AVALIAÇÃO IN VITRO DO FATOR DE PROTEÇÃO SOLAR A PARTIR DE FOTOPROTETORES MANIPULADOS CONTENDO AGENTES ATIVOS ANTIENVELHECIMENTO

Questões críticas foram levantadas envolvendo interações potenciais entre os componentes do filtro solar e os componentes de agentes ativos antienvelhecimento (AA). O objetivo foi avaliar fotoprotetores contendo diferentes agentes AA, com ou sem fragrância, que foram submetidos à uma análise macroscópica, centrifugação, determinação de pH e o fator de proteção solar (FPS) in vitro. Todas as preparações apresentaram estabilidade física. No entanto, as formulações contendo Deanol® apresentaram o pH significativamente mais baixo do que os outros fotoprotetores, independentemente da fragrância, indicando que a estabilidade destas formulações pode ser menor. Quanto à variação do FPS in vitro não foi encontrada diferença significativa após a adição do agente de AA em fotoprotetores. No entanto, os filtros solares contendo Enteline® apresentaram o FPS significativamente maior nas formulações sem fragrância. Em conclusão, as preparações estudadas apresentaram estabilidade física e o intervalo de estabilidade apresentado do pH em conformidade com a necessidade de filtros solares contendo compostos Longevicell®, Enteline® ou Iris Iso® como os agentes AA. No entanto, as formulações contendo Deanol® devem ser ajustadas para a o intervalo de pH (6,0-7,0), independentemente da fragrância. Além disso, a fragrância usada em fotoprotetores Enteline® avaliados neste trabalho pode diminuir significativamente o FPS na preparação e devem ser evitados a fim de garantir a segurança e eficácia dos protetores solares associadas aos agentes AA

Estudo da influência da sedimentação gravitacional da lama vermelha na resistência à chamas de compósitos poliméricos / Study of the influence of gravitational sedimentation of red mud on the flame resistance of polymeric composites

O Estado do Pará é um dos maiores produtores de substâncias minerais do Brasil, como consequência vários resíduos são gerados conforme a produção, isso ocasiona enormes impactos ambientais, sendo assim necessário fornecer uma utilidade para esses resíduos. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da sedimentação gravitacional da lama vermelha nos compósitos poliméricos através dos ensaios de flamabilidade (IEC 60695-11-10 e ASTM D635). A lama vermelha passou por várias classificações granulométricas, utilizou-se a resina poliéster isoftálica, iniciador (1,5 % v/v) e acelerador de cobalto (1 % v/v), estipulou-se as frações mássicas de 40 % e 20 % para cada camada (sedimentada e suspensão), respectivamente. A fabricação dos compósitos foi realizada por moldagem manual em molde de silicone. Os compósitos apresentaram capacidade de resistência à chama, sendo que os compósitos de 40 % de lama vermelha sedimentada e em suspensão apresentaram melhor desempenho em relação à matriz plena

Low-Level Laser Therapy Reduces Lung Inflammation in an Experimental Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Involving P2X7 Receptor

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease characterized by irreversible airflow limitation, airway inflammation and remodeling, and enlargement of alveolar spaces. COPD is in the top five leading causes of deaths worldwide and presents a high economic cost. However, there are some preventive measures to lower the risk of developing COPD. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is a new effective therapy, with very low cost and no side effects. So, our objective was to investigate if LLLT reduces pulmonary alterations in an experimental model of COPD. C57BL/6 mice were submitted to cigarette smoke for 75 days (2x/day). After 60 days to smoke exposure, the treated group was submitted to LLLT (diode laser, 660 nm, 30 mW, and 3 J/cm(2)) for 15 days and euthanized for morphologic and functional analysis of the lungs. Our results showed that LLLT significantly reduced the number of inflammatory cells and the proinflammatory cytokine secretion such as IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). We also observed that LLLT decreased collagen deposition as well as the expression of purinergic P2X7 receptor. On the other hand, LLLT increased the IL-10 release. Thus, LLLT can be pointed as a promising therapeutic approach for lung inflammatory diseases as COPD.Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) [2012/16498-5, 2012/15165-2]FAPESP [2015/23152-6, 2014/14604-8, 2015/13486-4]Univ Nove Julho UNINOVE, Post Grad Program Biophoton Appl Hlth Sci, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilBrazilian Inst Teaching & Res Pulm & Exercise Imm, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilUniv Nove Julho UNINOVE, Masters Degree & PhD Program Rehabil Sci, Expt Cardioresp Physiol Lab, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Calif San Diego UCSD Hlth Sci, Div Trauma Surg Crit Care Burns & Acute Care Surg, Dept Surg, San Diego, CA USAFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Inst Sci & Technol, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilUniv Brasil, Postgrad Program Bioengn, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Postgrad Program Sci Human Movement & Rehabil, Santos, SP, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Inst Sci & Technol, Sao Jose Dos Campos, SP, BrazilFed Univ Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Postgrad Program Sci Human Movement & Rehabil, Santos, SP, BrazilFAPESP [2012/16498-5, 2012/15165-2]FAPESP [2015/23152-6, 2014/14604-8, 2015/13486-4]Web of Scienc

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file