TLR-2/TLR-4 TREM-1 Signaling Pathway Is Dispensable in Inflammatory Myeloid Cells during Sterile Kidney Injury

Inflammatory macrophages are abundant in kidney disease, stimulating repair, or driving chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Damage associated molecules (DAMPs), released from injured cells engage pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages, contributing to activation. Understanding mechanisms of macrophage activation during kidney injury may lead to strategies to alleviate chronic disease. We identified Triggering-Receptor-in-Myeloid-cells (TREM)-1, a regulator of TLR signaling, as highly upregulated in kidney inflammatory macrophages and tested the roles of these receptors in macrophage activation and kidney disease. Kidney DAMPs activated macrophages in vitro, independently of TREM-1, but partially dependent on TLR-2/−4, MyD88. In two models of progressive interstitial kidney disease, TREM-1 blockade had no impact on disease or macrophage activation in vivo, but TLR-2/−4, or MyD88 deficiency was anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic. When MyD88 was mutated only in the myeloid lineage, however, there was no bearing on macrophage activation or disease progression. Instead, TLR-2/−4 or MyD88 deficiency reduced activation of mesenchyme lineage cells resulting in reduced inflammation and fibrosis, indicating that these pathways play dominant roles in activation of myofibroblasts but not macrophages. To conclude, TREM-1, TLR2/4 and MyD88 signaling pathways are redundant in myeloid cell activation in kidney injury, but the latter appear to regulate activation of mesenchymal cells

Child maltreatment in the "children of the nineties" : a cohort study of risk factors

Aim: To analyze the multiple factors affecting the risk of maltreatment in young children within a comprehensive theoretical framework. Methods: The research is based on a large UK cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Out of 14,256 children participating in the study, 293 were investigated by social services for suspected maltreatment and 115 were placed on local child protection registers prior to their 6th birthday. Data on the children have been obtained from obstetric data and from a series of parental questionnaires administered during pregnancy and the first 3 years of life. Risk factors have been analyzed using an hierarchical approach to logistic regression analysis. Results: In the stepwise hierarchical analysis, young parents, those with low educational achievement, and those with a past psychiatric history or a history of childhood abuse were all more likely to be investigated for maltreatment, or to have a child placed on the child protection register, with odds ratios between 1.86 and 4.96 for registration. Examining strength of effect, the highest risks were found with indicators of deprivation (3.24 for investigation and 11.02 for registration, after adjusting for parental background factors). Poor social networks increased the risk of both investigation (adjusted OR 1.93) and registration (adjusted OR 1.90). Maternal employment seemed to reduce the risk of both outcomes but adjusted odds ratios were no longer significant for registration. After adjusting for higher order confounders, single parents and reordered families were both at higher risk of registration. Reported domestic violence increased the risk of investigation and registration but this was no longer significant after adjusting for higher order variables. Low birthweight children were at higher risk of registration as were those whose parents reported few positive attributes of their babies. Conclusions: This study supports previous research in the field demonstrating that a wide range of factors in the parental background, socio-economic and family environments affect the risk of child maltreatment. By combining factors within a comprehensive ecological framework, we have demonstrated that the strongest risks are from socio-economic deprivation and from factors in the parents' own background and that parental background factors are largely, but not entirely, mediated through their impact on socio-economic factors

Isolation of Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes from an Infection of a Pregnant Uterus

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/135449/1/ijgo00826.pd

Kooperativer Einnahmenausgleich im "Schatten der Hierarchie": Institutionalisierung des ARD-Finanzausgleichs 1933-1970

Zwischen den Landesrundfunkanstalten der ARD findet heutzutage ein Einnahmenausgleich statt, der aus der Perspektive der neueren Verhandlungstheorie, die von eigennützigen Akteuren ausgeht, nicht selbstverständlich ist. In diesem Beitrag soll gezeigt werden, daß ein „Schatten der Hierarchie“ zunächst in Form rundfunkpolitischer Bedrohungen und später staatsvertraglicher Rahmensetzungen dazu führte, daß den beteiligten Rundfunkanstalten eine Einigung wichtiger war als das unbedingte Festhalten an den jeweils eigenen Interessen, insbesondere der Maximierung eigener Einnahmen. Unter dieser Bedingung konnten die mit der Verteilungsfrage verbundenen Interessenkonflikte kooperativ überwunden werden. Eine Einnahmenverteilung und eine ansatzweise Institutionalisierung von entsprechenden Verteilungsregeln standen dabei nicht am Anfang, sondern haben sich erst nach und nach aus der Regelung weiter gefaßter Verteilungsfragen der ARD-Kooperation entwickeln können

Agricultural diversification in Indonesia : price responses and linkages in the foodcrop sector, 1969-1988; an outlook to 2000

In this working paper analysis and full datasets on the major food crops in Indonesia are presented. The scope of analysis is confined to quantitative estimations of response to prices and price linkages regarding the factor and output markets in the food crop sector. In the appendix full datasets and balance sheets are included to facilitate further use and analysis. A number of policy scenarios are included.</p

Free surface flows emerging from beneath a semi-infinite plate with constant vorticity

The free surface flow past a semi-infinite horizontal plate in a finite-depth fluid is considered. It is assumed that the fluid is incompressible and inviscid and that the flow approaches a uniform shear flow downstream. Exact relations are derived using conservation of mass and momentum for the case where the downstream free surface is flat. The complete nonlinear problem is solved numerically using a boundary integral method and these waveless solutions are shown to exist only when the height of the plate above the bottom is greater than the height of the uniform shear flow. Interesting results are found for various values of the constant vorticity. Solutions with downstream surface waves are also considered, and nonlinear results of this type are compared with linear results found previously. These solutions can be used to model the flow near the stern of a (two-dimensional) ship

Concentration Inequalities for Nonautonomous Stochastic Delay Differential Equations

Altemeier D. Concentration Inequalities for Nonautonomous Stochastic Delay Differential Equations. Bielefeld: Universität Bielefeld; 2017

An orbital fistula complicating anaerobic frontal sinusitis and osteomyelitis

A patient is described with an orbital fistula complicating frontal sinusitis and osteomyelitis of the frontal bone. The fistula was excised, but a fortnight later an acute exacerbation occurred. From the discharging pus a Staphylococcus aureus was cultured and from mucosa obtained during surgery a microaerophilic Streptococcus. These findings led to the diagnosis: synergistic bacterial inflammation of the frontal sinus, with osteomyelitis and orbital cellulitis

A Manual of Microphone Techniques for Achieving Best Results in Tape Recording the High School Band Rehearsal

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