Benchmarking of different microbes for their biosurfactants antifungal action against plant pathogens

The biotic stress caused by phytopathogens (bacteria, fungus, yeast and insect pests) is a primary factor in yield loss of plants. Biocontrol agents and their active compounds are used to manage such plant pathogens. Here, in our study, we screened four bacterial isolates identified as Bacillus cereus, B. anthracis, B. velezensis and Serratia marcescens after morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization (16s rDNA sequencing) for production of biosurfactant by foam forming activity, oil spreading tests and emulsification activity. Highest foam stability (75 min) and maximum emulsification activity E24% (75%) was observed by B. velezensis strain. Among all the four isolates, Bacillus velezensis strain produced maximum biosurfactant (0.349±0.004 g/50 mL). Biosurfactant of all the four bacterial isolates were checked for fungal inhibiton on PDA plate(s). Bacillus velezensis showed comparatively the highest percent inhibition 58.82, 88.15, 78.45,72.68, 83.96, 75.47, 68.07 and 88.44% against Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceri, Helminthosporium maydis, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp., Helminthosporium oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. Bacillus velezensis biosurfactant among all the four bacterial isolates was found to be most effective against the tested phytopathogens

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Benchmarking of different microbes for their biosurfactants antifungal action against plant pathogens

931-938The biotic stress caused by phytopathogens (bacteria, fungus, yeast and insect pests) is a primary factor in yield loss of plants. Biocontrol agents and their active compounds are used to manage such plant pathogens. Here, in our study, we screened four bacterial isolates identified as Bacillus cereus, B. anthracis, B. velezensis and Serratia marcescens after morphological, biochemical and molecular characterization (16s rDNA sequencing) for production of biosurfactant by foam forming activity, oil spreading tests and emulsification activity. Highest foam stability (75 min) and maximum emulsification activity E24% (75%) was observed by B. velezensis strain. Among all the four isolates, Bacillus velezensis strain produced maximum biosurfactant (0.349±0.004 g/50 mL). Biosurfactant of all the four bacterial isolates were checked for fungal inhibiton on PDA plate(s). Bacillus velezensis showed comparatively the highest percent inhibition 58.82, 88.15, 78.45,72.68, 83.96, 75.47, 68.07 and 88.44% against Colletotrichum falcatum, Fusarium oxysporum f sp. ciceri, Helminthosporium maydis, F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp., Helminthosporium oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani, respectively. Bacillus velezensis biosurfactant among all the four bacterial isolates was found to be most effective against the tested phytopathogens

Integrated Approaches for Management of Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) to Prevent Chilli Leaf Curl Disease in Chilli Crop: A Review

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius) poses significant agricultural challenges due to its role as a vector for plant viral diseases, particularly the Chilli leaf curl disease (ChiLCD). This review discusses the multifaceted management strategies and elaborates on the future prospects and research directions to combat these threats. Precision agriculture is identified as a pivotal tool, with the utilization of drones, machine learning, and automated pesticide application offering early pest detection and targeted interventions. Exploration of novel biological controls, including RNA interference and microbiome manipulation, provide innovative avenues for sustainable pest management. A notable concern remains the development of resistance in pests. Genomic studies and an in-depth understanding of biochemical pathways have shed light on potential strategies to address resistance build-up mechanisms. Behavioral studies elucidate the adaptive changes in pests in response to pesticides. Effective management is not solely reliant on technological and biological advancements. Strengthening the linkages between farmers, extension services, and researchers is essential for the dissemination and practical application of research findings. Digital platforms, participatory research, and feedback mechanisms have emerged as beneficial in this context. While significant challenges persist in the management of Bemisia tabaci and ChiLCD, integrated approaches that combine advanced technology, innovative research, and robust stakeholder partnerships offer a promising pathway forward. This synthesis underscores the importance of interdisciplinary collaborations and continuous research in shaping sustainable agricultural practices

Scientific Approaches for Mass Production, Cold Storage and Release of Trichogramma: Their Role in Insect Pest Management

The use of Trichogramma as a tool in the scientific management of pest insects emerges as a vital element to promote sustainability in agriculture. Having suitable storage methods for parasitoids is a valuable asset within biological control programs. The quality of Trichogramma is affected by cold storage with an acclimation period. Prepupae were subjected to storage for 50, 75, and 100 days at 5°C, preceded by acclimation periods of 10 or 20 days at 12°C. The research revealed the potential to halt the development of Trichogramma. Treatments with a 10-day acclimation period resulted in emergence values below 10%, rendering them unsuitable for establishing a cold storage protocol. In contrast, a 20-day acclimation period benefitted cold storage tolerance for the 50- and 75-day storage periods. The storage of Trichogramma, using a 20-day acclimation period and up to 50 days under cold temperatures, did not adversely affect adult emergence, emergence time, sex ratio, parasitism, or progeny quality

Diseases and Pests Harmful to Honeybees (Apis spp.) and Their Management Tactics: A Review

Honeybees (Apis spp.) play a vital role in pollination and contribute significantly to global agriculture. However, the health and survival of honeybee colonies are threatened by a range of harmful insect pests and diseases. This review provides an overview of the major pests and diseases that impact honeybee colonies and explores the diverse management tactics employed to mitigate their effects. The primary focus is on key pests such as the Varroa mite (Varroa destructor), which inflicts considerable damage by parasitizing adult bees and their brood, facilitating the transmission of debilitating viruses. Management strategies for Varroa mites encompass chemical treatments, integrated pest management (IPM) approaches, and organic treatments to curtail mite populations and prevent colony collapse. Another significant threat discussed is the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida), a beetle species that disrupts hives by laying eggs in comb and consuming stored resources. Hive manipulation, traps, and chemical controls are among the tactics utilized to control small hive beetle populations and mitigate their impact. The review also addresses wax moths (Galleria mellonella and Achroia grisella), which target hive comb, potentially causing comb destruction and honey fermentation. Hive maintenance, freezing, and pheromone traps are outlined as effective strategies to combat wax moth infestations. Additionally, the review covers Nosema infections (Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae), and microsporidian parasites that compromise adult bee health by weakening immune systems and reducing foraging efficiency. Hive hygiene, medications, and genetic selection are explored as methods to manage Nosema infections and bolster colony resilience. To effectively manage these harmful pests and diseases, a holistic and integrated approach is recommended. Beekeepers are encouraged to remain informed about the latest research findings and implement appropriate measures, considering local conditions and sustainable beekeeping practices. By combining scientific knowledge with practical application, the resilience of honeybee colonies can be enhanced, ensuring the vital role they play in pollination and global food security

A Comprehensive Review on Seasonal Incidence of Fall Army Worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) and Their Management

The Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, represents a formidable challenge to global agriculture due to its rapid spread and significant impact on crop yields. This comprehensive review focuses on providing an in-depth exploration of FAW's biology, its seasonal dynamics, and the multifaceted strategies employed for its management. Leveraging datasets from multiple geographical regions, we examined the patterns of FAW infestations and their correlation with various climatic and environmental factors. The research emphasized the criticality of predictive modeling tools in forecasting pest incidence and highlighted the potential of machine learning and big data analytics in enhancing the accuracy of these predictive tools. Innovative management solutions, spanning from genetic interventions to the application of nanotechnology, were also discussed, underlining their potential in mitigating FAW damage. Central to our findings was the recurrent theme of international collaboration; the need for globally coordinated efforts in research, monitoring, and the sharing of resources emerged as a pivotal component in the fight against this pest. By incorporating diverse perspectives, including field insights from farmers and advancements in modern technology, this review aims to provide a holistic overview of the present scenario and proffers strategies for future action against the FAW threat

Advancements in the Use of Entomopathogenic Microbes for Pest and Disease Management- A Review

This comprehensive review presents an in-depth analysis of the role of entomopathogenic microbes in insect pest and disease management. The study covers the taxonomy and classification of these organisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and nematodes, all of which have shown efficacy in controlling various insect pests. Entomopathogenic microbes represent a valuable, sustainable, and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides, highlighting their significant role in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. The review reveals that entomopathogenic microbes affect pests at different developmental stages through various mechanisms, including disease induction, parasitism, and competition for resources. The effects are not just lethal but also sub-lethal, affecting pest reproductive capacity, growth, and development. The microbes secondary metabolites often have antimicrobial properties, contributing to plant disease management by suppressing plant pathogens. Despite their promising potential, challenges exist in the widespread application of these microbes. Factors such as formulation, delivery, and environmental conditions can influence their effectiveness. The paper also discusses the importance of genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in understanding the complex interactions between microbes, insects, and plants, which could lead to the development of more targeted and efficient bio-control agents. The review outlines future directions for this field, emphasizing the necessity for more extensive research to enhance our understanding of entomopathogenic microbes, optimize their use, overcome the current challenges, and harness their potential for sustainable pest and disease management. The need for regulatory frameworks to ensure safe and effective utilization is also underscored. This paper underscores the untapped potential of entomopathogenic microbes as acritical component of sustainable agriculture

Proceedings of the International Conference on Frontiers in Desalination, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences for Sustainable Development

This proceeding contains articles on the various ideas of the academic community presented at the International Conference on Frontiers in Desalination, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences for Sustainable Development (FEEMSSD-2023) & Annual Congress of InDA (InDACON-2023) jointly organized by the Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology Gorakhpur, KIPM-College of Engineering and Technology Gida Gorakhpur, and Indian Desalination Association, India on 16th-17th March 2023.  FEEMSSD-2023 & InDACON-2023 focuses on addressing issues and concerns related to sustainability in all domains of Energy, Environment, Desalination, and Material Science and attempts to present the research and innovative outputs in a global platform. The conference aims to bring together leading academicians, researchers, technocrats, practitioners, and students to exchange and share their experiences and research outputs in Energy, Environment, Desalination, and Material Science.  Conference Title: International Conference on Frontiers in Desalination, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences for Sustainable Development & Annual Congress of InDAConference Acronyms: FEEMSSD-2023 & InDACON-2023Conference Date: 16th-17th March 2023Conference Location: Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, GorakhpurConference Organizers: Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology Gorakhpur, KIPM-College of Engineering and Technology Gida Gorakhpur, and Indian Desalination Association, Indi