Exact solution of variable coefficient mixed hyperbolic partial differential problems

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the construction of exact series solution of mixed variable coefficient hyperbolic problems

Chronic disease risk typologies among young adults in community college

Objectives: To address chronic disease risk holistically from a behavioral perspective, insights are needed to refine understanding of the covariance of key health behaviors. This study aims to identify distinct typologies of young adults based on 4 modifiable risk factors of chronic disease using a latent class analysis approach, and to describe patterns of class membership based on demographic characteristics, living arrangements, and weight. Methods: Overall, 441 young adults aged 18-35 attending community colleges in the Minnesota Twin Cities area completed a baseline questionnaire for the Choosing Healthy Options in College Environments and Settings study, a RCT. Behavioral items were used to create indicators for latent classes, and individuals were classified using maximum-probability assignment. Results: Three latent classes were identified: ‘active, binge-drinkers with a healthy dietary intake’ (13.1%); ‘non-active, moderate-smokers and non-drinkers with poor dietary intake’ (38.2%); ‘moderately active, non-smokers and non-drinkers with moderately healthy dietary intake’ (48.7%). Classes exhibited unique demographic and weight-related profiles. Conclusions: This study may contribute to the literature on health behaviors among young adults and provides evidence that there are weight and age differences among subgroups. Understanding how behaviors cluster is important for identifying groups for targeted interventions in community colleges

Second-order corrections to neutrino two-flavor oscillation parameters in the wave packet approach

We report about an analytic study involving the {\em intermediate} wave packet formalism for quantifying the physically relevant information which appear in the neutrino two-flavor conversion formula and help us to obtain more precise limits and ranges for neutrino flavor oscillation. By following the sequence of analytic approximations where we assume a strictly peaked momentum distribution and consider the second-order corrections in a power series expansion of the energy, we point out a {\em residual} time-dependent phase which, coupled with the {\em spreading/slippage} effects, can subtly modify the neutrino oscillation parameters and limits. Such second-order effects are usually ignored in the relativistic wave packet treatment, but they present an evident dependence on the propagation regime so that some small modifications to the oscillation pattern, even in the ultra-relativistic limit, can be quantified. These modifications are implemented in the confront with the neutrino oscillation parameter range (mass-squared difference \Delta m^{\2} and the mixing-angle $\theta$) where we assume the same wave packet parameters previously noticed in the literature in a kind of {\em toy model} for some reactor experiments. Generically speaking, our analysis parallels the recent experimental purposes which concern with higher precision parameter measurements. To summarize, we show that the effectiveness of a more accurate determination of \Delta m^{\2} and $\theta$ depends on the wave packet width $a$ and on the averaged propagating energy flux $\bar{E}$ which still correspond to open variables for some classes of experiments. \Comment: 25 pages, 5 figure

High-Intensity Interval Training for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Study

Objective: To assess the feasibility and changes in outcomes of a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) program in individuals with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: The single-arm trial included 29 participants (mean ± SD age 63 ± 7 years; 66% women; 66% obese). Measures of participant flow, adherence, and tolerability were collected. Pain, function, and balance were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, 20-m fast-paced walk test, 30-second chair-stand test, stair-climb test, timed up and go test, and single leg stance. Cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, and body composition were evaluated using peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), isometric knee extensor/flexor strength, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, respectively. HIIT was completed two times/week (cycling or treadmill) and consisted of 10 repetitions of 1-minute bouts at 90% VO2peak, with 1-minute rest periods. Separate multivariable-adjusted linear mixed models were fit for each outcome with fixed effects of time, age, sex, body mass index, and random effects of baseline values to estimate mean changes and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between baseline and 12-week assessments. Results: Recruitment aligned with the anticipated enrollment rate, adherence was 70%, and no adverse events were reported. At 12 weeks, improvements were observed for most outcomes, with notable mean changes for the 20-m fast-paced walk (−1.13 [95% CI −1.61 to −0.64] seconds), 30-second chair-stand (2.6 [1.8-3.4] stands), and VO2peak (0.14 [0.03-0.24] liters/minute). Conclusion: In this 12-week pilot study, HIIT improved multiple aspects of health in individuals with knee OA; larger studies are needed

Recommendations For Long-term Home Oxygen Therapy In Children And Adolescents

Objective: To advise pediatricians, neonatologists, pulmonologists, pediatric pulmonologists, and other professionals in the area on the main indications and characteristics of long-term home oxygen therapy in children and adolescents. Data source: A literature search was carried out in the MEDLINE/PubMed database (1990 to 2011). Additionally, references from selected studies were included. As consistent scientific evidence does not exist for many aspects, some of the recommendations were based on clinical experience. Data synthesis: Long-term home oxygen therapy has been a growing practice in pediatric patients and is indicated in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, bronchiolitis obliterans, interstitial lung diseases, and pulmonary hypertension, among others. The benefits are: decrease in hospitalizations, optimization of physical growth and neurological development, improvement of exercise tolerance and quality of sleep, and prevention of pulmonary hypertension/cor pulmonale. The levels of oxygen saturation indicative for oxygen therapy differ from those established for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and vary according to age and disease. Pulse oximetry is used to evaluate oxygen saturation; arterial blood gas is unnecessary. There are three available sources of oxygen: gas cylinders, liquid oxygen, and oxygen concentrators. The flows used are usually smaller, as are the number of hours/day needed when compared to the use in adults. Some diseases show improvement and oxygen therapy discontinuation is possible. Conclusions: Long-term home oxygen therapy is increasingly common in pediatrics and has many indications. There are relevant particularities when compared to its use in adults, regarding indications, directions for use, and monitoring. Copyright © 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.891617Doherty, D.E., Petty, T.L., Bailey, W., Carlin, B., Cassaburi, R., Christopher, K., Recommendations of the 6th long-term oxygen therapy consensus conference (2006) Respir Care., 51, pp. 519-525Mocelin, H.T., Fischer, G.B., Ranzi, L.C., Rosa, R.D., Philomena, M.R., Home oxygen therapy in children: Seven years experience (2001) J Pneumol, 27, pp. 148-152Primhak, R.A., Hicks, B., Shaw, N.J., Donaldson, G.C., Balfour-Lynn, I.M., Use of home oxygen for children in England and Wales (2011) Arch Dis Child, 96, pp. 389-392Munhoz, A.S., Adde, F.V., Nakaie, C.M., Doria Filho, U., Silva Filho, L.V., Rodrigues, J.C., Long-term home oxygen therapy in children and adolescents: Analysis of clinical use and costs of a home care program (2011) J Pediatr (Rio J), 87, pp. 13-18Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: A clinical trial (1980) Ann Intern Med, 93, pp. 391-398. , Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial GroupReport of the medical research council working party (1981) Lancet, 1, pp. 681-686. , Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic corpulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysemaGuyatt, G.H., McKim, D.A., Austin, P., Bryan, R., Norgren, J., Weaver, B., Appropriateness of domiciliary oxygen delivery (2000) Chest, 118, pp. 1303-1308Kotecha, S., Allen, J., Oxygen therapy for infants with chronic lung disease (2002) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 87, pp. F11-F14Simonds, A.K., Home ventilation (2003) Eur Respir J Suppl, 47, pp. 38s-46sBalfour-Lynn, I.M., Primhak, R.A., Shaw, B.N., Home oxygen for children: Who, how and when? 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babies (2007) Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed, 92, pp. F143-F147McMorrow, R.C., Mythen, M.G., Pulse oximetry (2006) Curr Opin Crit Care, 12, pp. 269-271Sinex, J.E., Pulse oximetry: Principles and limitations (1999) Am J Emerg Med, 17, pp. 59-67Barker, S.J., Badal, J.J., The measurement of dyshemoglobins and total hemoglobin by pulse oximetry (2008) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol, 21, pp. 805-810Hunt, C.E., Corwin, M.J., Lister, G., Weese-Mayer, D.E., Neuman, M.R., Tinsley, L., Longitudinal assessment of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in healthy infants during the first 6 months of age (1999) J Pediatr, 135, pp. 580-586. , Collaborative Home Infant Monitoring Evaluation (CHIME) Study GroupHunt, C.E., Corwin, M.J., Weese-Mayer, D.E., Ward, S.L., Ramanathan, R., Lister, G., Longitudinal assessment of hemoglobin oxygen saturation in preterm and term infants in the first six months of life (2011) J Pediatr, 159, pp. 377-383Masters, I.B., Goes, A.M., Healy, L., O'Neil, M., Stephens, D., Harris, M.A., 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(2006) Semin Perinatol, 30, pp. 179-184Monte, L.F., Silva Filho, L.V., Miyoshi, M.H., Rozov, T., Displasia broncopulmonar (2005) J Pediatr (Rio J), 81, pp. 99-110Bancalari, E., Claure, N., Definitions and diagnostic criteria for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2006) Semin Perinatol, 30, pp. 164-170Ellsbury, D.L., Acarregui, M.J., McGuinness, G.A., Eastman, D.L., Klein, J.M., Controversy surrounding the use of home oxygen for premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (2004) J Perinatol, 24, pp. 36-40I: Primary outcomes (2000) Pediatrics, 105, pp. 295-310. , Supplemental Therapeutic Oxygen for Prethreshold Retinopathy of Prematurity (STOP-ROP), a randomized, controlled trialAskie, L.M., Henderson-Smart, D.J., Irwig, L., Simpson, J.M., Oxygensaturation targets and outcomes in extremely preterm infants (2003) N Engl J Med, 349, pp. 959-967Higgins, R.D., Bancalari, E., Willinger, M., Raju, T.N., Executive summary of the workshop on oxygen in neonatal therapies: Controversies and 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the treatment of hypoxemic cystic fibrosis patients (1989) J Pediatr, 114, pp. 368-377Urquhart, D.S., Montgomery, H., Jaffé, A., Assessment of hypoxia in children with cystic fibrosis (2005) Arch Dis Child, 90, pp. 1138-1143Douglass, H., Potter, H., Jarad, N., Current practice in prescription, assessment and use of oxygen therapy in cystic fibrosis: A national UK survey (2008) J Cystic Fibrosis, 7, pp. S77Elphick, H.E., Mallory, G., Oxygen therapy for cystic fibrosis (2009) Cochrane Database Syst Rev, (1), pp. CD003884Frangolias, D.D., Wilcox, P.G., Predictability of oxygen desaturation during sleep in patients with cystic fibrosis: Clinical, spirometric, and exercise parameters (2001) Chest, 119, pp. 434-441De Castro-Silva, C., De Bruin, V.M., Cavalcante, A.G., Bittencourt, L.R., De Bruin, P.F., Nocturnal hypoxia and sleep disturbances in cystic fibrosis (2009) Pediatr Pulmonol, 44, pp. 1143-1150Milross, M.A., Piper, A.J., Norman, M., Willson, G.N., Grunstein, R.R., Sullivan, C.E., Predicting sleep-disordered breathing in patients with cystic fibrosis (2001) Chest, 120, pp. 1239-1245Narang, I., Pike, S., Rosenthal, M., Balfour-Lynn, I.M., Bush, A., Threeminute step test to assess exercise capacity in children with cystic fibrosis with mild lung disease (2003) Pediatr Pulmonol, 35, pp. 108-113Fischer, G.B., Sarria, E.E., Mattiello, R., Mocelin, H.T., Castro-Rodriguez, J.A., Post infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children (2010) Paediatr Respir Rev, 11, pp. 233-239Champs, N.S., Lasmar, L.M., Camargos, P.A., Marguet, C., Fischer, G.B., Mocelin, H.T., Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children (2011) J Pediatr (Rio J), 87, pp. 187-198Paiva, M.A., Amaral, S.M., Chronic interstitial lung diseases in children (2009) J Bras Pneumol, 35, pp. 792-803Clement, A., Nathan, N., Epaud, R., Fauroux, B., Corvol, H., Interstitial lung diseases in children (2010) Orphanet J Rare Dis, 5, p. 22Das, S., Langston, C., Fan, L.L., Interstitial lung disease in children 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Cystic Fibrosis At A Brazilian Center Of Excellence: Clinical And Laboratory Characteristics Of 104 Patients And Their Association With Genotype And Disease Severity

Objective: To identify the clinical, laboratory and radiographic characteristics of the cystic fibrosis patients under care at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) in the last decade of the twentieth century, and to investigate the association of these characteristics with genotype and severity of the disease as measured by the Shwachman score. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study of the patients assisted at UNICAMP hospital's Cystic Fibrosis Clinic from July 1990 to July 2000. Results: One hundred and four patients were studied; 53.8% male; 93.3% Caucasian; 89.4% presented with respiratory symptoms; 59.6% presented with digestive symptoms; 5.8% had meconium ileus; 4.8% had diabetes. The mean age at onset of symptoms was 3 months, and the mean age at diagnosis was 2 years and 4 months. At diagnosis, 69.9 and 56.6% of the patients had weight and height below 10th percentile, respectively; in 10.6%, sweat chloride was < 60 mEq/l. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 80.2%, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 76.0%, and Burkholderia cepacia in 5.2%. ΔF508 homozygosis was observed in 18.75%, whereas 62.50% of the patients were ΔF508 heterozygous. A moderate/severe Shwachman score was found in 15.7%. Eighteen patients died in that period (17.3%). The mean age at death was 7 years and 8 months; median survival after diagnosis was 18 years and 4 months. Patients who have at least one ΔF508 mutation have more frequent alterations in fecal fat levels when compared to patients who do not have this mutation (p < 0.05). There were no differences in any parameter between ΔF508 homozygous and heterozygous patients. Conclusions: The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the 104 patients studied were similar to the characteristics described for patients in other countries. Exceptions are the higher age at diagnosis and lower survival. Our results support the recommendation for early diagnosis and the need for more treatment opportunities in the population of cystic fibrosis patients. Copyright © 2004 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.805371379World Health Organization and International Cystic Fibrosis (Mucoviscidosis) Association - Implementation of cystic fibrosis services in developing countries: Memorandum from a joint WHO/ICF (M)A meeting (1997) Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 75 (1), p. 10Gibson, L.E., Cooke, R.E., A test for concentration of electrolytes in sweat in cystic fibrosis of the pancreas utilizing pilocarpine by iontophoresis (1959) Pediatrics, 23, pp. 545-549Rommens, J.M., Kerem, B., Greer, W., Chang, P., Tsui, L.C., Ray, P., Rapid non radioactive detection of the major cystic fibrosis mutation (1990) Am J Hum Genet, 46, pp. 395-396(2003) 2002 Annual Data Report, , Bethesda, MarylandCamargos, P.A.M., Guimarães, M.D.C., Reis, F.J.C., Prognostic aspects of cystic fibrosis in Brazil (2000) Ann Trop Pediatr, 20, pp. 287-291(1993) Informe del Cuarto Año, p. 21. , Buenos AiresHuang, N., Schidlow, D., Szatrowski, T., Palmer, J., Laraya-Cuasay, L., Yeung, W., Clinical features, survival rate and prognostic factors in young adults with cystic fibrosis (1987) Am J Med, 2, pp. 871-879Welsh, M.J., Tsui, L.C., Boat, T.F., Beaudet, A.L., Cystic fibrosis (1995) The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. 7th Ed., pp. 3799-3876. , Scriver CR, Beaudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D. 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Numerical simulation of strongly nonlinear and dispersive waves using a Green-Naghdi model

We investigate here the ability of a Green-Naghdi model to reproduce strongly nonlinear and dispersive wave propagation. We test in particular the behavior of the new hybrid finite-volume and finite-difference splitting approach recently developed by the authors and collaborators on the challenging benchmark of waves propagating over a submerged bar. Such a configuration requires a model with very good dispersive properties, because of the high-order harmonics generated by topography-induced nonlinear interactions. We thus depart from the aforementioned work and choose to use a new Green-Naghdi system with improved frequency dispersion characteristics. The absence of dry areas also allows us to improve the treatment of the hyperbolic part of the equations. This leads to very satisfying results for the demanding benchmarks under consideration

Portion control tableware differentially impacts eating behaviour in women with and without overweight

Portion control tableware has been described as a potentially effective approach for weight management, however the mechanisms by which these tools work remain unknown. We explored the processes by which a portion control (calibrated) plate with visual stimuli for starch, protein and vegetable amounts modulates food intake, satiety and meal eating behaviour. Sixty-five women (34 with overweight/obesity) participated in a counterbalanced cross-over trial in the laboratory, where they self-served and ate a hot meal including rice, meatballs and vegetables, once with a calibrated plate and once with a conventional (control) plate. A subsample of 31 women provided blood samples to measure the cephalic phase response to the meal. Effects of plate type were tested through linear mixed-effect models. Meal portion sizes (mean ± SD) were smaller for the calibrated compared with the control plate (served: 296 ± 69 vs 317 ± 78 g; consumed: 287 ± 71 vs 309 ± 79 g respectively), especially consumed rice (69 ± 24 vs 88 ± 30 g) (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). The calibrated plate significantly reduced bite size (3.4 ± 1.0 vs 3.7 ± 1.0 g; p < 0.01) in all women and eating rate (32.9 ± 9.5 vs 33.7 ± 9.2 g/min; p < 0.05), in lean women. Despite this, some women compensated for the reduced intake over the 8 h following the meal. Pancreatic polypeptide and ghrelin levels increased post-prandially with the calibrated plate but changes were not robust. Plate type had no influence on insulin, glucose levels, or memory for portion size. Meal size was reduced by a portion control plate with visual stimuli for appropriate amounts of starch, protein and vegetables, potentially because of the reduced self-served portion size and the resulting reduced bite size. Sustained effects may require the continued use of the plate for long-term impact

Incidence and progression of hand osteoarthritis in a large community-based cohort: the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project

Objective: To describe the incidence and progression of radiographic and symptomatic hand osteoarthritis (rHOA and sxHOA) in a large community-based cohort. Design: Data were from the Johnston County OA Project (1999–2015, 12 ± 1.2 years follow-up, age 45+). Participants had bilateral hand radiographs each visit, read for Kellgren–Lawrence grade (KLG) at 30 joints. We defined rHOA as KLG ≥2 in ≥1 joint. SxHOA was defined in a hand/joint with rHOA and self-reported symptoms or tenderness on exam. Incidence was assessed in those without, while progression was assessed in those with, baseline rHOA. Proportions or medians are reported; differences by sex and race were assessed using models appropriate for dichotomous or continuous definitions, additionally adjusted for age, education, body mass index (BMI), and weight change. Results: Of 800 participants (68% women, 32% African American, mean age 60 years), 327 had baseline rHOA and were older, more often white and female, than those without rHOA (n = 473). The incidence of HOA was high, for rHOA (60%) and for sxHOA (13%). Women were more likely than men to have incident HOA, particularly for distal interphalangeal joint radiographic osteoarthritis (DIP rOA) (adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 1.60 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) [1.03, 2.49]) and sxHOA (aOR 2.98 [1.50, 5.91]). Progressive HOA was more similar by sex, although thumb base rOA progressed more frequently in women than in men (aOR 2.56 [1.44, 4.55]). Particularly HOA incidence, but also progression, was more frequent among whites compared with African Americans. Conclusion: This study provides much needed information about the natural history of HOA, a common and frequently debilitating condition, in the general population

Epidemiological And Genetic Characteristics Associated With The Severity Of Acute Viral Bronchiolitis By Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Objective: to assess the epidemiological and genetic factors associated with severity of acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Data source: the key words "bronchiolitis", "risk factor", "genetics" and "respiratory syncytial virus", and all combinations among them were used to perform a search in the PubMed, SciELO, and Lilacs databases, of articles published after the year 2000 that included individuals younger than 2 years of age. Data synthesis: a total of 1,259 articles were found, and their respective summaries were read. Of these, 81 were selected, which assessed risk factors for the severity of AVB, and were read in full; the 60 most relevant studies were included. The epidemiologic factors associated with AVB severity by RSV were prematurity, passive smoking, young age, lack of breastfeeding, chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, male gender, ethnicity, viral coinfection, low weight at admission, maternal smoking during pregnancy, atopic dermatitis, mechanical ventilation in the neonatal period, maternal history of atopy and/or asthma during pregnancy, season of birth, low socioeconomic status, Down syndrome, environmental pollution, living at an altitude > 2,500 meters above sea level, and cesarean section birth. Conversely, some children with severe AVB did not present any of these risk factors. In this regard, recent studies have verified the influence of genetic factors on the severity of AVB by RSV. Polymorphisms of the TLRs, RANTES, JUN, IFNA5, NOS2, CX3CR1, ILs, and VDR genes have been shown to be associated with more severe evolution of AVB by RSV. Conclusion: the severity of AVB by RSV is a phenomenon that depends on the varying degrees of interaction among epidemiological, environmental, and genetic variables. © 2013 Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. 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