The teaching of architecture as a result of a misunderstood triad

[ES] El objetivo del artículo es evidenciar el origen y persistencia posterior de un modo de organizar, desde la fragmentación, la enseñanza de la arquitectura. Para ello se desarrolla un análisis de los tratados históricos generalistas destacando las diferencias, por una parte, en la estructura organizativa de los contenidos, por otra, en el enfoque de los fines y los medios de la arquitectura y, finalmente, en su interpretación de la tríada original de Vitruvio. Y es la versión de Perrault en su Abrégé de 1674 la que la tergiversa radicalmente provocando una estructura que aniquila la visión global de la arquitectura. Con él comienza la división en tres partes, construcción, distribución y decoración que influirá en todos los tratados posteriores, salvo en dos autores franceses, que ya a principios y mediados del siglo XIX, la condenaron proponiendo otras alternativas integradoras. Con todo, la fragmentación tripartita, con un claro predominio de la tercera, mantiene firmemente su presencia hasta el siglo XX, e incluso en la actualidad.[EN] The aim of this article is to show the origin and subsequent persistence of a way of organizing, from fragmentation, the teaching of architecture. To this end, an analysis of generalist historical treatises is carried out, highlighting, on one side, the differences in the organizational structure of the contents, on the other, in the approaches to the ends and means of architecture and, finally, in its interpretation of the original Vitruvian Triad. And it is the version of Perrault in his Abrégé of 1674 that radically misunderstood it, creating a structure that destroys the global vision of Architecture. With him begins the division into three parts; construction, distribution and decoration that will influence all subsequent treatises, except for two French authors, who already in the early and mid-nineteenth century rejected it by proposing other integrative alternatives. All in all, tripartite fragmentation, with a clear predominance of the third, firmly maintains its presence until the 20th century, and even today.Onecha Perez, AB.; Gonzalez Moreno-Navarro, JL.; Puntos Pérez, S. (2020). La enseñanza de la Arquitectura como resultado de una tríada tergiversada. VLC arquitectura. Research Journal. 7(2):125-155. https://doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2020.10981OJS12515572Agüera Ruiz, Antonio. Los elementos de la arquitectura por Sir Henry Wotton. Un texto crítico. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid, 1997.Alberti, Leon Battista. On the Art of Building in Ten Books. Translated by Joseph Rykwert, Neil Leach, and Robert Tavernor. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988.Amico, Giovanni Biagio. L'architetto prattico. Palermo: Gio. Battista Aiccardo, 1726.Architektur-Theorie von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart. Köln: Taschen, 2003.Blondel, Jacques François. Cours d'architecture, ou Traité de la Decoration, Distribution et Construction des Bâtiments. Paris: Desaint, 1771-1777.Blondel, Jacques François. Discours sur la nécessité de l'étude de l'architecture. Paris: Jombert, 1754.Briseux, Charles-Étienne. Architecture moderne ou l'art de bien bâtir pour toute sorte de personnes tant pour les maisons des particuliers que pou les palais. Paris: Jombert, 1728.Capon, David Smith. Architectural theory. Vol. 1, The Vitruvian fallacy: A history of the categories in Architecture and Philosophy. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.Capra, Alessandro. La nuova Architettura civile e militare. Bologna, 1678.Carletti, Niccolò. Istituzioni d'Architettura Civile. Naples, 1772.Choay, Françoise. La règle et le modèle: sur la théorie de l'architecture et de l'urbanisme. 2nd ed. Paris: Seuil, 1996.Comolli, Angelo. Bibliografia storico-critica dell'architettura civile. Vol. 347 and following. Roma, 1788.Durand, Jean Nicolas Louis. Précis des leçons d'architecture données à l'École Royale Polytechnique. Paris: L'auteur, 1802-1805.Durand, Jean Nicolas Louis. Nouveau précis des leçons d'architecture données à l'École Impériale Polytechnique. Paris: L'auteur, 1813.Durand, Jean Nicolas Louis. Précis of the lectures on Architecture. Introduction by Antoine Picon. Translated by David Britt. Los Angeles: The Getty Research Institute, 2000.Fonda, Girolamo. Elementi di architettura civile e militare ad uso del Collegio Nazareno. Roma: Stamperia Mainardi, 1764.Garric, Jean Philippe, Valérie Nègre, and Alice Thomine-Berrada. La Construction savante: les avatars de la littérature technique. Paris: Picard, 2008.Germann, Georg. Einführung in die Geschichte der Architekturtheorie. Darmstadt: Wiss. Buchges., 1987.Gibbs, James, John James, and Nicholas Hawksmoor. The builder's dictionary or, gentleman and architect's companion. London: A. Bettesworth and C. Hitch; and S. Austen, 1734.González Moreno-Navarro, José Luis. "Arquitectura y construcción en tratados y manuales: un estudio sobre el proceso de desvinculación de los contenidos de construcción en los tratados de arquitectura de los siglos XVI al XIX." PhD diss., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 1987.González Moreno-Navarro, José Luis. El legado oculto de Vitruvio: saber constructivo y teoría arquitectónica. Madrid: Alianza, 1993.Hearn, Fil. Ideas that shaped buildings. Massachusetts: MIT Press, 2003.Hitchcock, H. R. Architecture: nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 3rd ed. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968.Kruft, Hanno Walter. Geschichte der Architekturtheorie: von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. München: C.H. Beck, 1985.Laugier, Marc-Antoine. Essai sur l'architecture. Paris: Duchesne, 1753.Le Muet, Pierre. Maniere de bastir pour touttes sortes de personnes. Paris: Melchior Tavernier, 1623.Leoncini, Giuseppe. Instruttioni architettoniche pratiche. Roma: Matteo Gregorio Rossi, 1679.Lemerle, Frédérique. "Présentation scientifique sur, Abrégé des dix livres d'Architecture." In Architectura, Textes et images en France. XVIe-XVIIe siècles. Centre d'Études Supérieures de la Renaissance. Accessed july 22, 2020. http://architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr/Traite/Notice/PerraultCl1674.asp?param=.Leoni, Giacomo. The architecture of A. Palladio; in four books. London: John Watts, 1715.Leoni, Giacomo. The Architecture of Leon Battista Alberti in ten books. London: Thomas Edlin, 1726.Lucan, Jacques. Composition, non-composition: architecture et théories, XIXe-XXe siècles. Lausanne: Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, 2009.Masi, Girolamo. Teoria e pratica di architettura per istruzione della gioventù specialmente romana. Roma: Antonio Fulgoni, 1788.Memmo, Andrea. Elementi d'architettura lodoliana ossia l'arte del fabbricare con solidità scientifica e con eleganza non capricciosa. Zara: Fratelli Battara, 1833.Milizia, Francesco. Principj di Architettura Civile. Finale: Jacopo de' Rossi, 1781.Morgan, Morris Hicky. Vitruvius, The Ten Books on Architecture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1914.Moxon, Joseph. Mechanick Exercises: or The doctrine of handy-works: applied to the arts of smithing, joinery, carpentry, turning, bricklayery. Londres: Dan. Widwinter and Tho. Leigh, 1703.Neve, Richard. The city and country purchaser's and builder's dictionary: or, The complete builder's guide. 3rd ed. London: B. Sprint, D. Browne, J. Osborn, S. Birt, H. Lintot, and A. Wilde, 1736.Nicholson, Peter. The Principles of Architecture. London, 1795-1798.Onecha, Belen, "Una nueva aproximación al De re aedificatoria de Leon Battista Alberti: los conocimientos constructivos y sus fuentes." PhD diss., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2012.Palladio, Andrea. I Quattro libri dell'architettura. Venice: Dominico de' Franceschi, 1570.Palladio, Andrea. The Four Books of Architecture. Translated by Isaac Ware. London, 1738. With a new introduction by Adolf K. Placzek. New York: Dover, 1965.Patte, Pierre. Mémoires sur les objets les plus importans de l'architecture. Paris: Rozet, 1769.Perrault, Claude. Abrégé des dix livres d'architecture de Vitruve. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Coignard, 1674.Perrault, Claude. Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris: Impr. Royal, 1676. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.151067Perrault, Claude. An abridgment of the architecture of Vitruvius: containing a system of the whole works of that author / illustrated with divers copper plates, curiously engraved; with a table of explanation, to which is in this edition the etymology and derivation of the terms used in architecture; first done in french by Monsr Perrault ... and now englished, with additions. London: Abel Swall and T. Child, 1692.Picon, Antoine. Claude Perrault, 1613-1688 ou la curiosité d'un classique. Paris: Picard, 1988.Puntos, Sonsoles. "Los tratados de construcción históricos británicos, siglos XVII y XVIII: análisis de sus contenidos sobre técnicas de construcción y su aplicación en rehabilitación." PhD diss., Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, 2015.Reynaud, Léonce. Traité d'architecture. Paris: Carilian-Goeury et V. Dalmont, 1850.Rondelet, Jean. Traité théorique et pratique de l'art de bâtir. Paris: L'auteur, 1802-1818.De San Nicolás, Fray Lorenzo. Arte y uso de arquitectura. Madrid, 1639.Sanvitali, Federico. Elementi di Architettura Civile. Brescia: Giammaria Rizzardi, 1765.Scamozzi, Vincenzo. L'idea della architettura universale. Venice: author, 1615.Serlio, Sebastiano. I sette libri dell'architettura. Venice, 1584.Smith, Korydon. Introducing architectural theory. Debating a discipline. New York: Routledge, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203084236Da Vignola, Iacomo Barozzio. Regola delli Cinque Ordini d'Architettura. Roma, 1562.Viollet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel. "L'enseignement des arts: il y a quelque chose à faire (troisième article)." Gazette des Beaux Arts, July 1862.Vitruvii Pollionis, M. De Architectura. Opus in Libris Decem. First century BC.Ware, Isaac. A complete body of architecture. London: T. Osborne & J. Shipton, 1756.Wotton, Henry. The elements of architecture, collected by Sir Henry Wotton from the best authors and examples. London: John Bill, 1624.Yeomans, David T. "Early carpenters' manuals 1592-1820." Journal of Construction History 2 (1986)

Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of Tanacetum parthenium L. Schultz-Bip (Asteraceae) in mice

En la medicina tradicional Danesa y del sur de África, Tanacetum parthenium se utiliza para el tratamiento de la epilepsia y convulsiones (Risa et al., 2004; Jäger et al., 2006). Sin embargo, aún no se sabe con certeza los componentes responsables de la actividad biológica, ni el mecanismo a través del cual actúan. En el presente trabajo se evaluó la capacidad ansiolítica y antidepresiva del extracto acuoso comparándolo con fármacos de referencia para estas enfermedades mediante pruebas de comportamiento ansiolítico como BBT y PMT, mientras que para el efecto antidepresivo se evaluaron con FST y la actividad ambulatoria por OFT. Se realizó la caracterización química del extracto acuoso de T. parthenium L. Schultz-Bip, en donde se identificaron los compuestos mayoritarios por análisis de HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS. De la caracterización química del extracto se aislaron dos compuestos mayoritarios: santina y santamarina. De acuerdo a los resultados, se pudo identificar los dos principales compuestos activos que pudieran ser los responsables de la actividad ansiolitíca y antidepresiva.Tanacetum parthenium L. Schultz-Bip (Asteraceae) is widely used worldwide in traditional medicine for the treatment of convulsions and culture-bound syndromes as susto (fear). The aim of this work was to evaluate the anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an aqueous extract of T. parthenium in behavioral paradigms in mice. The effects of T. parthenium were compared with those produced by anxyolitic- and antidepressant drugs. We carried out the chemical characterization of the main constituents of T. parthenium. The involvement with the GABAergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitter systems were explored be means of synergic and antagonist experiments. Material and Methods: The anxiolytic-like effect was evaluated using the Burying Behavior Test (BBT) and the Elevated Plus-Maze Test (PMT). The antidepressant-like effect was evaluated in the Forced Swimming Test (FST), and ambulatory activity was assessed in the Open Field Test (OFT). Employing the behavioral tests, synergism and antagonism experiments with alprazolam, Muscimol, and Picrotoxin were carried out in the PMT. In a series independent experiments, concomitant administration of T. parthenium and Alprazolam, Fluoxetine, or p-chlorophenylalanine were conducted in the FST. For the chemical characterization, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electro Spray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis was performance. Results: T. parthenium exerts clears anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects in mice, without affectting the ambulatory activity of the experimental subjects. Conclusions: Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like T. parthenium effects result, at least in part of the involvement of the GABAergic system. Our results support the use of Tanacetum parthenium in traditional medicine and suggest its therapeutic potential in the comorbid anxiety and depression

Exploratory analysis of superposition coding and rate splitting for multibeam satellite systems

The adoption of aggressive frequency reuse schemes along with interference management techniques has become the leading paradigm in satellite communications to increase the spectral efficiency. In general terms, one cannot rely on precoding techniques in the absence of channel phase information. Nevertheless, the availability of channel magnitude information, makes it possible to explore power-based separation of superimposed signals. In this paper, rate splitting (RS) ideas are exploited, whereby the separation of messages into private and public parts serves to improve the performance of successive cancellation decoding (SCD). Numerical results reveal that in some pertinent system scenarios, the proposed schemes achieve a larger rate region than that of orthogonal schemes that do not exploit the interference and other strategies that either do not allow beam cooperation or do not apply RS.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Clinical and Laboratory Development of Echinocandin Resistance in Candida glabrata: Molecular Characterization

The pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata has become a public health issue due to the increasing number of echinocandin resistant clinical strains reported. In this study, acquisition and development of resistance to this antifungal class were studied in serial C. glabrata isolates from five patients admitted in two Spanish hospitals with a resistant profile against echinocandins associated with different mutations in hot-spot 1 of FKS2 gene. For two of these patients susceptible FKS wild-type isolates obtained prior to resistant ones were also investigated. Isolates were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing and microsatellite length polymorphism techniques, which yielded comparable results. Susceptible and resistant isolates from the same patient had the same genotype, being sequence type (ST) 3 the most prevalent among them. Isolates with different FKS mutations but the same ST were present in the same patient. MSH2 gene alterations were also studied to investigate their correlation with antifungal resistance acquisition but no association was found with antifungal resistance nor with specific genotypes. In vitro exposure to increasing concentrations of micafungin to susceptible isolates developed colonies carrying FKS mutations in agar plates containing a minimum concentration of 0.06 mg/L of micafungin after less than 48 h of exposure. We investigated the correlation between development of resistance and genotype in a set of susceptible strains after being in vitro exposed to micafungin and anidulafungin but no correlation was found. Mutant prevention concentration values and spontaneous growth frequencies after selection with both echinocandins were statistically similar, although FKS mutant colonies were more abundant after micafungin exposure (p < 0.001). Mutation S663P and F659 deletion were the most common ones found after selection with both echinocandins.This work was supported by the Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria (Grant FI14CIII/00025 to OR-M and research projects PI13/02145 and PI16CIII/00035 to AA-I), and also supported by the Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013–2016 and Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI RD16CIII/0004/0003) – co-financed by the European Development Regional Fund “A way to achieve Europe,” Operative Program Intelligent Growth 2014–2020.S

High levels of chromosomal aberrations negatively associate with benefit to checkpoint inhibition in NSCLC

Immunotherapy; Lung neoplasms; Tumor biomarkersImmunoteràpia; Càncer de pulmó; Biomarcadors tumoralsInmunoterapia; Cáncer de pulmón; Biomarcadores tumoralesBackground Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed cell death 1/programmed death-ligand 1 axis have transformed the management of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, many patients do not benefit from this type of treatment, and thus several molecular biomarkers of benefit have been explored. The value of somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) burden remains elusive. Patients and methods We assembled a cohort of 109 patients with NSCLC treated with ICIs and available tumor samples. We performed shallow whole-genome sequencing on 89 patients to determine genome-wide SCNAs and targeted gene expression analysis on 63 patients to study immune infiltration. We analyzed SCNAs burden in different ways (ie, the fraction of the genome altered or number of events) and studied their association with ICIs benefit based on survival analysis. We correlated SCNAs burden and immune infiltration on 35 patients of our cohort and on patients with lung adenocarcinoma from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Results High SCNAs burden, computed in diverse ways, is negatively associated with ICIs progression-free survival (PFS), with the fraction of the genome altered (FGA) by arm and chromosome events showing the strongest association with PFS (p=0.002) (n=77). Nevertheless, we found differences in SCNAs across some clinicopathological features (sample site origin). A multivariate analysis adjusted for relevant characteristics showed that the FGA of arm and chromosome alterations was strongly associated with PFS (HR=2.21, p=3.3 x 10−5). Finally, we confirmed that SCNAs burden negatively correlates with tumor immune infiltration (n=35), although this correlation was not found for the males studied. Similar results were observed in the TCGA cohort. Conclusions SCNAs burden is a potential biomarker of benefit to ICIs in patients with NSCLC, although there appear to be some nuances worth consideration. Further studies will be needed to establish its role as a biomarker of benefit to ICIs.This work was supported by Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Grant for Oncology Innovation to the Vall d’Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain), Fundación Cientifica Asociación Española Contra el Cancer-AECC (grant number GCB14142170 to EF); the Catalan Government/AGAUR (2017–SGR–1738 to EF). Merck Healthcare KGaA reviewed the manuscript for medical accuracy only before journal submission

Use of Molecular Markers to Assist the Development of Inbred Lines under Open Field Conditions: the Case of Criollo Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) from Mexico

[EN] Chile peppers are one of the most important crops in Mexico and a plethora of ecotypes can be found there. Most of them are ancient open-pollinated (OP) landraces selected by farmers for uniform phenotype but with an inherent level of genetic diversity, called criollos. In this work 15 pepper accessions, encompassing 2 criollo lines, their open-pollinated progenies, and 5 controls, were characterized with a set of 36 IPGRI descriptors and 23 SSR markers to assess the effect of open pollination in the inbreeding process. Heterozygosity levels were comprised between 12 and 47% in the progenies, which were similar or lower than those values from parent plants and similar or higher than control cultivars. Also, both progenies and parents showed similar levels of agronomic and morphological uniformity. Our results suggest that this OP program is efficient in terms of reaching enough agronomic uniformity in criollo Ancho peppers while preserving certain genetic diversity to confer adaptation to climate change.This work was partly financed by projects INIA RTA2013-00022-C02-02 and RTA2014-00041-C02-02, funded by Instituto Nacional Investigaciones Agrarias (Spain), FEDER funds. Also, Mexican authors thank CONACYT for financing the stay of Gustavo Chavez-Gonzalez in Spain, as well as the Programa Integral de Fortalecimiento Institucional (PIFI) de la UA de Aguascalientes (SEP-Mexico).Pereira-Días, L.; Chavez-Gonzalez, G.; Bracho Gil, M.; Fita, A.; Vilanova Navarro, S.; Luna-Ruiz, J.; Perez-Cabrera, L.... (2017). Use of Molecular Markers to Assist the Development of Inbred Lines under Open Field Conditions: the Case of Criollo Peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) from Mexico. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 45(2):365-368. https://doi.org/10.15835/nbha45210940S36536845

Analysis of the integration of Sustainable Development Goals in the Industrial Engineering Degree Course

Universities play a key role in transforming society, which necessarily leads them to promote the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) laid down in the UN’s 2030 Agenda. The Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Industrial (ETSII) of the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) is working on a project to design and develop strategies and interventions to include the SDGs in their degree courses. For this, the present paper proposes a map of the industrial subjects in both the BSc in Engineering in Industrial Technologies and the MSc in Industrial Engineering to determine how far the SDGs have been incorporated into these courses. An exhaustive review of the syllabus of the related subjects was carried out, together with a diagnosis of the current status of the SDG concepts so far included. The subsequent analysis of the data identified the possibilities of each subject to develop a sense of responsibility for educating students in the SDGs

Interrelations between Patients’ Clinicopathological Characteristics and Their Association with Response to Immunotherapy in a Real-World Cohort of NSCLC Patients

Biomarcadores; Eventos adversos relacionados con el sistema inmunitario; InmunoterapiaBiomarcadors; Esdeveniments adversos relacionats amb el sistema immunitari; ImmunoteràpiaBiomarkers; Immune related adverse events; ImmunotherapyImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Unfortunately, only some patients benefit from these therapies. Thus, certain clinicopathological characteristics of the patients have been proposed as biomarkers of ICIs response. We assembled a retrospective cohort of 262 NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, compiled relevant clinicopathological characteristics, and studied their associations with treatment outcome using Cox proportional-hazards survival models. Additionally, we investigated the interrelations between clinicopathological features and devised a method to create a compendium associated with ICIs response by selecting those that provide non-redundant information. In multivariate analyses, ECOG performance status (hazard ratio (HR) 1.37 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.68), p < 0.005), LDH (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.48), p = 0.02)) and PD-L1 negativity were associated with decreased progression-free survival (PFS) (HR 1.92 (95% CI 1.03 to 3.58), p = 0.04), whereas presentation of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) (HR 0.35 (95% CI 0.22 to 0.55, p < 0.005) or females (HR 0.52 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.80, p < 0.005) had longer PFS. Additionally, numerous clinicopathological indicators were found to be interrelated. Thus, we searched for features that provide non-redundant information, and found the combination of LDH levels, irAEs, and gender to have a better association with ICIs treatment response (cross-validated c-index = 0.66). We concluded that several clinicopathological features showed prognostic value in our real-world cohort. However, some are interrelated, and compendiums of features should therefore consider these interactions. Joint assessment of LDH, irAEs, and gender may be a good prognostic compendium.None associated with this project

Risk score for early risk prediction by cardiac magnetic resonance after acute myocardial infarction

[EN] Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) performed early after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can improve major adverse cardiac event (MACE) risk prediction. We aimed to create a simple clinical-CMR risk score for early MACE risk stratification in STEMI patients. Methods: We performed a multicenter prospective registry of reperfused STEMI patients (n = 1118) in whom early (1-week) CMR-derived left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), infarct size and microvascular obstruction (MVO) were quantified. MACE was defined as a combined clinical endpoint of cardiovascular (CV) death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (NF-MI) or re-admission for acute decompensated heart failure (HF). Results: During a median follow-up of 5.52 [2.63-7.44] years, 216 first MACE (58 CV deaths, 71 NF-MI and 87 HF) were registered. Mean age was 59.3 +/- 12.3 years and most patients (82.8%) were male. Based on the four variables independently associated with MACE, we computed an 8-point risk score: time to reperfusion >4.15 h (1 point), GRACE risk score > 155 (3 points), CMR-LVEF 1.5 segments (1 point). This score permitted MACE risk stratification: MACE per 100 person-years was 1.96 in the low-risk category (0-2 points), 5.44 in the intermediate-risk category (3-5 points), and 19.7 in the high-risk category (6-8 points): p 4.15 h and GRACE risk score > 155) and CMR (LVEF 1.5 segments) variables allows for simple and straightforward MACE risk stratification early after STEMI. External validation should confirm the applicability of the risk score.This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III and cofunded by Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) (grants PI20/00637 and CIBERCV16/11/00486), "Marató TV3" [grant number 20153030-31-32], the Catalonian Society of Cardiology 2015, La Caixa Foundation [HR17-00527], and by Sociedad Española de Cardiología (grant SEC/FECINV-CLI 21/024). D.M. acknowledges financial support from the Conselleria d'Educació, Investigació, Cultura i Esport, Generalitat Valenciana (grants AEST/ 2019/037 and AEST/2020/029). J. G. acknowledges financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant FJC2020-043981-I / AEI/10.13039/501100011033).Marcos-Garcés, V.; Perez, N.; Gavara-Doñate, J.; Lopez-Lereu, MP.; Monmeneu, JV.; Rios-Navarro, C.; De Dios, E.... (2022). Risk score for early risk prediction by cardiac magnetic resonance after acute myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology. 349:150-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.11.05015015434

Overview of Checkpoint Inhibitors Mechanism of Action: Role of Immune-Related Adverse Events and Their Treatment on Progression of Underlying Cancer

Corticosteroids; Efficacy; Immune checkpoint inhibitorsCorticosteroides; Eficacia; Inhibidores del punto de control inmunitarioCorticoides; Eficàcia; Inhibidors del punt de control immunitariIn recent years, immunotherapy-based regimens have been included into the treatment's algorithm of several cancer types. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) interact with their ligands found on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APC) or tumor cells (PD-L1/2 and CD80/86). Through these interactions, stimulatory or inhibitory signals are established. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), block these interactions, and when administered not only as monotherapy but also as part of combination regimens, have shown to improve survival results in multiple advanced cancers leading to an increasing number of patients treated with ICI and, as a consequence, a rise in the number of patients developing immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Presence of irAEs has been associated with greater benefit from treatment, especially when blocking PD-L1. Recent data suggests that treatment benefit persists after discontinuation of ICIs due to a treatment related adverse event, regardless of the grade. Patients experiencing grade 3-4 irAEs are at risk of toxicity recurrence after reintroducing immunotherapy and therefore, the decision to resume the treatment is challenging. In these cases, a multidisciplinary approach is always needed and several factors should be considered. Management of severe toxicities may require systemic corticosteroids which can impact on T-cell function. Due to their immunosuppressive properties, it is necessary to deeper determine how corticosteroids influence responses. In terms of overall survival (OS), the use of steroids as therapy for irAEs seems not to reduce OS and several studies have reported durable responses in patients experiencing autoimmune toxicities treated with corticosteroids