Relaciones entre servicios centrales y unidades de negocio en grupos empresariales: efectos derivados de la centralización de compras

En una situación como la actual, caracterizada por la globalización e internacionalización de los mercados y una crisis cuyos efectos aún están por definir, es fundamental para las empresas conseguir una posición competitiva fuerte. Desde hace varios años, el desarrollo de mercados geográficos ha sido una de las estrategias más frecuentes y ha resultado una de las que más éxito viene cosechando. Hace relativamente poco tiempo, las empresas españolas que habían adoptado esta estrategia en años anteriores revelaron que una parte muy sustancial de sus resultados provenían de sus unidades de negocio establecidas en otros mercados, en muchos casos, en mercados emergentes. Aún así, a pesar de estos resultados favorables siempre muy relativos, estas empresas multinacionales o transnacionales se han visto obligadas a aplicar estrategias de refuerzo como el aprovechamiento de economías de escala, buscando por la acumulación y la uniformidad conseguir mejoras en costes. La finalidad de este artículo es analizar los efectos que medidas como la centralización de compras pueden producir en el conjunto del grupo empresarial, establecer sus posibles perjuicios en torno a las unidades de negocio y proponer algunas alternativas para su compensación. ---------- In the present situation, characterized by globalization and internationalization of the markets and a crisis whose effects remain undefined, it is essential for companies to obtain a strong competitive position. For several years, geographic market development has been one of the most frequent strategies and it has turned out to be nearly one of the most successful. Only a short time ago, Spanish businesses which had adopted this strategy in previous years, revealed that a substantial part of their results came from their units in other markets, in many cases, emerging markets. In spite of these always very relative results, these multinational or transnational companies have felt the need to apply reinforcement strategies, such as the use of scale economies, in an attempt to obtain improvements in costs through accumulation and uniformity. The aim of this article is to analyze the effects that measures such as centralization of purchases can have in the managerial group as a whole, to study possible negative effects inside it and to suggest some alternatives to compensate for them

Eliminación de nitratos por desnitrificación en la zona no saturada del suelo en un humedal del cinturón Peri-Urbano de Vitoria-Gasteiz

Los cambios de usos del suelo y la intensificación de la agricultura en el acuífero cuaternario de Vitoria-Gasteiz llevaron a la desaparición de los humedales. Acciones recientes de restauración en el área peri-urbana han llevado a su recuperación. La restauración de estas zonas húmedas ha contribuido a la disminución de nitratos de las aguas subterráneas. Las concentraciones en NO3 -, superiores a 50 mg NO3 -/L en las aguas fluyentes hacia la zona húmeda, son inferiores a 10 mg NO3 -/L en los alrededores del humedal. Se ha medido el potencial de desnitrificación de los suelos en la zona no saturada mediante en método de bloqueo con acetileno en tres perfiles de suelo adyacentes al humedal a tres profundidades representativas del suelo del depósito aluvial. Los valores máximos de desnitrificación se observan en los horizontes superficiales ricos en materia orgánica (32,0 – 36,2 g MO/kg suelo) con tasas de desnitrificación que varían entre 18,7 y 20,3 mg N/día*kg de suelo. Los contenidos en materia orgánica disminuyen en profundidad (4,3 – 5,7 g MO/kg suelo en el horizonte B2 entre 70 y 100 cm de profundidad). En este horizonte se han medido las tasas de desnitrificación mas bajas con valores que varían entre 0,1 y 1,1 mg N/día*kg de suelo

Responses of soil hexapod communities to increasing nitrogen in a subarctic grassland

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABThe warming of boreal ecosystems accelerates decomposition and increases nitrogen (N) availability. The impact of increased N on subarctic soil fauna communities, however, remains poorly understood. We investigated the response of soil hexapods to a N addition experiment in a subarctic grassland. We characterized the soil hexapod communities using environmental DNA metabarcoding and analyzed the levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), microbial carbon (Cmic), and microbial nitrogen (Nmic). N addition increased DON and Nmic, while DOC and Cmic pools remained unchanged. Furthermore, N addition caused shifts in soil hexapod community compositional diversity between control and N plots in herbivore and microbivore taxa. The levels of DON and Nmic strongly correlated with these shifts, explaining 54% and 45% of the compositional variability, respectively. This study demonstrates a clear link between N availability and shifts in soil hexapod communities, associated to changes in microbial and dissolved N pools in subarctic grasslands

Responses of soil hexapod communities to warming are mediated by microbial carbon and nitrogen in a subarctic grassland

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UABWarming in subarctic ecosystems will be two-fold higher compared to lower latitudes under current climate change projections. While the effects of warming in northern ecosystems on plants and microorganisms have been extensively studied, the responses of soil fauna have received much less attention, despite their important role in regulating key soil processes. We analyzed the response of soil hexapod communities in a subarctic grassland exposed to a natural geothermal gradient in Iceland with increases of +3 and + 6 °C above ambient temperature. We characterized hexapod communities using environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. We analyzed the amounts of microbial carbon (Cmic), microbial N (Nmic), dissolved organic C (DOC) and dissolved organic N (DON) and then assessed whether these variables could help to account for the compositional dissimilarity of ground hexapod communities across temperatures. The increases in soil temperature did lead to changes in the composition of hexapod communities. The compositional differences caused by +6 °C plots were correlated with a decrease in Cmic and Nmic, soil DOC and DON. Our results highlight the response of soil hexapods to warming, and their interaction with microbial biomass ultimately correlated with changes in the availabilities of soil C and N

Using metabarcoding to reveal and quantify plant-pollinator interactions.

12 pagesInternational audienceGiven the ongoing decline of both pollinators and plants, it is crucial to implement effective methods to describe complex pollination networks across time and space in a comprehensive and high-throughput way. Here we tested if metabarcoding may circumvent the limits of conventional methodologies in detecting and quantifying plant-pollinator interactions. Metabarcoding experiments on pollen DNA mixtures described a positive relationship between the amounts of DNA from focal species and the number of trnL and ITS1 sequences yielded. The study of pollen loads of insects captured in plant communities revealed that as compared to the observation of visits, metabarcoding revealed 2.5 times more plant species involved in plant-pollinator interactions. We further observed a tight positive relationship between the pollen-carrying capacities of insect taxa and the number of trnL and ITS1 sequences. The number of visits received per plant species also positively correlated to the number of their ITS1 and trnL sequences in insect pollen loads. By revealing interactions hard to observe otherwise, metabarcoding significantly enlarges the spatiotemporal observation window of pollination interactions. By providing new qualitative and quantitative information, metabarcoding holds great promise for investigating diverse facets of interactions and will provide a new perception of pollination networks as a whole

Urinary Arsenic Species and Methylation Efficiency During Pregnancy: Concentrations and Associated Factors in Spanish Pregnant Women

Background: Arsenic (As) is considered to be toxic for humans, the main routes of exposure being through drinking water and the diet. Once ingested, inorganic arsenic can be methylated sequentially to monomethyl and dimethyl arsenicals. Several factors can affect both As exposure and methylation efficiency. Objectives: To describe the urinary concentrations of the different As species and evaluate the methylation effi-ciency during pregnancy, as well as their associated factors in a birth cohort of pregnant Spanish women. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional study were 1017 pregnant women from two areas of Spain who had taken part in the INMA (Environment and Childhood) project (2003 & ndash;2008). Total As (organic and inorganic compounds) and its main metabolites (monomethylarsonic acid, [MMA], dimethylarsinic acid, [DMA], inorganic As [iAs]) and arsenobetaine [AB]) were measured in urine samples collected during the first trimester. Socio-demographic and dietary information was collected through questionnaires. Multivariate linear regression models were used to explore the association between As species concentrations and covariates. Arsenic methylation efficiency was determined through the percentages of the metabolites and using As methylation phenotypes, obtained from principal component analysis. Results: Median urine concentrations were 33.0, 21.6, 6.5, 0.35 and 0.33 lig/g creatinine for total As, AB, DMA, MMA and iAs, respectively. Daily consumption of rice and seafood during the first trimester of pregnancy were positively associated with the concentration of As species (i.e., beta [CI95%] = 0.36 [0.09, 0.64] for rice and iAs, and 1.06 [0.68, 1.44] for seafood and AB). TAs, AB and iAs concentrations, and DMA and MMA concentrations were associated with legume and vegetable consumption, respectively. The medians of the percentage of As metabolites were 89.7 for %DMA, 5.1 for %MMA and 4.7 for %iAs. Non-smoker women and those with higher body mass index presented a higher methylation efficiency (denoted by a higher %DMA and lower %MMA). Discussion: Certain dietary, lifestyle, and environmental factors were observed to have an influence on both As species concentrations and methylation efficiency in our population. Further birth cohort studies in low exposure areas are necessary to improve knowledge about arsenic exposure, especially to inorganic forms, and its potential health impact during childhood.This study was supported by grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain [FIS-FEDER: 07/0314; FIS 11/01007, 13/1944, 16/1288, 19/1338; Miguel Servet-FEDER: CP15/0025, CPII20/00006; FIS-FSE: 17/00260; Miguel Servet-FSE: MS15/0025, MS20/0006; PI06/0867 and FIS-PI18/01142 incl. FEDER funds] , Generalitat Valenciana, Spain BEST/2020/059, Department of Health of the Basque Government, Spain (2005111093) , Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG06/002) , and annual agreements with the municipalities in the study area (Zumarraga, Urretxu, Legazpi, Azkoitia, Azpeitia and Beasain)

Habitat specialization and phylogenetic structure of tree species in a coastal Brazilian white-sand forest

Aims The coastal Brazilian rainforest on white-sand (restinga) ranks among the most fragmented forest types in the tropics, owing to both the patchy distribution of sandy soils and widespread coastal development activities. Here we study the environmental and evolutionary determinants of a forest tree assemblage at a single restinga forest in Southeastern Brazil. We also explore the ability of competing hypotheses to explain the maintenance of species diversity in this forest type, which includes contrasting extremes of edaphic conditions associated with flooding stress. Methods The study was conducted in a white-sand forest permanent plot of 10.24 ha on the coastal plain of Southeastern Brazil. This plot was divided into 256 quadrats of 20×20 m, which were classified into two main edaphic habitats (flooded and drained). Trees with a diameter ≥1cm at breast height were identified. We assembled DNA sequence data for each of the 116 morphospecies recognized using two chloroplast markers (rbcL and matK). A phylogenetic tree was obtained using the maximum likelihood method, and a phylogenetic distance matrix was produced from an ultrametric tree. We analyzed similarity in floristic composition and structure between habitats and related them to cross-plot distances using permutation procedures. Null model torus shift simulations were performed to obtain a statistical significance level for habitat association for each species. The phylogenetic structure for the two habitats and for each 20×20 m quadrat was calculated using the mean phylogenetic distance weighted by species abundance and checked for significance using the standardized effect size generated by 5000 randomizations of phylogenetic tip labels. Important Findings Our results indicate that partitioning among edaphic habitats is important for explaining species distributions and coexistence in restinga forests. Species distributions within the plot were found to be non-random: there was greater floristic similarity within than between habitats, and >40% of the more abundant species were positively or negatively associated with at least one habitat. Patterns of habitat association were not independent of phylogenetic relatedness: the community was overdispersed with respect to space and habitat type. Closely related species tended to occur in different habitats, while neighboring trees tended to belong to more distantly related species. We conclude that habitat specialization is important for the coexistence of species in restinga forests and that habitat heterogeneity is therefore an essential factor in explaining the maintenance of diversity of this unique but fragile and threatened type of forest. © 2014 The Author

Decay of similarity across tropical forest communities : integrating spatial distance with soil nutrients

Altres ajuts: Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICUnderstanding the mechanisms that drive the change of biotic assemblages over space and time is the main quest of community ecology. Assessing the relative importance of dispersal and environmental species selection in a range of organismic sizes and motilities has been a fruitful strategy. A consensus for whether spatial and environmental distances operate similarly across spatial scales and taxa, however, has yet to emerge. We used censuses of four major groups of organisms (soil bacteria, fungi, ground insects, and trees) at two observation scales (1-m sampling point vs. 2,500-m plots) in a topographically standardized sampling design replicated in two tropical rainforests with contrasting relationships between spatial distance and nutrient availability. We modeled the decay of assemblage similarity for each taxon set and site to assess the relative contributions of spatial distance and nutrient availability distance. Then, we evaluated the potentially structuring effect of tree composition over all other taxa. The similarity of nutrient content in the litter and topsoil had a stronger and more consistent selective effect than did dispersal limitation, particularly for bacteria, fungi, and trees at the plot level. Ground insects, the only group assessed with the capacity of active dispersal, had the highest species turnover and the flattest nonsignificant distance−decay relationship, suggesting that neither dispersal limitation nor nutrient availability were fundamental drivers of their community assembly at this scale of analysis. Only the fungal communities at one of our study sites were clearly coordinated with tree composition. The spatial distance at the smallest scale was more important than nutrient selection for the bacteria, fungi, and insects. The lower initial similarity and the moderate variation in composition identified by these distance-decay models, however, suggested that the effects of stochastic sampling were important at this smaller spatial scale. Our results highlight the importance of nutrients as one of the main environmental drivers of rainforest communities irrespective of organismic or propagule size and how the overriding effect of the analytical scale influences the interpretation, leading to the perception of greater importance of dispersal limitation and ecological drift over selection associated with environmental niches at decreasing observation scales

Arbuscular mycorrhizal community structure on co-existing tropical legume trees in French Guiana

Aims We aimed to characterise the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) community structure and potential edaphic determinants in the dominating, but poorly described, root-colonizing Paris-type AMF community on co-occurring Amazonian leguminous trees. Methods Three highly productive leguminous trees (Dicorynia guianensis, Eperua falcata and Tachigali melinonii were targeted) in species-rich forests on contrasting soil types at the Nouragues Research Station in central French Guiana. Abundant AMF SSU rRNA amplicons (NS31-AM1 & AML1-AML2 primers) from roots identified via trnL profiling were subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), clone library sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Results Classical approaches targeting abundant SSU amplicons highlighted a diverse root-colonizing symbiotic AMF community dominated by members of the Glomeraceae. DGGE profiling indicated that, of the edaphic factors investigated, soil nitrogen was most important in influencing the AMF community and this was more important than any host tree species effect. Conclusions Dominating Paris-type mycorrhizal leguminous trees in Amazonian soils host diverse and novel taxa within the Glomeraceae that appear under edaphic selection in the investigated tropical forests. Linking symbiotic diversity of identified AMF taxa to ecological processes is the next challenge ahead

Fosfolipasa Cß1a/b-ren papera giza jatorrizko NTera2/D1 zelulen ziklo zelularraren G1 fasearen modulazioan. Ekintza mekanismo potentziala desberdintze neuronala zuzentzeko.

161 p.Egun, ezaguna da Fosfolipasa C ß1 (PLCß1) hainbat zelulen desberdintze prozesuan inplikaturik dagoela, baita zelula neuronalen desberdintze prozesuan ere. Haatik, desberdintze neuronala bideratzeko PLCß1-aren ekintza mekanismoa aztertzen duten ikerketa gutxi burutu dira. Lan honetan, PLCß1-ak NTera2/D1 (NT2) zelulen ziklo zelularraren G1 fasea modulatu dezakela frogatu dugu eta modulazio hau, NT2 zelulen desberdintze neuronala bideratzeko mekanismoa izan daitekela proposatu dugu. Bestetik, PLCß1-ak zuzendutako NT2 zelulen desberdintze prozesuan sakondu dugu, bere bi splincing aldaerek eta zelula barneko kokapenak prozesu hau baldintzatu dezaketen aztertu baitugu. Azkenik, Saguen Helduaroko Hipokanpoko Ama Zelula Neuronalen desberdintzapen prozesuan PLCß1-ren mRNA eta proteina mailen igoera gertatzen dela frogatu dugu