FLOW-NETWORK ORGANIZATION IN ECOSVSTEMS ANO THE MATHEMATICAL THEORV OF INFORMATION

Ecological flow networks are described by means of the Theory of Graphs and characterised by two quantities of the Mathematical Theory of Information, namely the Internal Information Transfer (a measure of the Specialization) and the Joint Entropy (a measure of Connectivity). Both indexes fall into a narrow interval of values. This tendency of real stable ecosystems is interpreted in the light of two variational adaptative principIes

Aprendizaje por proyectos, una experiencia socioformativa

The purpose of this work is to present an educational experience with a group of high school students with the theme of recovering springs and water use in a rural community in the state of Oaxaca. It was carried out applying a formative project in a real problem of the context was approached, given its nature, it was possible to develop it transversally with the support of other subjects. According to the need within the community to cope with droughts and water use, a campaign was carried out to raise awareness, reforestation, recovery of aquifers and aquifers that were abandoned with the support of students, parents and authorities. Working with training projects from the socioformative approach is an opportunity to develop competences among students inside and outside the classroom, since the practice is not focused on the learning of knowledge, it also allows solving real and contextualized problems, in this way the student learn, reflect and participate in society. Keywords: environment, training projects, socio-formation, knowledge societyEl propósito del siguiente trabajo es dar a conocer una experiencia educativa con un grupo de estudiantes de nivel bachillerato con el tema de la recuperación de manantiales y aprovechamiento del agua en una comunidad rural del estado de Oaxaca. Se llevó a cabo aplicando un proyecto formativo en el cual se abordó un problema real del contexto que dada su naturaleza fue posible desarrollarla de manera transversal con al apoyo de otras materias. De acuerdo a la necesidad que había dentro de la comunidad para enfrentar tiempos de sequía y aprovechamiento del agua se realizó una campaña de concientización, reforestación, recuperación de yacimientos y mantos acuíferos que se encontraban abandonados con apoyo de estudiantes, padres de familia y autoridades comunales. Trabajar con proyectos formativos desde el enfoque socioformativo es una oportunidad para desarrollar competencias entre los estudiantes dentro y fuera del aula, ya que no se centra en el aprendizaje de los conocimientos, sino que a través de la práctica permite resolver problemáticas reales y contextualizadas, de esta manera el estudiante aprende, reflexiona y participa dentro de la sociedad. Palabras clave : medio ambiente, proyectos formativos, socioformación, sociedad del conocimiento

El tipo penal feminicidio bajo la óptica del análisis económico del derecho en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general Analizar la manera en la que el Análisis Económico del Derecho observa al tipo penal Feminicidio en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano, de allí que, nuestra pregunta general de investigación sea: ¿De qué manera observa el Análisis Económico del Derecho al tipo penal Feminicidio en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano?, y nuestra hipótesis general: “El Análisis Económico del Derecho observa negativamente al tipo penal Feminicidio en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano”; ello se debe a que se ha observado en datos estadísticos que el tipo penal Feminicidio es cada vez menos usado por los fiscales, haciendo del tipo penal un desperdicio económico que no logra obtener su propia finalidad, por tal motivo es que nuestra investigación guarda un método de investigación de corte jurídico dogmático, esto es con un método general denominado la hermenéutica, asimismo presenta un tipo de investigación básico o fundamental, con un nivel correlacional y un diseño observacional, por tal motivo es que la investigación por su naturaleza expuesta, utilizará la técnica del análisis documental de leyes, códigos, sentencias y libros doctrinarios que serán procesados mediante la argumentación jurídica a través de los instrumentos de recolección de datos como la ficha textual y de resumen que se obtengan de cada libro con información relevante

La degradación de la tierra en el Departamento Minas (Provincia de Neuquén), a través de la evaluación geoecológica de los paisajes

El presente trabajo analiza la relación existente entre el tamaño y uso de la tierra y la degradación en un sector del Departamento Minas, al Noroeste de la Provincia de Neuquén, Argentina (Figura Nº 1). El mismo forma parte de un proyecto mas amplio, cuyo objetivo es el estudio de las causas que generan la degradación de la tierra en la totalidad del Noroeste provincial. Sobre la magnitud de este problema conviene recordar que más de la tercera parte de la superficie terrestre del planeta es árida y en ella el proceso de desertización y degradación se ha intensificado en los últimos decenios. Según las Naciones Unidas, este problema amenaza el porvenir de más de 785 millones de personas, o sea casi el 20% de la población mundial. Siguiendo con el informe de FAO, también se estima que entre 50.000 y 70.000 km2 de tierras útiles dejan de producir cada año por estos motivos. Argentina en general y la Patagonia en particular, no son ajenos a este problema ya que aproximadamente el 75% del territorio nacional se encuentra afectado por crecientes condiciones de aridez. En la Patagonia argentina, el 90% de la superficie (unos 780.000 km2) presenta signos de degradación y de esta superficie, un 30% se encuentra afectado por procesos erosivos severos y graves con tendencia a agravarse.

Diseño de rueda hidráulica para uso en canal de regadío

131 p.La problemática que se desea abordar es como aprovechar los pequeños cauces de agua, arroyos o canales para generar electricidad que pueda ser aprovechada en zonas agrícolas y/o aisladas del país, en medio de un período donde se asienta una crisis energética a nivel global, el incremento de la demanda eléctrica debido asociado al avance tecnológico y demandas continuas por parte de la comunidad internacional por la transición a una matriz energética sustentable y carbono neutral. El presente trabajo propone el diseño de una rueda hidráulica como micro central hidroeléctrica de fácil instalación en base a modelos matemáticos y estudios realizados sobre estos equipos a nivel internacional, puede ser utilizado en canales de riego para solventar algunas de las necesidades energéticas de la población rural que tenga acceso a estos cuerpos de agua. Lo que se busca es sentar una base para el desarrollo de esta tecnología a nivel nacional para ayudar a mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas que no cuentan con acceso al suministro eléctrico o que este tiene un carácter intermitente. Se entrega un diseño con sus dimensiones, rangos de operación y trabajo, y un presupuesto estimado necesario para el desarrollo de un equipo basado en las condiciones de un canal en particular. La rueda hidráulica no fue diseñada y los valores entregados aquí son de carácter teórico, sustentados por los modelos y estudios realizados en otros países, por lo que este trabajo puede ser optimizado realizando un prototipo experimental con el cual poder obtener resultados empíricos que sustenten y complementen los datos presentados aquí, junto con una proyección a otros cursos de agua. // ABSTRACT: The problem to be addressed is how to take advantage of small waterways, streams, or canals to generate electricity that can be used in agricultural and/or isolated areas of the country, in the middle of a period where an energy crisis is settling on a global level, the increase in electricity demand due to technological progress and continuous demands from the international community for the transition to a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy matrix. The present work proposes the design of a hydraulic wheel as a micro-hydroelectric power station that is easy to install based on mathematical models and studies carried out on this equipment at an international level, it can be used in irrigation canals to solve some of the energy needs of the rural population. have access to these bodies of water. What is sought is to lay a foundation for the development of this technology at the national level to help improve the quality of life of people who do not have access to electricity or who have an intermittent nature. A design is delivered with its dimensions, operating and work ranges, and an estimated budget necessary for the development of a team based on the conditions of a particular channel. The hydraulic wheel was not designed, and the values given here are theoretical, supported by models and studies carried out in other countries, so this work can be optimized by carrying out an experimental prototype with which to obtain empirical results that support and complement the data listed here, along with a projection to other waterways

Impairment of the hematological response and interleukin-1β production in protein-energy malnourished mice after endotoxemia with lipopolysaccharide

The objectives of this study were to determine if protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) could affect the hematologic response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, leukocyte migration, and blood leukocyte expression of CD11a/CD18. Two-month-old male Swiss mice were submitted to PEM (N = 30) with a low-protein diet (14 days) containing 4% protein, compared to 20% protein in the control group (N = 30). The total cellularity of blood, bone marrow, spleen, and bronchoalveolar lavage evaluated after the LPS stimulus indicated reduced number of total cells in all compartments studied and different kinetics of migration in malnourished animals. The in vitro migration assay showed reduced capacity of migration after the LPS stimulus in malnourished animals (45.7 ± 17.2 x 10(4) cells/mL) compared to control (69.6 ± 7.1 x 10(4) cells/mL, P ≤ 0.05), but there was no difference in CD11a/CD18 expression on the surface of blood leukocytes. In addition, the production of IL-1β in vivo after the LPS stimulus (180.7 pg·h-1·mL-1), and in vitro by bone marrow and spleen cells (41.6 ± 15.0 and 8.3 ± 4.0 pg/mL) was significantly lower in malnourished animals compared to control (591.1 pg·h-1·mL-1, 67.0 ± 23.0 and 17.5 ± 8.0 pg/mL, respectively, P ≤ 0.05). The reduced expression of IL-1β, together with the lower number of leukocytes in the central and peripheral compartments, different leukocyte kinetics, and reduced leukocyte migration capacity are factors that interfere with the capacity to mount an adequate immune response, being partly responsible for the immunodeficiency observed in PEM

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Method to Maximize the Beneficial Effects of Muscle Stem Cells Transplanted into Dystrophic Skeletal Muscle

Cellular therapy is a potential approach to improve the regenerative capacity of damaged or diseased skeletal muscle. However, its clinical use has often been limited by impaired donor cell survival, proliferation and differentiation following transplantation. Additionally, functional improvements after transplantation are all-too-often negligible. Because the host microenvironment plays an important role in the fate of transplanted cells, methods to modulate the microenvironment and guide donor cell behavior are warranted. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) for 1 or 4 weeks following muscle-derived stem cell (MDSC) transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle can modulate the fate of donor cells and enhance their contribution to muscle regeneration and functional improvements. Animals submitted to 4 weeks of NMES after transplantation demonstrated a 2-fold increase in the number of dystrophin+ myofibers as compared to control transplanted muscles. These findings were concomitant with an increased vascularity in the MDSC+NMES group when compared to non-stimulated counterparts. Additionally, animals subjected to NMES (with or without MDSC transplantation) presented an increased maximal specific tetanic force when compared to controls. Although cell transplantation and/or the use of NMES resulted in no changes in fatigue resistance, the combination of both MDSC transplantation and NMES resulted in a faster recovery from fatigue, when compared to non-injected and non-stimulated counterparts. We conclude that NMES is a viable method to improve MDSC engraftment, enhance dystrophic muscle strength, and, in combination with MDSC transplantation, improve recovery from fatigue. These findings suggest that NMES may be a clinically-relevant adjunct approach for cell transplantation into skeletal muscle. © 2013 Distefano et al

Morphology and functionality of the type II pneumocytes and their variation in relation to bovine gestational age

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar a presença de pneumócitos tipo II e o início da produção de lipoproteína surfactante em bovinos, correlacionando a idade gestacional com a síntese de surfactante durante o desenvolvimento fetal. Pulmões de fetos com quatro meses de idade gestacional estavam na fase canalicular de desenvolvimento, sem a presença de pneumócitos tipo II ou bandas eletroforéticas compatíveis com a presença de proteínas surfactante. No 5° mês gestacional, os pulmões dos fetos encontravam-se em fase de saculação terminal, com a presença de alvéolos por epitélio cúbico, com áreas formadas por pneumócitos I e II. Nesse período ainda não foi possível identificar proteína surfactante nos pulmões. Esses órgãos em fetos com seis meses de idade gestacional estavam em fase de saco terminal, com presença de pneumócitos tipo I e II. Nessa fase a análise para determinação protéica do surfactante de feto bovino (SDS - PAGE) demonstrou presença de bandas entre 26 e 36kDa, confirmando produção de SP - A, proteína surfactante encontrada em maior quantidade. A partir do 7° mês gestacional, a fase de saco terminal é mais evidente e complexa, com desenvolvimento de intensa vascularização. O pneumócito tipo I apresentava aspecto mais pavimentoso, e o tipo II apresentava aspecto mais globoso. Na análise SDS - PAGE do lavado bronco - alveolar, bandas de proteína surfactante com aspecto similar ao de animais recém-nascidos foram encontradas. Em recém-nascidos, pulmões na fase alveolar foram observados com pneumócitos tipo I e II característicos. O perfil das bandas do lavado bronco-alveolar dos recém-nascidos foi igual ao de animais adultos. Esses achados sugerem que um animal nascido precocemente, a partir dos sete meses de gestação, teria sua sobrevivência garantida devido a uma possível funcionalidade do sistema respiratório do feto, pois o pulmão possuiria as características necessárias para a síntese de proteínas surfactantes. Entretanto, mais estudos clínicos sobre a funcionalidade do sistema respiratório abrem novas fronteiras de experimentos sobre fisiologia respiratória em recém-nascidos bovinos.The aim of this study was to characterize the presence of type II pneumocyte and the beginning of the surfactant protein production in bovines to the correlated gestational age. Lungs of fetuses at 4 months gestational age were found to be in the canalicular development phase, without presence of type II pneumocytes or appearance of electrophoretic bands compatible with the presence of the surfactant protein. In fetuses at 5 months of gestational age, the lungs were at the terminal sac phase, with the presence of primitive alveolus, formed by cubical epithelium and areas formed by pneumocytes I and pneumocytes II. No electrophoretic bands compatible to the surfactants proteins were identified. In contrast, lungs of fetuses at 6 months of gestational age showed, development of terminal sac phase, with the presence of type I and type II pneumocytes. In this phase, proteic determination for the SDS - PAGE analysis showed the presence of bands between 26 to 36kDa, demonstrating SP - A production, which is the surfactant protein found in highest amount. From the 7th gestational month on, the phase of terminal sac is more evident and complex, with intense sprouting vascularization. The type I pneumocyte had a more squamous aspect and type II pneumocyte were more globular. In the SDS - PAGE analysis of the bronchial - alveolar wash, surfactant protein bands had been observed with a profile similar to that of the newborn animals. In newborn animals, lungs in alveolar phase showed the development of type I and II pneumocytes. The profile of the bronchial - alveolar wash from the newborn was similar to an adult animal, presenting the same bands in triplets. These results suggest that early born fetuses, from 7 months of pregnancy could have a guarantee of surviving due to possible functionality of respiratory system because the lung presented all necessary features for surphactant protein syntheses. However, new clinical studies related to respiratory system functionality open new venues for newborn bovine's experiments respiratory physiology