The Interrelations Between Social Class, Personal Relative Deprivation, and Prosociality.

We propose that personal relative deprivation (PRD)-the belief that one is worse off than similar others-plays a key role in the link between social class and prosociality. Across multiple samples and measures (total N = 2,233), people higher in PRD were less inclined to help others. When considered in isolation, neither objective nor subjective socioeconomic status (SES) was meaningfully associated with prosociality. However, because people who believe themselves to be at the top of the socioeconomic hierarchy are typically low in PRD, these variables act as mutual suppressors-the predictive validity of both is enhanced when they are considered simultaneously, revealing that both higher subjective SES and higher PRD are associated with lower prosociality. These results cast new light on the complex connections between relative social status and people's willingness to act for the benefit of others.This research was supported by Grant RPG-2013-148 from the Leverhulme Trust and studentship ES/J500045/1 from the Economic and Social Research Council.This is the final version of the article. It first appeared from SAGE Publications via https://doi.org/10.1177/194855061667387

Red docente para el seguimiento de las Prácticas Externas. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras

La presente memoria es el resultado del trabajo realizado durante el curso académico 2013-2014 por la Red docente para el seguimiento de las Prácticas Externas en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras en el marco del Proyecto «Redes de Investigación en docencia universitaria». Esta Red ha contado con la colaboración de los diferentes tutores académicos de las diez Titulaciones de nuestra Facultad: Estudios Ingleses, Filología Catalana, Español: Lengua y Literaturas, Estudios Franceses, Estudios Árabes e Islámicos, Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, Historia, Humanidades, Traducción e Interpretación y Turismo; así como con la inestimable labor de la Gestora de Prácticas en Empresa: Ana Belén Martín-Portugués Giménez de los Galanes. El propósito fundamental de la Red ha sido efectuar un seguimiento de las prácticas curriculares tras su primer año de funcionamiento como asignatura en los distintos Grados. Para ello, no solo se ha reflexionado acerca de los posibles problemas que han ido surgiendo y de las posibles propuestas de mejora, sino también se ha llevado a cabo una revisión de la documentación existente para el seguimiento de las prácticas y para su evaluación, con el fin de que se adecue a lo que se nos exigirá en la acreditación de los Títulos

A channel-based framework for steering, non-locality and beyond

Non-locality and steering are both non-classical phenomena witnessed in nature as a result of quantum entanglement. It is now well-established that one can study non-locality independently of the formalism of quantum mechanics, in the so-called device-independent framework. With regards to steering, although one cannot study it completely independently of the quantum formalism, 'post-quantum steering' has been described, which is steering that cannot be reproduced by measurements on entangled states but does not lead to superluminal signalling. In this work we present a framework based on the study of quantum channels in which one can study steering (and non-locality) in quantum theory and beyond. In this framework, we show that kinds of steering, whether quantum or post-quantum, are directly related to particular families of quantum channels that have been previously introduced by Beckman et al (2001 Phys. Rev. A 64 052309). Utilizing this connection we also demonstrate new analytical examples of post-quantum steering, give a quantum channel interpretation of almost quantum non-locality and steering, easily recover and generalize the celebrated Gisin–Hughston–Jozsa–Wootters theorem, and initiate the study of post-quantum Buscemi non-locality and non-classical teleportation. In this way, we see post-quantum non-locality and steering as just two aspects of a more general phenomenon

Effectiveness and safety of tocilizumab in patients with systemic sclerosis : a propensity score matched controlled observational study of the EUSTAR cohort

Objectives Tocilizumab showed trends for improving skin fibrosis and prevented progression of lung fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc) in randomised controlled clinical trials. We aimed to assess safety and effectiveness of tocilizumab in a real-life setting using the European Scleroderma Trial and Research (EUSTAR) database. Methods Patients with SSc fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/EULAR 2013 classification criteria, with baseline and follow-up visits at 12±3 months, receiving tocilizumab or standard of care as the control group, were selected. Propensity score matching was applied. Primary endpoints were the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) and FVC at 12±3 months compared between the groups. Secondary endpoints were the percentage of progressive/regressive patients for skin and lung at 12±3 months. Results Ninety-three patients with SSc treated with tocilizumab and 3180 patients with SSc with standard of care fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Comparison between groups did not show significant differences, but favoured tocilizumab across all predefined primary and secondary endpoints: mRSS was lower in the tocilizumab group (difference -1.0, 95% CI -3.7 to 1.8, p=0.48). Similarly, FVC % predicted was higher in the tocilizumab group (difference 1.5 (-6.1 to 9.1), p=0.70). The percentage of progressive/regressive patients favoured tocilizumab over controls. These results were robust regarding the sensitivity analyses. Safety analysis confirmed previously reported adverse event profiles. Conclusion Although this large, observational, controlled, real-life EUSTAR study did not show significant effectiveness of tocilizumab on skin and lung fibrosis, the consistency of direction of all predefined endpoints generates hypothesis for potential effectiveness in a broader SSc population

Do Changes in the Pace of Events Affect One-Off Judgments of Duration?

Five experiments examined whether changes in the pace of external events influence people’s judgments of duration. In Experiments 1a–1c, participants heard pieces of music whose tempo accelerated, decelerated, or remained constant. In Experiment 2, participants completed a visuo-motor task in which the rate of stimulus presentation accelerated, decelerated, or remained constant. In Experiment 3, participants completed a reading task in which facts appeared on-screen at accelerating, decelerating, or constant rates. In all experiments, the physical duration of the to-be-judged interval was the same across conditions. We found no significant effects of temporal structure on duration judgments in any of the experiments, either when participants knew that a time estimate would be required (prospective judgments) or when they did not (retrospective judgments). These results provide a starting point for the investigation of how temporal structure affects one-off judgments of duration like those typically made in natural settings

Why do we overestimate others' willingness to pay?

People typically overestimate how much others are prepared to pay for consumer goods and services. We investigated the extent to which latent beliefs about others’ affluence contribute to this overestimation. In Studies 1, 2a, and 2b we found that participants, on average, judge the other people taking part in the study to “have more money” and “have more disposable income” than themselves. The extent of these beliefs positively correlated with the overestimation of willingness to pay (WTP). Study 3 shows that the link between income-beliefs and WTP is causal, and Studies 4, 5a, and 5b show that it holds in a between-group design with a real financial transaction and is unaffected by accuracy incentives. Study 6 examines estimates of others’ income in more detail and, in conjunction with the earlier studies, indicates that participants’ reported beliefs about others’ affluence depend upon the framing of the question. Together, the data indicate that individual differences in the overestimation effect are partly due to differing affluence-beliefs, and that an overall affluence-estimation bias may contribute to the net tendency to overestimate other people’s willingness to pay

Mean responses for Experiments 1a and 1b.

<p>Duration estimates are in seconds. Dec = Decelerating; Con = Constant-tempo; Acc = Accelerating.</p

Bayes factors for the duration estimates of Experiments 1a-3.

<p>The Bayes factor is the probability of the observed data under the null hypothesis divided by the probability of the data under the distribution of alternative hypotheses specified by the Zellner-Siow <i>g</i> prior. Values greater than 1 indicate support for the null hypothesis that there is no effect of temporal structure on duration estimates. Values greater than 10 are often labelled “strong” evidence for the null; values greater than 30 are “very strong” evidence <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059847#pone.0059847-Wagenmakers1" target="_blank">[48]</a>.</p

Effect sizes for all studies.

<p>The and columns show the effect sizes for the effect of temporal structure on duration estimate in each experiment/condition. The effects for the prospective and retrospective judgment data from Experiments 1c and 2 have been analyzed separately, so each analysis is based on a one-way design and the partial eta-squared values shown here are identical to eta-squared. Note also that the calculation of omega-squared assumes a balanced design, but there were slightly unequal cell-sizes in Experiment 3. The last 3 columns show the standardized differences between means <i>g</i>* <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059847#pone.0059847-Hedges1" target="_blank">[64]</a> calculated using the metafor package for R <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0059847#pone.0059847-Viechtbauer1" target="_blank">[46]</a>. Acc = accelerating, Dec = Decelerating; Con = Constant-rate.</p

Mean responses for Experiment 1c.

<p>Duration estimates are in seconds. Dec = Decelerating; Acc = Accelerating.</p