An Integrative Approach to Phylogeography: Investigating the Effects of Ancient Seaways, Climate, and Historical Geology on Multi-Locus Phylogeographic Boundaries of the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides Lugubris)

Background: Phylogeography is an important tool that can be used to reveal cryptic biodiversity and to better understand the processes that promote lineage diversification. We studied the phylogeographic history of the Arboreal Salamander (Aneides lugubris), a wide-ranging species endemic to the California floristic province. We used multi-locus data to reconstruct the evolutionary history of A. lugubris and to discover the geographic location of major genetic breaks within the species. We also used species distribution modeling and comparative phylogeography to better understand the environmental factors that have shaped the genetic history of A. lugubris. Results: We found six major mitochondrial clades in A. lugubris. Nuclear loci supported the existence of at least three genetically distinct groups, corresponding to populations north of the San Francisco Bay and in the Sierra Nevada, in the Santa Cruz Mountains, and in the central coast and southern California. All of the genetic breaks in mitochondrial and nuclear loci corresponded to regions where historical barriers to dispersal have been observed in other species. Geologic or water barriers likely were the most important factors restricting gene flow among clades. Climatic unsuitability during glacial maximum may have contributed to the isolation of the mitochondrial clades in the central coast and southern California. A projection of our species distribution model to a future scenario with a moderate amount of climate change suggests that most of the range of A. lugubris will remain climatically suitable, but climatic conditions in the Sierra Nevada and low elevation areas in Southern California are likely to deteriorate. Conclusions: Aneides lugubris contains substantial cryptic genetic diversity as a result of historical isolation of populations. At least two (and perhaps three) evolutionarily significant units in A. lugubris merit protection; all six mitochondrial clades should be considered as management units within the species

Evaluation of a population-based prevention program against influenza among Swiss elderly people.

Influenza is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and occurs in epidemics in the winter. This study is an evaluation of a population-based prevention program against Influenza, implemented during autumn 2000 by the Health Department of the Canton of Vaud. A pre-intervention/post-intervention design was used. In June 2000 and March 2001, 4007 questionnaires were sent to two different stratified random samples of people aged 65 and over living in the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Vaccination coverage among people older than 65 was 58.0% in 1999 (95% CI: 56.2%-59.8%) and 58.4% (95% CI: 56.6%-60.2%) in 2000. A 6.5% significant increase in vaccination coverage was seen in the group of people aged 65 to 69 (p = 0.008). In the pre-intervention survey immunisation rates were 22.6% among people who had not consulted a physician, 59.2% among those who had consulted a physician once, and 73.2% among those who consulted twice or more (p = 0.001). These rates were respectively 30.8%, 58.0% and 75.1% (p = 0.001) in the post-intervention survey. No global increase in Influenza vaccination coverage in the elderly population could be observed following a community based intervention in a Swiss Canton. However, the enhanced vaccination rates noted in the 65-69 years old group and in people who did not receive medical care are compatible with an effect of the campaign. Further increase in vaccination coverage may be obtained by diversification and repetition of such promotion campaigns

Mesons from global Anti-de Sitter space

In the context of gauge/gravity duality, we study both probe D7-- and probe D5--branes in global Anti-de Sitter space. The dual field theory is N=4 theory on R x S^3 with added flavour. The branes undergo a geometrical phase transition in this geometry as function of the bare quark mass m_q in units of 1/R with R the S^3 radius. The meson spectra are obtained from fluctuations of the brane probes. First, we study them numerically for finite quark mass through the phase transition. Moreover, at zero quark mass we calculate the meson spectra analytically both in supergravity and in free field theory on R x S^3 and find that the results match: For the chiral primaries, the lowest level is given by the zero point energy or by the scaling dimension of the operator corresponding to the fluctuations, respectively. The higher levels are equidistant. Similar results apply to the descendents. Our results confirm the physical interpretation that the mesons cannot pair-produce any further when their zero-point energy exceeds their binding energy.Comment: 43 pages, 8 figures, references edited, few typos corrected, updated to match the published versio

Evaluating the potential of dietary crude protein manipulation in reducing ammonia emissions from cattle and pig manure: A meta-analysis

Dietary manipulation of animal diets by reducing crude protein (CP) intake is a strategic NH3 abatement option as it reduces the overall nitrogen input at the very beginning of the manure management chain. This study presents a comprehensive meta-analysis of scientific literature on NH3 reductions following a reduction of CP in cattle and pig diets. Results indicate higher mean NH3 reductions of 17 ± 6% per %-point CP reduction for cattle as compared to 11 ± 6% for pigs. Variability in NH3 emission reduction estimates reported for different manure management stages and pig categories did not indicate a significant influence. Statistically significant relationships exist between CP reduction, NH3 emissions and total ammoniacal nitrogen content in manure for both pigs and cattle, with cattle revealing higher NH3 reductions and a clearer trend in relationships. This is attributed to the greater attention given to feed optimization in pigs relative to cattle and also due to the specific physiology of ruminants to efficiently recycle nitrogen in situations of low protein intake. The higher NH3 reductions in cattle highlights the opportunity to extend concepts of feed optimization from pigs and poultry to cattle production systems to further reduce NH3 emissions from livestock manure. The results presented help to accurately quantify the effects of NH3 abatement following reduced CP levels in animal diets distinguishing between animal types and other physiological factors. This is useful in the development of emission factors associated with reduced CP as an NH3 abatement option

Проект функционального размещения нестационарных торговых объектов на территории муниципального образования "Город Томск"

Выпускная квалификационная работа содержит 125 с., 13 рис., 9 табл., 31 источников, 6 приложений. Ключевые слова: потребительский рынок, нестационарный торговый объект, земельный участок, земли муниципальной собственности, размещение, киоск, павильон, ярмарка, критерии, аукцион, схема размещения НТО, территориальные зоны, типовой проект. Объектом исследования является земельный участок, находящий на землях муниципальной собственности или неразграниченной государственной собственности, находящийся по адресу: Томская обл., г. Томск, р-н Октябрьский, ул. Пушкина, 56/1 ст1. Цель работы - разработка проекта функционального размещения НТО на территории муниципального образования «Город Томск». В процессе выполнения выпускной квалификационной работы проводилось изучение теоретических аспектов ноFinale qualifiziert Arbeit enthält 125 p., 13 Abb., 9 Tabellen., 31 Quellen, 6-Anwendungen. Stichwort: Verbrauchermarkt, unsicherer gewerbliche Immobilien, Grundstücke, stadteigenen Grundstück, Unterkunft, Kioske, Pavillons, faire Kriterien, Auktion, Layout NTO, territorialen Bereich, ein Modellprojekt. Das Ziel der Forschung ist ein Grundstück, auf dem Land befindet oder auf nicht-kommunalen Eigentums, Staatseigentum, an der Adresse:. Tomsk, Tomsk, Oktyabrskiy Bezirk Str. Puschkin, 56/1 CT1. Der Zweck der Arbeit - Entwicklung funktioneller Unterkunft NTO im Gebiet der Gemeinde "Stadt Tomsk". Während der Ausführung der letzten Qualifikationsarbeiten durchgeführt, die theoretischen Aspekte des Rechts zu studieren - Rechtsrahmen für die Regulierung und Platzierung NTO in Tomsk. Die Studie i