E-COMMERCE COMO ALTERNATIVA A COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DE PRODUTOS AGROECOLÓGICOS: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA NO ASSENTAMENTO ELI VIVE

Uma plataforma online para a comercialização dos produtos agroecológicos pode impactar de forma positiva a comercialização das sacolas camponesas. Este trabalho relata sobre os desafios e experiências vivenciadas no projeto de extensão: “Fomento a sistemas agroecológicos para fortalecimento da autonomia de mulheres camponesas”, no qual um grupo de estudantes multidisciplinares da Universidade Estadual de Londrina trabalham conjuntamente com as mulheres camponesas do Assentamento Eli Vive 2. O objetivo do trabalho é relatar a importância da construção de um site que visa resolver diversas dificuldades encontradas e aperfeiçoando o trabalho de produção e comercialização de alimentos agroecologicos pelas camponesas. Uma breve experiência pôde ser obtida por meio do Google Formulários, onde as mulheres camponesas disponibilizam semanalmente uma lista de produtos de acordo com a sazonalidade da produção, e os consumidores com acesso para realizarem seus pedidos. No entanto, o desenvolvimento de uma plataforma online para a comercialização dos produtos está em fase de implantação, o que resulta em um maior alcance de potenciais consumidores, além da melhoria do sistema de pedidos e pagamentos e da aproximação de agricultoras e apoiadores. Desta forma, o impacto positivo será no sentido de fornecer autonomia às mulheres por meio da inclusão técnica e mercantil

Huánuco : ¿cómo vamos en educación?

Reúne información estadística relevante de la situación actual de la educación de la región Huánuco, ha sido hecho para servir como una guía informativa amigable de todos aquellos actores de la región que puedan influir positivamente en su realidad educativa. Entre 2004 y 2013, la tasa media de crecimiento anual del gasto público educativo por alumno fue de 23.2% en inicial, 16.3% en primaria y 12.3% en secundaria. En los últimos tres años, el gasto por alumno en inicial ha crecido hasta llegar a ser mayor al gasto por alumno nacional, con 2,428 soles en el 2013, aunque el gasto por alumno en primaria y secundaria en Huánuco siguen siendo menores al gasto por alumno nacional. El porcentaje de escuelas con acceso a Internet de Huánuco en primaria pasó de 0.6% en 2005 a 12.4% en 2014. En secundaria el crecimiento fue mayor, pasando de 3.2% en 2005 a 29.6% en 2014. Sin embargo, estos valores siguen siendo menores a los valores nacionales de 27.9% en primaria y 52.0% en secundaria. El indicador en primaria muestra que en la mayoría de distritos el valor es menor a 20%. En secundaria hay mayor heterogeneidad, y son pocos los distritos con porcentajes altos de instituciones con acceso a internet. Entre 2004 y 2013, las tasas de asistencia de Huánuco para los tres niveles de educación básica regular han aumentado. En primaria, la tasa de asistencia pasó de 91.7% en 2004 a 96.3% en 2013, siendo este último valor mayor al nacional. El acceso a educación inicial aumentó en el período, pasando de 30.0% en 2004 a 71.7% en 2013. En el nivel secundaria, la tasa de asistencia pasó de 60.3% en 2004 a 72.2% en 2013. Huánuco presenta mayores tasas de desaprobación, atraso y retiro con respecto a todo el país, tanto en primaria como en secundaria. El porcentaje de desaprobados en primaria en las provincias de Huánuco fluctúa desde 4.8% en Lauricocha hasta 14.2% en Marañón, en tanto que en secundaria oscila entre 7.5% en Lauricocha y 14.9% en Huacaybamba. En ambos casos, la mayoría de distritos tiene menos del 10% de estudiantes con atraso escolar, aunque en secundaria la cantidad de distritos con más del 20% de atraso es mayor. En cuanto al porcentaje de retirados en 2013, la mayoría de distritos en primaria y secundaria se ubican debajo de 8.0%. Sin embargo, en secundaria hay una cantidad significativa de distritos con más de 8% de retiro

A progressão da miopia associada ao uso de aparelho celular na infância: uma revisão sistemática de estudos clínicos e comparativos

INTRODUÇÃO: A miopia é um distúrbio ocular comum caracterizado pela dificuldade em enxergar objetos distantes devido ao alongamento excessivo do globo ocular. Fatores de risco incluem predisposição genética, uso excessivo de dispositivos eletrônicos e atividade física limitada. Medidas de prevenção incluem exposição à luz solar, aumento da atividade física e redução do tempo de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos. O diagnóstico é feito por exame oftalmológico completo e os sintomas incluem dificuldade em enxergar objetos distantes, dores de cabeça e fadiga ocular. O tratamento mais comum é o uso de lentes corretivas, mas outras opções incluem terapia com colírios atropínicos, ortoqueratologia e cirurgia refrativa. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a relação entre a progressão da miopia e uso de aparelho celular na infância. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de revisão sistemática composta por artigos do PubMed. Os termos MeSH são myopia e screen time e os operadores booleanos AND e OR. Os filtros aplicados foram: 10 years, clinical study, comparative study, case reports e child. Compuseram a revisão um total de 8 artigos. RESULTADOS: A miopia é uma condição ocular que afeta cada vez mais crianças em todo o mundo, e estudos recentes sugerem que a pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter acelerado seu desenvolvimento. Mudanças no estilo de vida das crianças, como o aumento do tempo de exposição às telas e a redução da exposição à luz solar, são apontadas como possíveis causas. Um relato de caso descreve uma paciente que desenvolveu esotropia aguda adquirida após um período prolongado de estudo remoto e uso excessivo de dispositivos eletrônicos durante o lockdown de COVID-19. Dados de um estudo americano indicam que crianças negras apresentaram uma menor progressão de miopia em comparação com crianças asiáticas, seguidas de brancas e hispânicas. A etnia é um importante fator a ser considerado na avaliação e manejo da miopia em crianças. Um estudo dinamarquês sugere que os adolescentes com menor atividade física apresentaram maior prevalência de miopia do que aqueles com maior atividade física, e o tempo gasto em atividades de tela, como assistir TV e usar computadores, smartphones e tablets, também foi associado a uma maior prevalência de miopia. As intervenções preventivas para o desenvolvimento da miopia em crianças incluem a promoção de atividades ao ar livre e a limitação do uso de dispositivos eletrônicos. CONCLUSÃO: O uso prolongado de aparelhos eletrônicos, especialmente celulares, está associado ao desenvolvimento ou progressão da miopia em crianças e adolescentes, conforme evidências de artigos revisados. A pandemia de COVID-19 pode ter aumentado o risco de miopia devido ao confinamento e aumento do tempo de uso de dispositivos eletrônicos. Estratégias de prevenção incluem reduzir o tempo de exposição à tela, aumentar atividades ao ar livre e realizar exames oftalmológicos regulares. É urgente conscientizar sobre os riscos associados à exposição prolongada a dispositivos eletrônicos na infância e adolescência

SARS-CoV-2 introductions and early dynamics of the epidemic in Portugal

Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal was rapidly implemented by the National Institute of Health in the early stages of the COVID-19 epidemic, in collaboration with more than 50 laboratories distributed nationwide. Methods By applying recent phylodynamic models that allow integration of individual-based travel history, we reconstructed and characterized the spatio-temporal dynamics of SARSCoV-2 introductions and early dissemination in Portugal. Results We detected at least 277 independent SARS-CoV-2 introductions, mostly from European countries (namely the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, and Switzerland), which were consistent with the countries with the highest connectivity with Portugal. Although most introductions were estimated to have occurred during early March 2020, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 was silently circulating in Portugal throughout February, before the first cases were confirmed. Conclusions Here we conclude that the earlier implementation of measures could have minimized the number of introductions and subsequent virus expansion in Portugal. This study lays the foundation for genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in Portugal, and highlights the need for systematic and geographically-representative genomic surveillance.We gratefully acknowledge to Sara Hill and Nuno Faria (University of Oxford) and Joshua Quick and Nick Loman (University of Birmingham) for kindly providing us with the initial sets of Artic Network primers for NGS; Rafael Mamede (MRamirez team, IMM, Lisbon) for developing and sharing a bioinformatics script for sequence curation (https://github.com/rfm-targa/BioinfUtils); Philippe Lemey (KU Leuven) for providing guidance on the implementation of the phylodynamic models; Joshua L. Cherry (National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health) for providing guidance with the subsampling strategies; and all authors, originating and submitting laboratories who have contributed genome data on GISAID (https://www.gisaid.org/) on which part of this research is based. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not reflect the view of the National Institutes of Health, the Department of Health and Human Services, or the United States government. This study is co-funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Agência de Investigação Clínica e Inovação Biomédica (234_596874175) on behalf of the Research 4 COVID-19 call. Some infrastructural resources used in this study come from the GenomePT project (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022184), supported by COMPETE 2020 - Operational Programme for Competitiveness and Internationalisation (POCI), Lisboa Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Lisboa2020), Algarve Portugal Regional Operational Programme (CRESC Algarve2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), and by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Coinfection with Different Trypanosoma cruzi Strains Interferes with the Host Immune Response to Infection

A century after the discovery of Trypanosoma cruzi in a child living in Lassance, Minas Gerais, Brazil in 1909, many uncertainties remain with respect to factors determining the pathogenesis of Chagas disease (CD). Herein, we simultaneously investigate the contribution of both host and parasite factors during acute phase of infection in BALB/c mice infected with the JG and/or CL Brener T. cruzi strains. JG single infected mice presented reduced parasitemia and heart parasitism, no mortality, levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, CCL2, IL-6 and IFN-γ) similar to those found among naïve animals and no clinical manifestations of disease. On the other hand, CL Brener single infected mice presented higher parasitemia and heart parasitism, as well as an increased systemic release of pro-inflammatory mediators and higher mortality probably due to a toxic shock-like systemic inflammatory response. Interestingly, coinfection with JG and CL Brener strains resulted in intermediate parasitemia, heart parasitism and mortality. This was accompanied by an increase in the systemic release of IL-10 with a parallel increase in the number of MAC-3+ and CD4+ T spleen cells expressing IL-10. Therefore, the endogenous production of IL-10 elicited by coinfection seems to be crucial to counterregulate the potentially lethal effects triggered by systemic release of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by CL Brener single infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that the composition of the infecting parasite population plays a role in the host response to T. cruzi in determining the severity of the disease in experimentally infected BALB/c mice. The combination of JG and CL Brener was able to trigger both protective inflammatory immunity and regulatory immune mechanisms that attenuate damage caused by inflammation and disease severity in BALB/c mice

Study of the B−→Λc+Λˉc−K−B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-} decay

The decay $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ is studied in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV using data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5 $\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$ collected by the LHCb experiment. In the $\Lambda_{c}^+ K^{-}$ system, the $\Xi_{c}(2930)^{0}$ state observed at the BaBar and Belle experiments is resolved into two narrower states, $\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}$ and $\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}$, whose masses and widths are measured to be $$m(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = 2924.5 \pm 0.4 \pm 1.1 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ m(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = 2938.5 \pm 0.9 \pm 2.3 \,\mathrm{MeV}, \\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2923)^{0}) = \phantom{000}4.8 \pm 0.9 \pm 1.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},\\ \Gamma(\Xi_{c}(2939)^{0}) = \phantom{00}11.0 \pm 1.9 \pm 7.5 \,\mathrm{MeV},$$ where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. The results are consistent with a previous LHCb measurement using a prompt $\Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ sample. Evidence of a new $\Xi_{c}(2880)^{0}$ state is found with a local significance of $3.8\,\sigma$, whose mass and width are measured to be $2881.8 \pm 3.1 \pm 8.5\,\mathrm{MeV}$ and $12.4 \pm 5.3 \pm 5.8 \,\mathrm{MeV}$, respectively. In addition, evidence of a new decay mode $\Xi_{c}(2790)^{0} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} K^{-}$ is found with a significance of $3.7\,\sigma$. The relative branching fraction of $B^{-} \to \Lambda_{c}^{+} \bar{\Lambda}_{c}^{-} K^{-}$ with respect to the $B^{-} \to D^{+} D^{-} K^{-}$ decay is measured to be $2.36 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.22 \pm 0.25$, where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second systematic and the third originates from the branching fractions of charm hadron decays.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-028.html (LHCb public pages

Measurement of the ratios of branching fractions R(D∗)\mathcal{R}(D^{*}) and R(D0)\mathcal{R}(D^{0})

The ratios of branching fractions $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})\equiv\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(\bar{B}\to D^{*}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})\equiv\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\tau^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\tau})/\mathcal{B}(B^{-}\to D^{0}\mu^{-}\bar{\nu}_{\mu})$ are measured, assuming isospin symmetry, using a sample of proton-proton collision data corresponding to 3.0 fb${ }^{-1}$ of integrated luminosity recorded by the LHCb experiment during 2011 and 2012. The tau lepton is identified in the decay mode $\tau^{-}\to\mu^{-}\nu_{\tau}\bar{\nu}_{\mu}$. The measured values are $\mathcal{R}(D^{*})=0.281\pm0.018\pm0.024$ and $\mathcal{R}(D^{0})=0.441\pm0.060\pm0.066$, where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second is systematic. The correlation between these measurements is $\rho=-0.43$. Results are consistent with the current average of these quantities and are at a combined 1.9 standard deviations from the predictions based on lepton flavor universality in the Standard Model.Comment: All figures and tables, along with any supplementary material and additional information, are available at https://cern.ch/lhcbproject/Publications/p/LHCb-PAPER-2022-039.html (LHCb public pages

Splenectomy does not interfere with immune response to Leishmania major infection in mice.

Spleen is one of the largest lymphoid organs in the body; it harbors immune cells including antigen presenting cells, B and T lymphocytes. It has an important role in humoral and cellular immune responses. Herein we investigated the role of spleen in the immune response to experimental Leishmania major infection. It is known that C57BL/6 mice are resistant to L. major infection whereas BALB/c mice are susceptible. Although splenectomy was associated with reduced serum levels of IFN-gamma, absence of the spleen did not change the profile of L. major infection in the resistant C57BL/6 and BALB/c susceptible mice. Both strains of mice maintained the same profile of cytokine production in regional lymph nodes after splenectomy and responded in the same way against the infection. Only splenectomized BALB/c mice had a reduction in IL-4 and IL-10 production by lymph node cells early in infection. Our data suggest that, in localized infections, regional lymph nodes may replace efficiently the immunological role of spleen in the cellular and humoral immune responses

Immunoglobulin production is impaired in protein-deprived mice and can be restored by dietary protein supplementation.

Most contacts with food protein and microbiota antigens occur at the level of the gut mucosa. In animal models where this natural stimulation is absent, such as germ-free and antigen-free mice, the gutassociated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and systemic immunological activities are underdeveloped. We have shown that food proteins play a critical role in the full development of the immune system. C57BL/ 6 mice weaned to a diet in which intact proteins are replaced by equivalent amounts of amino acids (Aa diet) have a poorly developed GALT as well as low levels of serum immunoglobulins (total Ig, IgG, and IgA, but not IgM). In the present study, we evaluated whether the introduction of a protein-containing diet in 10 adult Aa-fed C57BL/6 mice could restore their immunoglobulin levels and whether this recovery was dependent on the amount of dietary protein. After the introduction of a casein-containing diet, Aa-fed mice presented a fast recovery (after 7 days) of secretory IgA (from 0.33 to 0.75 mg/mL, while in casein-fed mice this value was 0.81 mg/mL) and serum immunoglobulin levels (from 5.39 to 10.25 mg/mL of total Ig). Five percent dietary casein was enough to promote the restoration of secretory IgA and serum immunoglobulin levels to a normal range after 30 days feeding casein diet (as in casein-fed mice - 15% by weight of diet). These data suggest that the defect detected in the immunoglobulin levels was a reversible result of the absence of food proteins as an antigenic stimulus. They also indicate that the deleterious consequences of malnutrition at an early age for some immune functions may be restored by therapeutic intervention later in life