Plant water use and canopy-fog interactions across a land use change trajectory of pasture to pine reforestation in a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud belt

Understanding evapotranspiration (ET) variation associated with land use change is critical for assessing impacts on water resources and improving the applicability of climate models to predict water availability under future climate scenarios. The overall objective was two-fold: i) to examine ET variation associated to a land use change trajectory foreseen to increase in tropical mountains, and ii) to assess fog effects on tree transpiration (E t) and the potential implications of projected diminishing fog occurrence. An actively grazed pasture (PAS) represented the land use change baseline, and young (YREF) and mature (MREF) Pinus patula plantations represented typical reforestation efforts and subsequent local forest management. A combination of process-based measurements of near-surface climate and plant physiology were used to derive rates of E t and ET over a 1.5-year period in the seasonally dry tropical montane cloud belt of central Veracruz, Mexico. Four stand-alone articles are presented. In the first chapter, sap velocity radial profiles are studied in detail as a critical initial step in up-scaling point measurements to whole-tree sapflow and deriving reliable estimates of stand-level Et. The second chapter presents ET estimations for the three land cover types. Ranking of ET normalized by available energy (net radiation) was: PAS (0.80) = YREF (0.80) \u3e MREF (0.42). Results suggest that in this high radiation and non-water lirriited environment, planting P. patula on former pasture uplands would not result in substantial increases in ET after \u3e10 years of planting. Next, the Et suppression effect of fog was examined in the third chapter. Given relatively low fog frequency under current climate, if all fog occurrences are replaced by overcast conditions, the potential change in annual Et for YREF was estimated as a 2% increase; for sunny conditions, the increase was 17%. Lastly, in chapter 4, examination of nighttime Et in relation to the dynamics of fog occurrence revealed a slight increase in hourly rates during dry nights following fog events. These findings suggest that climate change-related decreases in dry-season precipitation, more than diminishing fog occurrence alone, presents a worrisome prospect for the study area due to potential reductions in soil water reserves

RELACIONES COLECTIVAS DE TRABAJO Y SU ROL EN LA PROTECCIÓN DEL MEDIO AMBIENTE

Trabajo y medio ambiente son conceptos aparentemente disociados. Este artículo tiene por objeto desmitificar tales apariencias separatistas, basándonos principalmente en el estudio del derecho comparado, para luego concatenar elementos comunes que inciden en las relaciones laborales y que asignan particularmente a las organizaciones sindicales un rol activo en la protección del medio ambiente. Ello, sin perder de vista el análisis crítico sobre nuestra legislación y los desafíos que nos depara el futuro del Derecho del Trabajo

Spatial uncertainty in sap velocity measurements and tree water use upscaling in american beech

4 páginas.-- 3 figuras.-- 10 referencias.-- Póster presentado en el XI Simposio Hispano-Portugués de Relaciones Hídricas en las Plantas, Sevilla 17-20 Sep. (2012)We examined the variation insap velocity radially, azimuthally, at different heights and across different tree sizes for the species Fagus grandifolia. The results demonstrate that the main sources of variability are radial variability and tree size. The implications for scaling up routine point measurements of sap velocity to the whole-tree andstand levels are discussed.This work was funded by the University of New Hampshire. We thank the US Forest Service at BEF and Hubbard Brook for the facilitation of research activities and permission to access sites.N

Estrutura fatorial da escala de suporte social subjetivo: validação em uma mostra de estudantes universitários chilenos

El objetivo de este artículo es adaptar y validar la Escala de Apoyo Social Subjetivo (EASS, de Vaux et al., 1986), a la vez que describir su estructura factorial. Esta escala está compuesta por 10 ítems distribuidos en dos dimensiones: apoyo familiar y apoyo de los amigos. Se examinan las propiedades psicométricas de la escala y la dimensionalidad de la misma en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios chilenos (N = 681). Los resultados indican que el EASS constituye un instrumento fiable (α = .86) y válido para la medición del apoyo social subjetivo. Las dimensiones de la EASS obtienen entre sí una correlación significativa y moderada (r = .41; p < .001). Las cargas factoriales para los ítems en el análisis factorial confirmatorio fluctuaron entre .40 y .93, mostrando buenos índices de ajuste para el modelo de dos factores de primer orden correlacionados (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 y RSMEA = .08).The purpose of this paper is to adapt and validate the Subjective Social Support Scale (Vaux et al, 1986) and to describe its factor structure. The scale consists of 10 items distributed in two dimensions measured in the original instrument: family support and support from friends. The psychometric properties and dimensionality of the scale are examined in a sample of Chilean college students (N = 681). Results show that the scale is a reliable instrument (α = .86) and valid for measuring subjective social support. Its two dimensions show a moderate and significant correlation (r = .41; p < .001). The factor loadings of the items in the confirmatory factor analysis varied between .40 and .93, showing good fit indices for the correlated first order two factor model (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 and RSMEA = .08).O objetivo deste artigo é adaptar e validar a Escala de Apoio Social Subjetivo (EASS, de Vaux et al., 1986), e ao mesmo tempo descrever sua estrutura fatorial. Esta escala está composta por 10 itens distribuídos em duas dimensões: apoio familiar e apoio dos amigos. Examinam-se as propriedades psicométricas da escala e a dimensionalidade da mesma em uma mostra de estudantes universitários chilenos (N = 681). Os resultados indicam que o EASS constitui um instrumento fiável (α = .86) e válido para a medição do apoio social subjetivo. As dimensões da EASS obtêm entre si uma correlação significativa e moderada (r = .41; p < .001). As cargas fatoriais para os itens na análise fatorial confirmatória flutuaram entre .40 e .93, mostrando bons índices de ajuste para o modelo de dois fatores de primeira ordem correlacionados (CFI = .97, TLI = .93, RFI = .97, IFI = .97, NFI = .96 e RSMEA = .08)

Identificación de alcoholismo y su relación con depresión en mujeres atendidas en la consulta externa de medicina interna del Hospital Nacional

Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo de corte transversal, con una muestra de 229 usuarias que asistieron por primera vez a consulta externa de Medicina Interna del Hospital Nacional General “Dr. José Molina Martínez” en el año 2019. Como fuente de información se utiliza la ficha de recolección de datos sociodemográficos, obteniéndose la información para clasificar a las pacientes en alcohólico tipo I o II según la tipología de Cloninger, además del llenado de La Escala de Depresión del Centro para Estudios Epidemiológicos CESD-R y El Test de Identificación de Trastornos debido al Consumo de Alcohol AUDIT. El objetivo principal fue identificar la dependencia alcohólica en pacientes del sexo femenino, así como también relacionar la dependencia alcohólica y trastornos depresivos en las usuarias y clasificar a las pacientes según sus características personales como alcohólico tipo I o II según la tipología de Cloninger. Las pacientes atendidas en la consulta externa durante el período de estudio presentaban dependencia alcohólica en un 14,8%. La relación entre dependencia alcohólica y trastornos depresivos se hizo evidente, relacionándose el (EDM) Clínicamente Relevante en un 38,2% con la Dependencia Alcohólica. La mayor cantidad de usuarias estudiadas fueron clasificadas como Cloninger II. El rango de edad donde se evidenció mayor número de usuarias fue el de adultez (41 a 65 años)

Occurrence of torvoneustes (Crocodylomorpha, metrirhynchidae) in marine jurassic deposits of Oaxaca, Mexico

Fil: Barrientos-Lara, Jair Israel. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Geología; MéxicoFil: Herrera, Yanina. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Marta Susana. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. División Paleontología Vertebrados; ArgentinaFil: Alvarado-Ortega, Jesús. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Instituto de Geología; Méxic

Occurrence of Torvoneustes (Crocodylomorpha, Metriorhynchidae) in marine jurassic deposits of Oaxaca, Mexico

IGM 9026 is a singular fossil collected at the beginning of the 20th century in an improperly documented site within the Tlaxiaco Basin, near to Tlaxiaco town, Oaxaca, Mexico. The age of the site was suggested as being early Cretaceous. This specimen is the holotype of Plesiosaurus (Polypticodon) mexicanus, which later was identified as a possible late Jurassic marine crocodylomorph of the family Metriorhynchidae, and consequently it was referred as ?Cricosaurus mexicanus. The present study provides a re-description of this fossil based on a microscopic analysis and the use of white and UV lights; these analyses led to the discovery of peculiar dental characters diagnostic of the genus Torvoneustes. This finding supports the re-classification of IGM 9026 under a new nominal combination as Torvoneustes mexicanus. Along the Tlaxiaco Basin, the fossil preservation mode and lithological composition observed in IGM 9026 only occur in the marine vertebrates recently discovered in Yosobé, a Kimmeridgian shale outcrop characterized by clay calcareous nodules that belong to the Sabinal Formation, near Tlaxiaco town. This peculiarity suggests that T. mexicanus could represent an additional element of the Kimmeridgian vertebrate assemblage recovered in this geological unit. The two nominal species of Torvoneustes were collected in Kimmeridgian marine deposits of England; hence, this finding expands the geographical distribution of Torvoneustes all along the Tethys Sea, from its Eastern/European to western/Caribbean domains.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Occurrence of Torvoneustes (Crocodylomorpha, Metriorhynchidae) in marine jurassic deposits of Oaxaca, Mexico

IGM 9026 is a singular fossil collected at the beginning of the 20th century in an improperly documented site within the Tlaxiaco Basin, near to Tlaxiaco town, Oaxaca, Mexico. The age of the site was suggested as being early Cretaceous. This specimen is the holotype of Plesiosaurus (Polypticodon) mexicanus, which later was identified as a possible late Jurassic marine crocodylomorph of the family Metriorhynchidae, and consequently it was referred as ?Cricosaurus mexicanus. The present study provides a re-description of this fossil based on a microscopic analysis and the use of white and UV lights; these analyses led to the discovery of peculiar dental characters diagnostic of the genus Torvoneustes. This finding supports the re-classification of IGM 9026 under a new nominal combination as Torvoneustes mexicanus. Along the Tlaxiaco Basin, the fossil preservation mode and lithological composition observed in IGM 9026 only occur in the marine vertebrates recently discovered in Yosobé, a Kimmeridgian shale outcrop characterized by clay calcareous nodules that belong to the Sabinal Formation, near Tlaxiaco town. This peculiarity suggests that T. mexicanus could represent an additional element of the Kimmeridgian vertebrate assemblage recovered in this geological unit. The two nominal species of Torvoneustes were collected in Kimmeridgian marine deposits of England; hence, this finding expands the geographical distribution of Torvoneustes all along the Tethys Sea, from its Eastern/European to western/Caribbean domains.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

Coordinated hunting behaviors of mixed-species groups of piscivores and associated species at Isla del Coco National Park (Eastern Tropical Pacific)

Studies of mixed-species groups of animals can reveal emergent complexities of collective behaviors. In this study we collected data on mixed-species hunting groups composed primarily of piscivorous fishes (species composition, abundance, behavioral interactions) and used both multivariate and network analyses to quantify pair-wise and guild level behavioral relationships. Our results indicate that such collective behaviors exhibit consistent patterns of associations (33 species with 282 pair-wise links within the observed network) with 10 dominant species accounting for 60% of pair-wise interactions. Species richness within groups varied (mean = 2.4, range 2-6 species) as did group size (mean = 8.1 individuals, range 2-80). Mixed-species groups, in general, were composed of species representing morphologically diverse forms that appeared to enhance access to shelter sites and implement diverse strategies for prey capture. It is noteworthy that the composition of groups did not reflect the relative abundances of their component species within the overall community of fishes, suggesting that group membership was an elective choice. The identification of these patterns, assuming they are persistent features of these communities, can be used as a foundation for studies to assess dynamics of mixed-species relationships, rates of predator success based on group membership, demographic consequences, and responses to variations in habitat attributes and associated prey resources. Such information could be used to interpret the nature of multispecies interactions within predator communities and potentially aid in conservation and management.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de BiologíaUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR

El arrecife coralino de Punta Cocles, costa Caribe de Costa Rica

This paper describes the Punta Cocles reef (Limón, Costa Rica). Data were obtained by sampling nine transects along the coast and observations done by skin diving between September and November of 2002.This reef consist of 10.5 hectares, where 13 species of corals, 39 of macroalgae, two of seagrasses, two of zoantids, one anemone, one corallimorpharian, and one sponge were identified. Life coral coverage (16%), was higher than in other years (5% for 1985, and 13.2% for 1995), and death coral coverage was very low (0.2%). Macroalgae have the highest coverage (59%), particularly brown algae with a patchy distribution of Sargassum and Padina. Laurencia brongniartii (Rhodophyta) is added to the list of marine flora of Costa Rica. The Punta Cocles reef works as a refuge for organisms, because there are no towns or river mouths nearby, and because of the coast formation. The refuge character is enhanced by the environmental conscience of the people that live close to the reef and help to protect the environment.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigación en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (CIMAR)UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Sistema de Estudios de Posgrado::Ciencias Básicas::Maestría Académica en Biologí