Importance of the dietary fat on the prevention and control of metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular disease

A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) reiterou recentemente que o consumo de dietas inadequadas e a inatividade física estão entre os dez principais fatores de mortalidade. Diversos ensaios aleatorizados demonstram que intervenções alimentares adequadas podem diminuir ou prevenir significativamente o aparecimento de várias doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Neste contexto, o papel da dieta vem sendo exaustivamente avaliado em estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos. Assim, já foi bem estabelecido na literatura que a quantidade e o tipo de gordura alimentar exercem influência direta sobre fatores de risco cardiovascular, tais como a concentração de lípides e de lipoproteínas plasmáticas, bem como sua associação a processos inflamatórios. Os ácidos graxos participam de complexos sistemas de sinalização intracelular, função que vem sendo bastante explorada. Os ácidos graxos poli-insaturados não somente influenciam a composição das membranas, metabolismo celular e sinais de tradução, mas também modulam a expressão de genes, regulando a atividade e a produção de diversos fatores de transcrição. A proposta deste artigo é rever tópicos relevantes referentes ao metabolismo de lípides e os relacionar a terapias nutricionais que possam contribuir para a prevenção e o tratamento de doenças associadas.The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently reinforced the fact that inadequate diets, along with physical inactivity, are among the ten main determinant factors of mortality. Several randomized trials demonstrated that dietary interventions may lower or even prevent the occurrence of several non-communicable diseases. In this context, the role of diet has been exhaustively evaluated in several clinical and epidemiological studies. Thus, it is well established in literature that the amount and type of dietary fat have a direct influence on cardiovascular risk factors, such as lipids and plasma lipoprotein concentration, as well as their association with inflammatory processes. Fatty acids also participate in complex intracellular signaling systems, a function which has been currently investigated. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) act not only by altering membrane lipid composition, cellular metabolism and signal transduction, but also modulating gene expression by regulating the activity and/or production of different nuclear transcription factors. The aim of this article is to review important topics regarding the lipids metabolism and correlate them with nutritional therapies that may contribute to the prevention and treatment of related diseases

Monitorização domiciliar da glicemia em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1

OBJECTIVE: To determine which of two simplified blood glucose monitoring schemes promotes better metabolic control in type1 diabetic patients during 12 months of participation in educational groups. METHODS: A crossover clinical trial involving 21 patients divided into two groups was conducted. They were submitted to a two monitoring schemes:2 alternate daily preprandial measurements and 2 alternate daily pre-and postprandial measurements. The effectiveness of the schemes was evaluated based on HbA1c. Variations in mean HbA1c were analyzed by Friedman test. RESULTS: The groups were homogenous in terms of sociodemographic and clinical variables (p>0.05). Mean HbA1c levels ranged from 8.48 (±1.00) to 7.37 (±0.99) over time in Group A and from 9.89 (±0.86) to 8.34 (±1.06) in Group B. The analysis of the HbA1c showed a significant reduction in the first and last 6 months and over the 12 months of the study in two groups (p<0.05). The preprandial scheme demonstrated the largest number and highest percentage of significant drops in HbA1c. CONCLUSIONS: The two monitoring improved the metabolic control and the preprandial scheme was more effective.OBJETIVO: Identificar cual de los dos esquemas de monitorización propuestos posibilita realizar un mejor control metabólico, en diabéticos del tipo1, durante los 12 meses de participación en grupos educativos. MÉTODO: Ensayo clínico cruzado con 21 pacientes divididos en dos grupos y sometidos a dos diferentes esquemas de monitorización. La efectividad de los esquemas fue evaluada por medio de la HbA1c. La variación de los promedios de HbA1c fue analizada con la prueba de Friedman. RESULTADOS: Durante todo el estudio la variación de los promedios de HbA1c, para el grupo A, fue de 8,48(±1,00) la 7,37(±0,99) y de 9,89(±0,86) la 8,34(±1,06) para el grupo B. Los análisis de la variación de la HbA1c colocaron en evidencia una reducción significativa (p<0,05) en los dos grupos, en los 3 periodos evaluados: primeros y últimos 6 meses y durante los 12 meses de estudio. CONCLUSIONES: Los dos esquemas mejoraron el control metabólico y el esquema antes de las comidas fue más efectivo.OBJETIVO: Identificar qual de dois esquemas simplificados de monitorização da glicemia viabiliza melhor controle metabólico, em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1, ao longo de 12 meses de participação em grupos educativos. MÉTODO: Ensaio clínico cruzado, com 21 pacientes divididos em dois grupos. Eles foram submetidos a dois esquemas de monitorização: duas medidas diárias pré-prandiais alternadas e duas medidas diárias pré e pós-prandiais alternadas. A efetividade dos esquemas foi avaliada pelos níveis de HbA1c. Para estudar a variação das médias das HbA1c aplicou-se o teste não paramétrico de Friedman. RESULTADOS: Os grupos eram homogêneos ao início do estudo com relação às variáveis sócio-demográficas e clinicas(p>0,05). A variação das médias de HbA1c, ao longo do tempo para o grupo A foi de 8,48(±1,00) a 7,37(±0,99) e para o grupo B de 9,89(±0,86) a 8,34(±1,06). O resultado da análise da variação da HbA1c mostrou redução significativa nos dois grupos, nos primeiros e últimos 6 meses e ao longo dos 12 meses nos dois grupos (p<0,05). O Esquema de monitorizações pré-prandiais possibilitou o maior número e os maiores percentuais de quedas estatisticamente significativas nos níveis de hemoglobina glicada. CONCLUSÕES: Os dois esquemas melhoraram o controle metabólico e esquema pré-prandial foi mais efetivo.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Hipoglicemia em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1

The study analyzed the occurrence of hypoglycemia and metabolic control of two monitoring schemes in type- 1 diabetic patients during 12 months they participated in education groups. Clinical crossed trials were conducted with 21 patients divided into two groups included the monitoring scheme proposed. Glycemic individuals’ profiles directed monthly adjustments of insulin doses. The analyses were performed using Fisher, t-Student e Friedman’s tests. There were no significant differences in hypoglycemia between the groups in any given month or scheme (p>0.05). The comparisons within groups between insulin mean dose and HbA1c, and hypoglycemic episodes also did not show significant difference (p>0.05). Metabolic control improved during the study in both groups, independently from the monitoring scheme (pEl estudio analizó la ocurrencia de hipoglucemia y el control metabólico utilizando dos esquemas de monitoreo de la glucemia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus del tipo1, durante 12 meses de participación en grupos educativos. Es un ensayo clínico cruzado, con 21 pacientes divididos en dos grupos. Los perfiles individuales de las glicemias posibilitaron ajustes mensuales de las dosis de insulina. Los análisis fueron realizados a través de las pruebas Fisher, t-Student y Friedman. La frecuencia de hipoglucemia entre los grupos no evidenció diferencia significativa en ninguno de los meses ni en los esquemas vigentes (p>0,05). Las comparaciones de los grupos, entre los promedios de las cantidades de insulina y hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), con la frecuencia de hipoglucemias también no evidenció diferencia significativa (p>0,05). Hubo mejoría del control metabólico durante el estudio de los dos grupos, independientemente de los esquemas de monitoreo (pO estudo analisou a ocorrência de hipoglicemia e o controle metabólico na vigência de dois esquemas de monitorização glicêmica em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo1, durante 12 meses de participação em grupos educativos. Trata-se de ensaio clínico cruzado, com 21 pacientes divididos em dois grupos. Os perfis glicêmicos individuais nortearam ajustes mensais das doses de insulina. As análises foram realizadas pelos testes Fisher, t-Student e Friedman. A ocorrência de hipoglicemia entre os grupos não mostrou diferença em nenhum dos meses e esquemas vigentes (p>0,05). Comparações intragrupos, entre médias das quantidades de insulina e hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), com ocorrência de hipoglicemias também não evidenciou diferença significante (p>0,05). O controle metabólico melhorou nos dois grupos (

Plasma lathosterol measures rates of cholesterol synthesis and efficiency of dietary phytosterols in reducing the plasma cholesterol concentration

Objectives: Because the plasma campesterol/cholesterol ratio does not differ between groups that absorb different amounts of cholesterol, the authors investigated whether the plasma Phytosterols (PS) relate to the body's cholesterol synthesis rate measured as non-cholesterol sterol precursors (lathosterol). Method: The authors studied&nbsp;38&nbsp;non-obese volunteers (58±12&nbsp;years; Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ‒ LDL-C&nbsp;≥ 130&nbsp;mg/dL) randomly assigned to consume 400&nbsp;mL/day of soy milk (Control phase) or soy milk&nbsp;+&nbsp;PS (1.6 g/day) for&nbsp;four&nbsp;weeks in a double-blind, cross-over study. PS and lathosterol were measured in plasma by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrophotometry. Results: PS treatment reduced plasma total cholesterol concentration (-5.5%, p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001), LDL-C (-7.6%, p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.001), triglycerides (-13.6%, p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.0085), and apolipoprotein B (apo&nbsp;B) (-6.3%, p&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.008), without changing high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C concentration), but plasma lathosterol, campesterol and sitosterol expressed per plasma cholesterol increased. Conclusions: The lathosterol-to-cholesterol plasma ratio predicted the plasma cholesterol response to PS feeding. The highest plasma lathosterol concentration during the control phase was associated with a lack of response of plasma cholesterol during the PS treatment period. Consequently, cholesterol synthesis in non-responders to dietary PS being elevated in the control phase indicates these cases resist to further synthesis rise, whereas responders to dietary PS, having in the control phase synthesis values lower than non-responders, expand synthesis on alimentary PS. Responders absorb more PS than non-responders, likely resulting from responders delivering into the intestinal lumen less endogenous cholesterol than non-responders do, thus facilitating greater intestinal absorption of PS shown as increased plasma PS concentration

Position statement on nutrition therapy for overweight and obesity: nutrition department of the Brazilian association for the study of obesity and metabolic syndrome: ABESO 2022

© The Author(s) 2023. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Obesity is a chronic disease resulting from multifactorial causes mainly related to lifestyle (sedentary lifestyle, inadequate eating habits) and to other conditions such as genetic, hereditary, psychological, cultural, and ethnic factors. The weight loss process is slow and complex, and involves lifestyle changes with an emphasis on nutritional therapy, physical activity practice, psychological interventions, and pharmacological or surgical treatment. Because the management of obesity is a long-term process, it is essential that the nutritional treatment contributes to the maintenance of the individual's global health. The main diet-related causes associated with excess weight are the high consumption of ultraprocessed foods, which are high in fats, sugars, and have high energy density; increased portion sizes; and low intake of fruits, vegetables, and grains. In addition, some situations negatively interfere with the weight loss process, such as fad diets that involve the belief in superfoods, the use of teas and phytotherapics, or even the avoidance of certain food groups, as has currently been the case for foods that are sources of carbohydrates. Individuals with obesity are often exposed to fad diets and, on a recurring basis, adhere to proposals with promises of quick solutions, which are not supported by the scientific literature. The adoption of a dietary pattern combining foods such as grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy, fruits, and vegetables, associated with an energy deficit, is the nutritional treatment recommended by the main international guidelines. Moreover, an emphasis on behavioral aspects including motivational interviewing and the encouragement for the individual to develop skills will contribute to achieve and maintain a healthy weight. Therefore, this Position Statement was prepared based on the analysis of the main randomized controlled studies and meta-analyses that tested different nutrition interventions for weight loss. Topics in the frontier of knowledge such as gut microbiota, inflammation, and nutritional genomics, as well as the processes involved in weight regain, were included in this document. This Position Statement was prepared by the Nutrition Department of the Brazilian Association for the Study of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome (ABESO), with the collaboration of dietitians from research and clinical fields with an emphasis on strategies for weight loss.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Phenolic compounds from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) attenuate oxidative stress and reduce blood cholesterol concentrations in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats

Abstract\ud \ud \ud \ud Background\ud \ud Phenolic compounds combine antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic activities and, consequently, are expected to prevent or minimize cardiometabolic risk.\ud \ud \ud \ud Methods\ud \ud To evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract (AQ) and non-esterified phenolic fraction (NEPF) from rosemary on oxidative stress in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia, 48 male 4-week old Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups: 1 chow diet group (C) and 5 hypercholesterolemic diet groups, with 1 receiving water (HC), 2 receiving AQ at concentrations of 7 and 140 mg/kg body weight (AQ70 and AQ140, respectively), and 2 receiving NEPF at concentrations of 7 and 14 mg/kg body weight (NEPF7 and NEPF14, respectively) by gavage for 4 weeks.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud \ud In vitro, both AQ and NEPF had remarkable antioxidant activity in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) assay, which was similar to BHT. In vivo, the group that received AQ at 70 mg/kg body weight had lower serum total cholesterol (−39.8%), non-HDL-c (−44.4%) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels (−37.7%) compared with the HC group. NEPF (7 and 14 mg/kg) reduced the tissue TBARS levels and increased the activity of tissular antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase). Neither AQ nor NEPF was able to ameliorate the alterations in the hypercholesterolemic diet-induced fatty acid composition in the liver.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud \ud These data suggest that phenolic compounds from rosemary ameliorate the antioxidant defense in different tissues and attenuate oxidative stress in diet-induced hypercholesterolemic rats, whereas the serum lipid profile was improved only in rats that received the aqueous extract.This investigation was supported by grants 08/51333-1 (Afonso MS) and 08/54319-0 (Mancini-Filho, J) from the Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Brazil. We would like to thank Gabriela Castilho for helping with the language revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript

A Multilevel Mhealth intervention Boosts adherence to Hydroxyurea in individuals With Sickle Cell Disease

Hydroxyurea reduces sickle cell disease (SCD) complications, but medication adherence is low. We tested 2 mobile health (mHealth) interventions targeting determinants of low adherence among patients (InCharge Health) and low prescribing among providers (HU toolbox) in a multi-center, non-randomized trial of individuals with SCD ages 15-45. We compared the percentage of days covered (PDC), labs, healthcare utilization, and self-reported pain over 24 weeks of intervention and 12 weeks post-study with a 24-week preintervention interval. We enrolled 293 patients (51% male; median age 27.5 years, 86.8% HbSS/HbSβ0-thalassemia). The mean change in PDC among 235 evaluable subjects increased (39.7% to 56.0%; P \u3c 0.001) and sustained (39.7% to 51.4%, P \u3c 0.001). Mean HbF increased (10.95% to 12.78%; P = 0.03). Self-reported pain frequency reduced (3.54 to 3.35 events/year; P = 0.041). InCharge Health was used ≥1 day by 199 of 235 participants (84.7% implementation; median usage: 17% study days; IQR: 4.8-45.8%). For individuals with ≥1 baseline admission for pain, admissions per 24 weeks declined from baseline through 24 weeks (1.97 to 1.48 events/patient, P = 0.0045) and weeks 25-36 (1.25 events/patient, P = 0.0015). PDC increased with app use (P \u3c 0.001), with the greatest effect in those with private insurance (P = 0.0078), older subjects (P = 0.033), and those with lower pain interference (P = 0.0012). Of the 89 providers (49 hematologists, 36 advanced care providers, 4 unreported), only 11.2% used HU toolbox ≥1/month on average. This use did not affect change in PDC. Tailoring mHealth solutions to address barriers to hydroxyurea adherence can potentially improve adherence and provide clinical benefits. A definitive randomized study is warranted. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT04080167

International descriptive and interventional survey for oxycholesterol determination by gas- and liquid-chromatographic methods

Increasing numbers of laboratories develop new methods based on gas-liquid and high-performance liquid chromatography to determine serum concentrations of oxygenated cholesterol metabolites such as 7α-, 24(S)-, and 27-hydroxycholesterol. We initiated a first international descriptive oxycholesterol (OCS) survey in 2013 and a second interventional survey 2014 in order to compare levels of OCS reported by different laboratories and to define possible sources of analytical errors. In 2013 a set of two lyophilized serum pools (A and B) was sent to nine laboratories in different countries for OCS measurement utilizing their own standard stock solutions. In 2014 eleven laboratories were requested to determine OCS concentrations in lyophilized pooled sera (C and D) utilizing the same provided standard stock solutions of OCS. The participating laboratories submitted results obtained after capillary gas-liquid chromatography-mass selective detection with either epicoprostanol or deuterium labelled sterols as internal standards and high-performance liquid chromatography with mass selective detection and deuterated OCS as internal standard. Each participant received a clear overview of the results in form of Youden-Plots and basic statistical evaluation in its used unit. The coefficients of variation of the concentrations obtained by all laboratories using their individual methods were 58.5–73.3% (survey 1), 56.8–60.3% (survey 2); 36.2–35.8% (survey 1), 56.6–59.8, (survey 2); 61.1–197.7% (survey 1), 47.2–74.2% (survey 2) for 24(S)-, 27-, and 7α-hydroxycholesterol, respectively. We are surprised by the very great differences between the laboratories, even under conditions when the same standards were used. The values of OCS's must be evaluated in relation to the analytical technique used, the efficiency of the ample separation and the nature of the internal standard used. Quantification of the calibration solution and inappropriate internal standards could be identified as major causes for the high variance in the reported results from the different laboratories. A harmonisation of analytical standard methods is highly needed