures of this study protocol, we measured the plasma concentrations and hemodynamic effects of clonidine in the first 20 patients. Methods Patients were randomised to clonidine (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10). The treatment group was given a loading dose (75μg every 3rd hour up to a maximum of 4 doses) to reach steady state, and further 75μg twice daily until delirium free for 2 days, discharge or a maximum of 7 days. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured just before every dose. If the systolic BP was < 100 mmHg or HR < 50 beats per minute the next dose was omitted. Plasma concentrations of clonidine were measured 3 h after each drug intake on day 1, just before intake (day 2 and at steady state day 4–6) and 3 h after intake at steady state (Cmax). Our estimated pre-specified plasma concentration target range was 0.3–0.7μg/L. Results 3 h after the first dose of 75μg clonidine, plasma concentration levels rose to median 0.35 (range 0.24–0.40)μg/L. Median trough concentration (C0) at day 2 was 0.70 (0.47–0.96)μg/L. At steady state, median C0 was 0.47 (0.36–0.76)μg/L, rising to Cmax 0.74 (0.56–0.95)μg/L 3 h post dose. A significant haemodynamic change from baseline was only found at a few time-points during the loading doses within the clonidine group. There was however extensive individual BP and HR variation in both the clonidine and placebo groups, and when comparing the change scores (delta values) between the clonidine and the placebo groups, there were no significant differences. Conclusions The plasma concentration of clonidine was at the higher end of the estimated therapeutic range. Hemodynamic changes during clonidine treatment were as expected, with trends towards lower blood pressure and heart rate in patients treated with clonidine, but with dose adjustments based on SBP this protocol appears safe. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01956604, 09.25.2013. EudraCT Number: 2013–000815-26, 03.18.2013. Enrolment of first participant: 04.24.2014