La implementación de un currículo de inglés basado en estándares : el caso de las Instituciones Educativas Públicas de Medellín

ABSTRACT: This case study explored Medellín's secondary English teachers' perspectives, practices, and experiences related to English curriculum design and implementation in public schools. Data were collected using a survey sent to all secondary schools' English teachers, analysis of school curriculum documents, and focus group interviews at five purposefully selected schools. Data indicate that there is a gap between the teachers' preconceived notions of curriculum as holistic and integrative, and the notion of curriculum implied in the curriculum development process they implement (a more technical one). This gap is also evident in the schools' general curriculum documents (that state the institution's educational, holistic goals), and the English syllabus, (that tend to focus on language structures or communicative functions). Data also revealed the many challenges teachers face when designing and implementing the curriculum, including lack of preparation on curriculum development, collaborative work among teachers, and time to develop the contents. In conclusion, English teachers in public secondary schools need more significant and sustainable support in the analysis of contexts, as well as in the adaptation of curriculum guidelines.RESUMEN: Este estudio de caso exploró las ideas, prácticas y experiencias de los maestros de inglés de secundaria, de la ciudad de Medellín, en relación con el diseño y la implementación del currículo de inglés en las instituciones educativas públicas. Los datos se recolectaron a través de una encuesta enviada a los profesores de inglés de los colegios de secundaria, del análisis de los documentos curriculares de los colegios y grupos focales en cinco instituciones seleccionadas con propósitos específicos. Los datos indican que hay una brecha entre las nociones de currículo en las que creen los maestros, más integrales e integradoras, y la noción de currículo que está implícita en el proceso de desarrollo curricular que ellos implementan (una visión más técnica del currículo). Esta brecha también es evidente en los documentos curriculares de los colegios (que establecen los objetivos educativos) y los programas de curso de inglés (que tienden a enfocarse en estructuras lingüísticas y funciones comunicativas). Los datos también muestran que los maestros enfrentan muchos desafíos en el diseño e implementación del currículo, incluyendo la falta de preparación en desarrollo curricular, falta de trabajo colaborativo entre los maestros y falta de tiempo para desarrollar los contenidos. En conclusión, los maestros de inglés de las instituciones públicas de secundaria necesitan un apoyo más significativo y sostenible en el análisis de los contextos, así como para la adaptación de las pautas curriculares

A implementação de um currículo baseado em inglês com base nos padrões: o caso das instituições educacionais públicas de Medellín

This case study explored Medellín’s secondary English teachers’ perspectives, practices, and experiences related to English curriculum design and implementation in public schools. Data were collected using a survey sent to all secondary schools’ English teachers, analysis of school curriculum documents, and focus group interviews at five purposefully selected schools. Data indicate that there is a gap between the teachers’ preconceived notions of curriculum as holistic and integrative, and the notion of curriculum implied in the curriculum development process they implement (a more technical one). This gap is also evident in the schools’ general curriculum documents (that state the institution’s educational, holistic goals), and the English syllabus, (that tend to focus on language structures or communicative functions). Data also revealed the many challenges teachers face when designing and implementing the curriculum, including lack of preparation on curriculum development, collaborative work among teachers, and time to develop the contents. In conclusion, English teachers in public secondary schools need more significant and sustainable support in the analysis of contexts, as well as in the adaptation of curriculum guidelines.Este estudio de caso exploró las ideas, prácticas y experiencias de los maestros de inglés de secundaria, de la ciudad de Medellín, en relación con el diseño y la implementación del currículo de inglés en las instituciones educativas públicas. Los datos se recolectaron a través de una encuesta enviada a los profesores de inglés de los colegios de secundaria, del análisis de los documentos curriculares de los colegios y grupos focales en cinco instituciones seleccionadas con propósitos específicos. Los datos indican que hay una brecha entre las nociones de currículo en las que creen los maestros, más integrales e integradoras, y la noción de currículo que está implícita en el proceso de desarrollo curricular que ellos implementan (una visión más técnica del currículo). Esta brecha también es evidente en los documentos curriculares de los colegios (que establecen los objetivos educativos) y los programas de curso de inglés (que tienden a enfocarse en estructuras lingüísticas y funciones comunicativas). Los datos también muestran que los maestros enfrentan muchos desafíos en el diseño e implementación del currículo, incluyendo la falta de preparación en desarrollo curricular, falta de trabajo colaborativo entre los maestros y falta de tiempo para desarrollar los contenidos. En conclusión, los maestros de inglés de las instituciones públicas de secundaria necesitan un apoyo más significativo y sostenible en el análisis de los contextos, así como para la adaptación de las pautas curriculares.Este estudo de caso explorou as idéias, práticas e experiências de professores de inglês do ensino médio na cidade de Medellín, em relação ao desenho e implementação do currículo de inglês em instituições públicas educacionais. Foram utilizados vários métodos de pesquisa que incluíram levantamento, análise de documentos curriculares das escolas e grupos focais em seis instituições selecionadas para fins específicos. Os dados indicam que existe uma lacuna entre as noções de currículo em que acreditam os professores, mais abrangentes e inclusivas, e a noção de currículo que está implícita no processo de desenvolvimento curricular que eles implementam, o que é uma visão mais técnica do currículo. Essa lacuna também é evidente nos documentos curriculares das escolas, onde são estabelecidos objetivos educacionais e programas de cursos de inglês, que tendem a se concentrar em estruturas linguísticas e funções comunicativas. Os dados também mostram que os professores enfrentam muitos desafios na concepção e implementação do currículo, incluindo falta de preparação no desenvolvimento do currículo, falta de trabalho colaborativo entre os professores, falta de tempo para desenvolver conteúdo, entre outros. Em relação aos documentos sobre padrões de suficiência e currículo emitidos pelos governos nacionais e locais, os professores consideram que, embora sejam claros e coerentes, não correspondem ao contexto e às condições que enfrentam em sua prática cotidiana

Las redes sociales influyen en el comportamiento de los universitarios

Las redes sociales son un medio muy utilizado hoy en día por el colectivo universitario, de este modo nos centramos en investigar su influencia en el comportamiento de éstos, para comprobar hasta qué punto se dejan de lado las relaciones interpersonales por la utilización de éstas, así como las actividades más utilizadas en las mismas, y las que se dejan de realizar por su utilización. Nos centramos en un colectivo de la Universidad de Granada.Social networks are a tool which is used considerably today by university students. For this reason, we will focus on investigating their influence on the behavior of the students, to determine to what extent they leave their interpersonal relationships and their activities to be connected with social networks. We will also research which activities on the social networks are the most used by the students. We focus on a group of students from the University of Granada.Departamento de Psicología Socia

Memory reconsolidation may be disrupted by a distractor stimulus presented during reactivation

Memories can be destabilized by the reexposure to the training context, and may reconsolidate into a modified engram. Reconsolidation relies on some particular molecular mechanisms involving LVGCCs and GluN2B-containing NMDARs. In this study we investigate the interference caused by the presence of a distractor - a brief, unanticipated stimulus that impair a fear memory expression - during the reactivation session, and tested the hypothesis that this disruptive effect relies on a reconsolidation process. Rats previously trained in the contextual fear conditioning (CFC) were reactivated in the presence or absence of a distractor stimulus. In the test, groups reactivated in the original context with distractor displayed a reduction of the freezing response lasting up to 20 days. To check for the involvement of destabilization / reconsolidation mechanisms, we studied the effect of systemic nimodipine (a L-VGCC blocker) or intra-CA1 ifenprodil (a selective GluN2B/NMDAR antagonist) infused right before the reactivation session. Both treatments were able to prevent the disruptive effect of distraction. Ifenprodil results also bolstered the case for hippocampus as the putative brain structure hosting this phenomenon. Our results provide some evidence in support of a behavioral, non-invasive procedure that was able to disrupt an aversive memory in a long-lasting way

Impact of Hot Environment on Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalance, Renal Damage, Hemolysis, and Immune Activation Postmarathon

Previous studies have demonstrated the physiological changes induced by exercise exposure in hot environments. We investigated the hematological and oxidative changes and tissue damage induced by marathon race in different thermal conditions. Twenty-six male runners completed the São Paulo International Marathon both in hot environment (HE) and in temperate environment (TE). Blood and urine samples were collected 1 day before, immediately after, 1 day after, and 3 days after the marathon to analyze the hematological parameters, electrolytes, markers of tissue damage, and oxidative status. In both environments, the marathon race promotes fluid and electrolyte imbalance, hemolysis, oxidative stress, immune activation, and tissue damage. The marathon runner’s performance was approximately 13.5% lower in HE compared to TE; however, in HE, our results demonstrated more pronounced fluid and electrolyte imbalance, renal damage, hemolysis, and immune activation. Moreover, oxidative stress induced by marathon in HE is presumed to be related to protein/purine oxidation instead of other oxidative sources. Fluid and electrolyte imbalance and protein/purine oxidation may be important factors responsible for hemolysis, renal damage, immune activation, and impaired performance after long-term exercise in HE. Nonetheless, we suggested that the impairment on performance in HE was not associated to the muscle damage and lipoperoxidation

Sports advisory and street running practice: scenario evaluation in the city of São Paulo

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil das assessorias esportivas e treinadores de corrida de rua que atuam nas áreas comuns do campus Butantã da Universidade de São Paulo e, a partir da análise do crescimento deste segmento, estabelecer uma relação com o crescimento da corrida de rua em São Paulo. Trata-se de estudo exploratório de caráter quantitativo. Os dados foram coletados junto aos responsáveis ​​pelas assessorias esportivas e os treinadores que realizam treinamento no campus Butantã da Universidade de São Paulo. O instrumento incluiu questões sobre o perfil e fatores demográficos. Os resultados demonstram que, desde 1979, 100 profissionais começaram a trabalhar no campus da USP, e que, a partir de 1983, as assessorias esportivas começaram a surgir. Os profissionais são, predominantemente, do sexo masculino, com idade média de 39 anos, e, trabalham com corrida de rua em média há 12 anos. Quanto à escolaridade, 3% têm mestrado, 76% especializações diversas e 21% graduação. Sobre as assessorias, os dados revelam a heterogeneidade entre essas empresas que foram constituídas nos últimos 30 anos. As assessorias esportivas foram classificadas em 4 grupos de acordo com seu tamanho (número de corredores). Para análise das empresas, foi realizada uma comparação entre os grupos. Diversas variáveis apresentam diferenças significativas entre pelo menos dois Grupos (p <0,001), e o Grupo 4 da amostra foi o grupo dicotômico e mais distante, com características estruturais próprias, em comparação com os outros três. Com base nos resultados, foi possível concluir que há um crescimento constante e diversificação na prestação de serviços das assessorias de corrida no mercado nacional.The present study aims to assess the profile of the running clubs and coaches of São Paulo and from the analysis of the grown in this segment, try to establish a relationship and the growth of running in Brazil. The data were collected between October 2012 and March 2013 with the coaches responsible for running clubs that conduct training in the campus of the University of São Paulo. The standardized questionnaire included questions about the profile and demographic factors. Since 1979, a total of 100 professionals began working with running, and created companies called running clubs since 1983. Most part of the professionals are male, 39 years old as average and have worked with running for 12 years. As for Education, 3% have masters degrees, 76% specializations and 21% have only undergraduate degrees. About the running club, the data reveals heterogeneity of these companies formed in the last 30 years. Observing the heterogeneity of the running clubs, we divided them according to the number of runners in 04 groups. In a general analysis, comparing the 04 groups with each other, in relation to the structural characteristics of group services, we observe many variables that present significant differences between at least 02 groups (p <0.001), showing important differences in the group 4 which is the dichotomous and more distant group with structural features comparing with the other 3 groups. Therefore, we concluded that have a continuous growth and an important diversification in running clubs

Emprendimiento solidario chocolombia productora y Distribuidora de Derivados del Cacao

Proyecto de emprendimiento solidario, que busca afectar positivamente un grupo de mujeres cabeza de hogar desde el procesamiento del cacao.Solidarity entrepreneurship project, which seeks to positively affect a group of women heads of household from the cocoa processing

O Conflito Político. Alguns Aspectos da sua Modelação

Objective: Sports practice alters the homeostasis of athletes. To achieve homeostatic equilibrium, the integrated action of the neuroendocrine and immune systems is necessary. Here we studied the relation between cytokines, hormones and mood states in marathon runners. Methods: A total of 20 male recreational marathon runners (mean age = 35.7 ± 9 years) and 20 male sedentary individuals (mean age = 35.5 ± 7 years) were recruited. We compared the serum levels of growth hormone (GH), cortisol and interleukins 8 and 10 and the amounts of these two cytokines spontaneously produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood samples of the sedentary group were collected at rest. Blood from the marathon runners was collected at rest (baseline: 24 h before the race), immediately after a marathon and 72 h after a marathon. Mood state analysis in both groups was performed using the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). Results: Our results showed that, at rest, levels of interleukins 8 and 10 in the supernatant of culture cells, the serum concentration of GH, and tension and vigour (evaluated using the BRUMS), were significantly higher in athletes compared to sedentary people. Immediately after the race all serum parameters analysed were statistically higher than baseline values. At 72 h after the marathon, serum levels of hormones and interleukins returned to values at rest, but the concentrations of interleukins in the supernatant of culture cells showed a significant reduction compared to values at rest. Conclusion: The higher serum levels of GH in athletes at rest and the higher production of cytokines in culture without previous stimulus suggest that marathon runners present mechanisms that may be associated with preparing the body to perform prolonged strenuous exercise, such as a marathon

Clinical case of patient with venous ulcer treated with multilayer therapy

se presenta un caso de lesión vascular de origen venoso de 18 meses de evolución, instaurada sobre una zona previamente afectada por dermatitis secundaria a insuficiencia venosa crónica. se desarrolla la pauta de tratamiento, su evolución y las medidas de prevención que se le recomiendan para evitar recidivas.It presents a case of vascular injury of venous origin of 18 months of development, established on an area previously affected by dermatitis secondary to chronic venous insufficiency. It develops a treatment regimen, evolution and the preventive measures that are recommended to avoid recurrences.Enfermerí

Effect of ladle inoculation on gray irons cuppola furnace melted

RESUMEN: Las fundiciones grises tienen diversas aplicaciones como material estructural debido a su amplio rango de propiedades. Las propiedades mecánicas pueden modificarse en función de características microestructurales, las cuales a su vez dependen fundamentalmente de la composición química del metal base, de las condiciones de fusión, del tratamiento del metal fundido en cuchara y de la velocidad de enfriamiento durante la solidificación. El tratamiento del metal fundido en cuchara conocido como inoculación en cuchara, consiste en adicionar un agente inoculante, que permite crear muchos sitios de nucleación dentro del metal fundido, haciendo que la solidificación ocurra con sobreenfriamientos menores, disminuyendo la formación de carburos (chill) y favoreciendo la precipitación de grafito libre. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el efecto de la inoculación en cuchara de hierros grises fundidos en horno de cubilote, mediante la comparación de agentes inoculantes comerciales a base de FeSi y SiC. El trabajo presentado aquí corresponde a estudios preliminares, en donde se evalúa el efecto inoculante de los agentes usados en las propiedades tensiles, la dureza, la microestructura y la sanidad (% libre de chill) en piezas de bajo espesor. Mediante este estudio se pudo determinar que debido a las características específicas del proceso de fusión llevado en horno de cubilote, hacen que se obtenga un metal en piquera preinoculado, por lo cual no se observa ningún cambio significativo de las diferentes propiedades mecánicas y microestructurales en las diferentes experimentaciones.ABSTRACT: Gray irons have several applications as structural materials because of their wide range of properties. Mechanical properties can be modified with microstructural characteristics, that depend fundamentally on the chemical composition of the base metal, melting conditions, the ladle treatment of melted metal and the rate of cooling during solidification. The ladle treatment of melted metal, known as ladle inoculation, consists in adding an inoculant agent, which permits the creation of many nucleation sites in the melted metal, so solidification occurs with less undercooling, diminishing carbide formation (chill) and favoring free graphite precipitation. The main objective of this work was to determine the effect of ladle inoculation on gray cast irons melted in cupola furnace, by comparing commercial inoculants agents based on FeSi and SiC. Data in this paper correspond to preliminary studies, where the inoculant effect of those agents on tensile properties is evaluated as well as hardness, microstructure and soundness (% of chill free) in thin pieces. It was possible to determine that, due to the specific characteristics of the melting process carried out in the cupola furnace, metal in taphole is already preinoculated, so no significant change is observed in mechanical and microstructural properties for several experiments